United States Senate elections, 1788 and 1789

United States Senate elections, 1788 and 1789

Dates vary by state
All of the 26 seats in the U.S. Senate 14 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Party Pro-Administration Anti-Administration Seats won 13 7
Pro-Administration   Anti-Administration
Elected Majority faction Pro-Administration

The United States Senate elections of 1788 and 1789 were the first elections for the United States Senate, which coincided with the election of President George Washington. As of this election, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as "Pro-Administration," and the senators against him as "Anti-Administration."

As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Resulting Senate composition

Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

Beginning of the 1st Congress

Race summaries

Races leading to the 1st Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated March 4, 1789; ordered by state.

Elections during the 1st Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected in 1789 after March 4; ordered by election date.

Complete list of races

New York

The election was held in July 1789.^[2] It was the first such election, and before the actual election the New York State Legislature had to establish rules for proceeding.^[3] They decided to ballot separately, and then pass a joint resolution once they had concurred in the election of two candidates.^[3]

On July 15, Schuyler was nominated first, and members of each chamber attempted to substitute the names of other candidates, including Ezra L'Hommedieu and Rufus King.^[3] These motions failed, and Schuyler was elected by a vote of 37 to 19 in the Assembly, and 13 to 6 in the Senate.^[3]

King's election came after individual legislators and the two chambers failed to agree on the election of James Duane, Ezra L'Hommedieu, or Lewis Morris.^[3] King was then elected unanimously by the Assembly, and by a vote of 11 to 8 in the Senate.^[3] On July 16, Schuyler and King were appointed to the U.S. Senate by a joint resolution of the State Legislature.^[3]

King took his seat on July 25, and drew the lot for Class 3, his term expiring on March 3, 1795.^[4] Schuyler took his seat on July 27, and drew the lot for Class 1, his term expiring on March 3, 1791.^[5] The 1st United States Congress convened at New York City, as did the regular session of the New York State Legislature in January 1790. Schuyler retained his seat in the State Senate while serving concurrently in the U.S. Senate.^[6] Schuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointments which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly. On January 27, the New York State Legislature resolved that it was "incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State", and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance. Thus U.S. Senator Schuyler, Federal Judge James Duane and Congressmen John Hathorn and John Laurance vacated their seats in the State Senate. On April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointments, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the Council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected a member could not be expelled in any case. On April 5, Governor Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointments until the end of the term.^[7]

Pennsylvania

The election was held on September 30, 1788. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States Senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris.^[8] Anti-Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class 1 seat, while Federalist and founding father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class 3 seat.

See also

• United States elections, 1789
  • United States House of Representatives elections, 1788 and 1789
• 1st United States Congress

References

• Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
• The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 113 for State Senators 1788-89; pg. 114 for State Senators 1789-90; page 164 for Members of Assembly 1788-89; pg. 165 for Members of Assembly 1789-90)
• The Documentary History of the First Federal elections 1788-1790 Vol. 3, by Gordon DenBoer (pages 514ff)
• The First United States Congress
• History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by Jabez Delano Hammond (pages 43f)