United States Senate elections, 1876 and 1877

Dates vary by state
(And other dates for special elections)

26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
39 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Republican	Democratic
Seats before	45	30
Seats won	11	14
Seats after	39	35
Seat change	6	5
Seats up	17	9

	Third party	Fourth party

Party	Anti-Monopoly	Independent
Seats before	1	0
Seats won	0	1
Seats after	1	1
Seat change		1
Seats up	0	0

Majority Party before election

Republican

Elected Majority Party

Republican

The United States Senate elections of 1876 and 1877 had the Democratic Party gain five seats in the United States Senate, and coincided with Rutherford B. Hayes's narrow election as President. Republicans remained in the majority, however.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 45th Congress (1877–1879)

Majority Party: Republican (39)
Minority Party: Democratic (35)
Other Parties: Anti-Monopoly (1), Independent (1)
Total Seats: 76

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the November 15, 1876 elections in the new state of Colorado.

R₂₉ Ran	R₃₀ Ran	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₂ Ran	R₃₃ Ran	R₃₄ Ran	R₃₅ Ran	R₃₆ Ran	R₃₇ Ran	R₃₈ Unknown
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Retired	D₂₇ Retired	D₂₆ Unknown	D₂₅ Ran	D₂₄ Ran	D₂₃ Ran	D₂₂ Ran	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Retired	D₃₀ Retired	AM₁	R₄₅ Retired	R₄₄ Retired	R₄₃ Retired	R₄₂ Retired	R₄₁ Unknown	R₄₀ Unknown	R₃₉ Unknown
Majority →
R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

After the elections

R₂₉ Re-elected	R₃₀ Re-elected	R₃₁ Re-elected	R₃₂ Re-elected	R₃₃ Re-elected	R₃₄ Hold	R₃₅ Hold	R₃₆ Hold	R₃₇ Hold	R₃₈ Hold
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Hold	D₂₇ Hold	D₂₆ Hold	D₂₅ Re-elected	D₂₄ Re-elected	D₂₃ Re-elected	D₂₂ Re-elected	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Hold	D₃₀ Hold	D₃₁ Gain	D₃₂ Gain	D₃₃ Gain	D₃₄ Gain	D₃₅ Gain	I₁ Gain	AM₁	R₃₉ Hold
Majority →
R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

AM_#	Anti-Monopoly Party
D_#	Democratic
I_#	Independent
R_#	Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 44th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1876 or in 1877 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Louisiana (Class 3)	Vacant			Senate had declined to seat rival claimants William L. McMillen and P. B. S. Pinchback.^[1] Senator elected January 12, 1876. Democratic gain.	√ James B. Eustis (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Connecticut (Class 3)	James E. English	Democratic	1875 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected May 17, 1876. Democratic hold.	√ William Henry Barnum (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Colorado (Class 2)	New state			Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876. First senator elected November 15, 1876. Republican gain. Winner was also elected to the next term, see below.	√ Henry M. Teller (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Colorado (Class 3)	New state			Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876. First senator elected November 15, 1876. Republican gain.	√ Jerome B. Chaffee (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Tennessee (Class 1)	David M. Key	Democratic	1875 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost special election. Winner elected January 19, 1877. Democratic hold.	√ James E. Bailey (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maine (Class 2)	James G. Blaine	Republican	1876 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 17, 1877.	√ James G. Blaine (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia (Class 1)	Samuel Price	Democratic	1876 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost special election. Winner elected January 26, 1877. Democratic hold.	√ Frank Hereford (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Races leading to the 45th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1877; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	George Goldthwaite	Democratic	1870	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1876. Democratic hold.	√ John Tyler Morgan (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Arkansas	Powell Clayton	Republican	1870	Unknown if incumbent retired or ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1876. Democratic gain.	√ Augustus Garland (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Colorado	Henry M. Teller	Republican	1876 (New state)	Incumbent re-elected in 1876 or 1877.	√ Henry M. Teller (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware	Eli M. Saulsbury	Democratic	1870	Incumbent re-elected in 1876.	√ Eli M. Saulsbury (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia	Thomas M. Norwood	Democratic	1871 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or ran for re-election. Winner elected January 26, 1877. Democratic hold.	√ Benjamin Harvey Hill [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Illinois	John A. Logan	Republican	1870 or 1871	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner's election year unknown. Independent gain.	√ David Davis (Independent) John A. Logan (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Iowa	George G. Wright	Republican	1870	Incumbent retired. Winner's election year unknown. Republican hold.	√ Samuel J. Kirkwood (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kansas	James M. Harvey	Republican	1874 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1877. Republican hold.	√ Preston B. Plumb (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kentucky	John W. Stevenson	Democratic	1871	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1876. Democratic hold.	√ James B. Beck (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Louisiana	Joseph R. West	Republican	1870 or 1871	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1876. Republican hold.	√ William P. Kellogg (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maine	James G. Blaine	Republican	1876 (Appointed) 1877 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	√ James G. Blaine (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts	George S. Boutwell	Republican	1873 (Special)	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected in 1877. Republican hold.	√ George Frisbie Hoar (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Michigan	Thomas W. Ferry	Republican	1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	√ Thomas W. Ferry (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Minnesota	William Windom	Republican	1870 (Appointed) 1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	√ William Windom (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Mississippi	James L. Alcorn	Republican	1870	Unknown if incumbent retired or ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1876. Democratic gain.	√ Lucius Q.C. Lamar II (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Nebraska	Phineas Hitchcock	Republican	1870	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1877. Republican hold.	√ Alvin Saunders (Republican) Phineas Hitchcock (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire	Aaron H. Cragin	Republican	1864 1870	Unknown if incumbent retired or ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1876. Republican hold.	√ Edward H. Rollins (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey	Frederick T. Frelinghuysen	Republican	1870 or 1871	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1877. Democratic gain.	√ John R. McPherson (Democratic) Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina	Matt W. Ransom	Democratic	1872 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1876.	√ Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Oregon	James K. Kelly	Democratic	1870	Incumbent retired. Winner's election year unknown. Democratic hold.	√ La Fayette Grover (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Rhode Island	Henry B. Anthony	Republican	1858 1864 1870	Incumbent re-elected in 1876.	√ Henry B. Anthony (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina	Thomas J. Robertson	Republican	1868 (Special) 1870	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1876. Democratic gain.	√ Matthew Butler (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Tennessee	Henry Cooper	Democratic	1870 or 1871	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1877. Democratic hold.	√ Isham G. Harris (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Texas	Morgan C. Hamilton	Republican	1870 (Special) 1871	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1876. Democratic gain.	√ Richard Coke (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia	John W. Johnston	Democratic	1870 (Special) 1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	√ John W. Johnston (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia	Henry G. Davis	Democratic	1871	Incumbent re-elected in 1877.	√ Henry G. Davis (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 45th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1877 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Pennsylvania (Class 3)	Simon Cameron	Republican	1857 1861 (Resigned) 1867 1873	Incumbent resigned March 12, 1877. Successor elected March 20, 1877. Republican hold.	√ J. Donald Cameron (Republican) Andrew H. Dill (Democratic) Hiester Clymer (Democratic) Andrew G. Curtin (Democratic) John Jackson (Democratic)
Ohio (Class 3)	John Sherman	Republican	1861 (Special) 1866 1872	Incumbent resigned March 8, 1877 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Winner elected March 21, 1877. Republican hold.	√ Stanley Matthews (Republican) 82 votes Alfred Ginther 6 votes Frank H. Hurd (Democratic) 1 vote^[2]

Complete list of elections

Pennsylvania (special)

The special election in Pennsylvania was held March 20, 1877.

Republican Senator Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1867 and was re-elected in 1873. Sen. Cameron resigned on March 12, 1877.^[3]

Following the resignation of Simon Cameron, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 20, 1877, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Former United States Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, Simon Cameron's son, was elected to complete his father's term, set to expire on March 4, 1879.^[4] The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

Pennsylvania Results^[5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	J. Donald Cameron	147	58.57
	Democratic	Andrew H. Dill	92	36.65
	Democratic	Hiester Clymer	1	0.40
	Democratic	Andrew G. Curtin	1	0.40
	Democratic	John Jackson	1	0.40
	N/A	Not voting	9	3.59
Totals			251	100.00%

References

↑ Taft, George S. (1885). Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 - Pages 483 - 512. U.S. Government Publishing Office.
↑ Taylor & Taylor, p. 76, vol. II.
↑ "CAMERON, Simon, (1799 - 1889)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
↑ "CAMERON, James Donald, (1833 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
↑ "U.S. Senate Election - 20 March 1877" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900. State of Ohio.

United States Senate elections

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