United States Senate elections, 1900 and 1901

January 16, 1900 –
February 24, 1901

30 of the 90 seats in the U.S. Senate
(as well as special elections)
46 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Leader	William B. Allison	James K. Jones
Party	Republican	Democratic
Leader's seat	Iowa	Arkansas
Seats before	51	26
Seats won	14	13
Seats after	48	28
Seat change	3	2
Seats up	17	11

	Third party	Fourth party	Fifth party

Party	Populist	Silver Republican	Silver
Seats before	5	3	2
Seats won	0	1	0
Seats after	4	3	2
Seat change	1
Seats up	1	1	0

Majority Party before election

Republican

Elected Majority Party

Republican

The United States Senate elections of 1900 and 1901 were elections in which the Democratic Party gained two seats in the United States Senate, and which corresponded with President William McKinley's landslide re-election. By the beginning of the next Congress, however, the Republicans gained five additional seats, giving them a ten-seat majority.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 57th Congress (1901–1903)

Majority Party: Republican (53)
Minority Party: Democratic (28)
Other Parties: Populist (2); Silver Republican 3; Vacant 4
Total Seats: 90

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

At the beginning of 1900.

D₁₆ Ran	D₁₇ Ran	D₁₈ Ran	D₁₉ Ran	D₂₀ Ran	D₂₁ Ran	D₂₂ Retired	D₂₃ Retired	D₂₄ Retired	D₂₅ Retired
					D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆
SR₂	SR₁	S₁	S₂	P₁	P₂	P₃	P₄	P₅ Ran	D₂₆ Retired
SR₃ Ran	R₅₁ Retired	R₅₀ Unknown	R₄₉ Ran	R₄₈ Ran	R₄₇ Ran	R₄₆ Ran	R₄₅ Ran	R₄₄ Ran	V₁
Majority →								V₂
R₃₆ Ran	R₃₇ Ran	R₃₈ Ran	R₃₉ Ran	R₄₀ Ran	R₄₁ Ran	R₄₂ Ran	R₄₃ Ran	V₃
R₃₅ Ran	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
					R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅

Result of the general elections

D₁₆ Re-elected	D₁₇ Re-elected	D₁₈ Re-elected	D₁₉ Re-elected	D₂₀ Re-elected	D₂₁ Hold	D₂₂ Hold	D₂₃ Hold	D₂₄ Hold	D₂₅ Hold
					D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆
SR₁	S₁	S₂	P₁	P₂	P₃	P₄	D₂₈ Gain from P	D₂₇ Gain from R	D₂₆ Gain from R
SR₂	SR₃ Gain from R	R₄₈ Gain from SR	R₄₇ Re-elected	R₄₆ Re-elected	R₄₅ Re-elected	R₄₄ Hold	R₄₃ Re-elected	V₅ D Loss	V₁
Majority →							V₄ R Loss	V₂
R₃₆ Re-elected	R₃₇ Re-elected	R₃₈ Re-elected	R₃₉ Re-elected	R₄₀ Re-elected	R₄₁ Re-elected	R₄₂ Hold	V₃
R₃₅ Re-elected	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
					R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅

Beginning of the next Congress

					D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀ Change from SR	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆
D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈	D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅
R₅₂ Gain from V	R₅₃ Gain from V	SR₂	SR₁	P₁	P₂	P₃	D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆
R₅₁ Change from P	R₅₀ Change from S	R₄₉ Change from S	R₄₈	R₄₇	R₄₆	R₄₅	R₄₄	V₄ D Loss	V₁
Majority →
R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈	R₃₉	R₄₀	R₄₁	R₄₂	R₄₃	V₃	V₂
R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
					R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅

Key:

D_#	Democratic
P_#	Populist
R_#	Republican
S_#	Silver
SR_#	Silver Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 56th Congress

In these elections, the winner was seated in the current (56th) Congress during 1900 or in 1901 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Mississippi (Class 2)	William V. Sullivan	Democratic	1898 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 16, 1900. Winner was not a candidate in the election for the next term, see below.	√ William V. Sullivan (Democratic) Unopposed^[1]
California (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected February 7, 1900. Republican gain.	√ Thomas R. Bard (Republican) 85 votes James D. Phelan (Democratic) 30 votes Stephen M. White (Democratic) 1 vote^[2]
Vermont (Class 3)	Jonathan Ross	Republican	1899 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected October 18, 1900.^[1] Republican hold.	√ William P. Dillingham (Republican) 162 votes W.W. Grout (Republican) 96 votes Seneca Hazleton (Democratic) 6 votes Jonathan Ross (Republican) 5 votes C.A. Prouty (Republican) 1 vote^[1]
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. Predecessor appointed, but declared not entitled to the seat.^[3] Predecessor re-elected January 16, 1901. Republican gain.	√ Matthew S. Quay (Republican) 130 votes James M. Guffey (Democratic) 56 votes John Dalzell (Republican) 34 votes Charles E. Smith (Republican) 12 votes George Franklin Huff (Republican) 7 votes John Stewart (Republican) 3 votes Others, 1 each, see below^[4]
Minnesota (Class 1)	Charles A. Towne	Democratic	1900 (Appointed)	Unknown if interim appointee retired or lost election. New senator elected January 23, 1901. Republican gain.	√ Moses E. Clapp (Republican) 135 votes Charles A. Towne (Democratic) 38 votes^[5]
Utah (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect.^[1] New senator elected January 23, 1901. Republican gain.	√ Thomas Kearns (Republican) 37 votes A.W. McCune (Democratic) 25 votes^[6]
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect to begin the term. Legislature again failed to elect to finish the term.^[7]	John Edward Addicks (Republican) Charles F. Richards (Republican) Willard Saulsbury (Democratic)^[7]

In this election, the winner was seated in the 58th Congress, starting March 4, 1903.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Louisiana (Class 3)	Samuel D. McEnery	Democratic	1896	Incumbent re-elected early May 22, 1900 for the term beginning March 4, 1903.^[1]^[8]	√ Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) 148 votes Unopposed^[3]

Elections leading to the 57th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1901; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	John Tyler Morgan	Democratic	1876 1882 1888 1894	Incumbent re-elected November 27, 1900.^[9]	√ John Tyler Morgan (Democratic) Unopposed^[10]
Arkansas	James Berry	Democratic	1885 (Special) 1889 1895	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[11]	√ James Berry (Democratic) 123 votes H. L. Remmel (Republican) 2 votes.^[11]
Colorado	Edward O. Wolcott	Republican	1889 1895	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 15, 1901.^[12] Democratic gain.	√ Thomas M. Patterson (Democratic) 91 votes Edward O. Wolcott (Republican) 8 votes^[12]
Delaware	Richard R. Kenney	Democratic	1897 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss.	John Edward Addicks (Republican) Henry A. Dupont (Republican) Anthony Higgins (Republican) Richard R. Kenney (Democratic)^[7]
Georgia	Augustus Bacon	Democratic	1894	Incumbent re-elected November 6, 1900.^[1]	√ Augustus Bacon (Democratic) Unopposed^[1]
Idaho	George Shoup	Republican	1890 1895	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 16, 1901.^[13]^[14] Silver Republican gain. New senator changed party to Democratic.	√ Fred Dubois (Silver Republican) 37 votes George Shoup (Republican) 27 votes^[7]
Illinois	Shelby M. Cullom	Republican	1882 1888 1894	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[7]^[15]	√ Shelby M. Cullom (Republican) 100 votes Samuel Alschuler (Democratic) 85 votes^[7]
Iowa	John H. Gear	Republican	1894	Incumbent re-elected January 17, 1900.^[16]^[1] Incumbent died July 14, 1900.^[1] A new senator was appointed to finish the term and to the next term.^[1]	√ John H. Gear (Republican) 111 votes Fred E. White (Democratic) 32 votes^[16]^[17]
Kansas	Lucien Baker	Republican	1895	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[18]	√ Joseph R. Burton (Republican) 109 votes David Overmyer (Democratic) 51 votes^[7]
Kentucky	William Lindsay	Democratic	1882	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1900, after an election January 10, 1900^[1] was cast in doubt.^[19] Democratic hold.	√ Joseph Blackburn (Democratic) 79 votes William O. Bradley (Republican) 54 votes
Louisiana	Donelson Caffery	Democratic	1894 (Appointed) 1894 (Special) 1894	Incumbent retired. New senator elected May 22, 1900.^[8] Democratic hold.	√ Murphy J. Foster (Democratic) 148 votes Unopposed^[1]
Maine	William P. Frye	Republican	1881 (Special) 1883 1889 1895	Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.^[20]^[21]	√ William P. Frye (Republican) 131 votes Swasey M. Staples (Democratic) 14 votes^[21]^[20]
Massachusetts	George Frisbie Hoar	Republican	1877 1883 1889 1895	Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.^[5]^[22]	√ George Frisbie Hoar (Republican) 77 votes Richard Olney (Democratic) 56 votes Charles H. Bradley (Social Democratic) 1 vote.^[5]^[22]
Michigan	James McMillan	Republican	1889 1895	Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.^[5]^[23]	√ James McMillan (Republican) 116 votes Thomas E. Barkworth 1 vote^[23]^[5]
Minnesota	Knute Nelson	Republican	1895	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[5]	√ Knute Nelson (Republican) 136 votes R.R. Nelson (Democratic) 40 votes^[5]
Mississippi	William V. Sullivan	Democratic	1898 (Appointed)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1900. Democratic hold. Winner was not a candidate to finish the term, see above.	√ Anselm J. McLaurin (Democratic) Unopposed^[1]
Montana	Thomas H. Carter	Republican	1895	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 16, 1901.^[5] Democratic gain. The election was later challenged.^[1]	√ William A. Clark (Democratic) 57 votes Thomas H. Carter (Republican) 31 votes Martin Maginnis (Democratic) 4 votes R.B. Smith (Democratic) 1 vote^[24]
Nebraska	John Mellen Thurston	Republican	1895	Legislature failed to elect.^[25] Republican loss.	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire	William E. Chandler	Republican	1889 (Special) 1895	Incumbent lost remomination. New senator elected January 15, 1901.^[26]^[4] Republican hold.	Henry Burnham (Republican) 301 votes Charles F. Stone (Democratic) 84 votes Henry M. Baker (Independent) 1 vote^[26]^[4]
New Jersey	William Sewell	Republican	1895	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[4]^[27]	√ William Sewell (Republican) 62 votes Alvah A. Clark (Democratic) 17 votes^[4]^[27]
North Carolina	Marion Butler	Populist	1894	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 22, 1901.^[4]^[28] Democratic gain.	√ Furnifold M. Simmons (Democratic) 124 votes Richmond Pearson (Republican) 26 votes^[4]
Oregon	George W. McBride	Republican	1895	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected February 24, 1901.^[4]^[29] Republican hold.	√ John H. Mitchell (Republican) 46 votes Henry W. Corbett (Republican) 29 votes A. S. Bennett (Democratic) 16 votes^[4]^[29]
Rhode Island	George P. Wetmore	Republican	1894	Incumbent re-elected June 12, 1900.^[30]	√ George P. Wetmore (Republican) 88 votes Samuel R. Honey (Democratic) 10 votes^[1]
South Carolina	Benjamin Tillman	Democratic	1894	Incumbent re-elected January 15, 1901.^[6]^[31]	√ Benjamin Tillman (Democratic) Unopposed^[6]
South Dakota	Richard F. Pettigrew	Silver Republican	1889 1894	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 22, 1901.^[6]^[32] Republican gain.	√ Robert J. Gamble (Republican) 115 votes Richard F. Pettigrew (Silver Republican) 13 votes^[6]^[32]
Tennessee	Thomas B. Turley	Democratic	1883	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1901.^[6]^[33] Democratic hold.	√ Edward W. Carmack (Democratic) 99 votes Thomas N. Burkett (Republican) 24 votes^[6]
Texas	Horace Chilton	Democratic	1882	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 22, 1901.^[6]^[34] Democratic hold.	√ Joseph Weldon Bailey (Democratic) 137 votes E.A. Atlee (Democratic) 2 votes Horace Chilton 2 votes M.M. Crane (Democratic) 1 vote John H. Reagan (Democratic) 1 vote^[6]^[34]
Virginia	Thomas S. Martin	Democratic	1893 (Early)	Incumbent re-elected early December 19, 1899.	√ Thomas S. Martin (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia	Stephen B. Elkins	Republican	1895	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[6]^[35]	√ Stephen B. Elkins (Republican) 61 votes John T. McGraw (Democratic) 23 votes^[6]
Wyoming	Francis E. Warren	Republican	1890 1893 (Lost) 1895	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1901.^[6]	√ Francis E. Warren (Republican) 52 votes John E. Osborne (Democratic) 3 votes^[6]^[36]

Elections during the 57th Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1901 after March 4 and seated in the 57th Congress.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Montana (Class 1)	Vacant			William A. Clark had resigned May 15, 1900, and was later elected to the state's other seat, see above. New senator elected March 7, 1901.^[5] Democratic gain.	√ Paris Gibson (Democratic) 47 votes Thomas H. Carter (Republican) 33 votes H.L. Frank (Democratic) 1 vote John MacGinnis (Democratic)11 votes^[5]
Nebraska (Class 1)	William V. Allen	Populist	1893 1899 (Lost) 1899 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election as a Fusion candidate.^[37] New senator elected March 28, 1901.^[25] Republican gain.	√ Charles H. Dietrich (Republican) 70 votes William V. Allen (Fusion)^[37] 58 votes George W. Berge 2 votes^[25]
Nebraska (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect, see above. New senator elected March 28, 1901.^[25] Republican gain.	√ Joseph Millard (Republican) 70 votes W.H. Thompson (Fusion)^[37] 52 votes G.M. Hitchcock (Fusion)^[37] 8 votes^[25]

Complete list of races

Pennsylvania (Special)

The special election in Pennsylvania was held on January 15, 1901, after the regularly scheduled legislative election in January–April 1899 failed to elect a Senator. Former Senator Matthew Quay, who had left the Senate for nearly two years because of the political stalemate, was again elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.^[38]^[39]

Republican Matthew Quay was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in the 1893 election. With Sen. Quay's term expiring on March 4, 1899, the General Assembly convened on January 18, 1899, to elect a Senator for the next term. Between January 18 and April 19, 1899, seventy-nine ballots were recorded in an attempt to elect a Senator. Instead, the legislature adjourned sine die without electing a Senator due to a dispute between Sen. Quay's political machine and an anti-Quay faction within the Republican Party, along with Democratic Party opposition.^[38]

Sen. Quay's term expired on March 4, 1899. Since a Senator had not been elected for the successive term, the seat was vacated. At the time, Quay was under indictment for misuse of funds. He was acquitted, after which Governor William Stone appointed Quay to the vacated Senate seat (a power the Governor did not legally have until the ratification of the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913). The Senate refused to recognize Quay's appointment, and the seat remained vacant until a Senator could be officially elected (which would ultimately be Quay himself, after a nearly two-year hiatus). This incident, among others, would later be cited by supporters of the 17th Amendment, which mandated the direct election of U.S. Senators.^[38]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 15, 1901, for a special election to elect a Senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1899. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results^[39]^[40]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Matthew Quay	130	51.18
	Democratic	James M. Guffey	56	22.05
	Republican	John Dalzell	34	13.39
	Republican	Charles E. Smith	12	4.72
	Republican	George Franklin Huff	7	2.76
	Republican	John Stewart	3	1.18
	Socialist	John H. Harris	1	0.39
	Republican	William McConway	1	0.39
	Republican	Henry C. McCormick	1	0.39
	Republican	Marlin Olmsted	1	0.39
	Prohibition	Silas C. Swallow	1	0.39
	Republican	Charles Tubbs	1	0.39
	N/A	Not voting	6	2.36
Totals			254	100.00%

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Tribune Almanac (1901), p. 300.
↑ Tribune Almanac (1901), pp. 299–300.
1 2 Tribune Almanac (1901), p. 299.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 300.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 298.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 301.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 297.
1 2 "Louisiana Senators Elected.". The New York Times. May 23, 1900. p. 2.
↑ "Senator morgan re-elected". The New York Times. November 28, 1900. p. 7.
↑ Tribune Almanac (1901), pp. 299-300.
1 2 "Another Term for Berry of Arkansas". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
1 2 "Patterson wins in colorado". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
↑ "Dubois lands the prize". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. January 16, 1901. p. 1.
↑ "Dubois chosen on first ballot". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. January 16, 1901. p. 1.
↑ "Cullom of Illinois Succeeds Himself". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
1 2 Clark, p. 245.
↑ A different source tallied the results with an additional vote for both Gear and White.^[1]
↑ "J.R. Burton the Choice in Kansas". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
↑ "Blackburn's Election Duplicated". The New York Times. January 17, 1900. p. 2.
1 2 Tribune Almanac (1902), pp. 297–298.
1 2 "Frye Wins Out in Maine.". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
1 2 "Democrats Help Re-elect Hoar.". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
1 2 "McMillan of Michigan Re-elected.". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
↑ Tribune Almanac (1902), p. 299.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Tribune Almanac (1902), pp. 299–300.
1 2 "Burnham Is New Hampshire's Choice". The New York Times. January 16, 1901. p. 3.
1 2 "Senator sewell re-elected". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
↑ "North Carolina Elects a Democrat". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
1 2 "Oregon elects a senator". The New York Times. February 25, 1901. p. 1.
↑ "Senator wetmore re-elected". The New York Times. June 13, 1900. p. 2.
↑ "Tillman South Carolina's Choice". The New York Times. January 24, 1901. p. 5.
1 2 "R.J. Gamble Succeeds Pettigrew". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
↑ "Tennessee Elects Carmack". The New York Times. January 17, 1901. p. 2.
1 2 "Bailey a Senator from Texas". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
↑ "Elkins Re-elected in West Virginia". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
↑ "Warren Wins in Wyoming". The New York Times. January 23, 1901. p. 5.
1 2 3 4 "Fusion" here meant Democratic.^[25]
1 2 3 "U.S. Senate Election - 1899" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 15 January 1901" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
↑ "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

References

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1901. New York: The Tribune Association. 1901. pp. 299–301.
The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1902. New York: The Tribune Association. 1902. pp. 297–301.

United States Senate elections

Special elections
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List of elections in the United States
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