United States Senate elections, 1888 and 1889

Dates vary by state

26 of the 76 seats in the U.S. Senate
(as well as special elections)
39 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Republican	Democratic
Seats before	38	37
Seats won	12	13
Seats after	38	37
Seat change
Seats up	12	13

	Third party

Party	Readjuster
Seats before	1
Seats won	0
Seats after	1
Seat change	1
Seats up	1

Majority Party before election

Republican

Elected Majority Party

Republican

The United States Senate elections of 1888 and 1889 were elections that coincided with Benjamin Harrison's victory over incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Both parties were unchanged in the general elections, but later special elections would give Republicans an eight-seat majority, mostly from newly admitted states.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 51st Congress (1889–1891)

Majority Party: Republican (39 to 51)
Minority Party: Democratic (37 to 35)
Other Parties: (0)
Total Seats: 76 to 88

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

D₂₉ Ran	D₃₀ Ran	D₃₁ Ran	D₃₂ Ran	D₃₃ Ran	D₃₄ Ran	D₃₅ Ran	D₃₆ Ran	D₃₇ Ran	RA₁ Retired
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Ran	D₂₇ Ran	D₂₆ Ran	D₂₅ Ran	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
Majority with Readjuster in caucus →									R₃₈ Retired
R₂₉ Ran	R₃₀ Ran	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₂ Ran	R₃₃ Ran	R₃₄ Ran	R₃₅ Ran	R₃₆ Unknown	R₃₇ Unknown
R₂₈ Ran	R₂₇ Ran	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

After the elections

D₂₉ Re-elected	D₃₀ Re-elected	D₃₁ Re-elected	D₃₂ Re-elected	D₃₃ Re-elected	D₃₄ Re-elected	D₃₅ Re-elected	D₃₆ Re-elected	D₃₇ Gain	V₁ R Loss
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Re-elected	D₂₇ Re-elected	D₂₆ Re-elected	D₂₅ Re-elected	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
Majority due to vacancy →									R₃₈ Gain
R₂₉ Re-elected	R₃₀ Re-elected	R₃₁ Re-elected	R₃₂ Re-elected	R₃₃ Re-elected	R₃₉ Re-elected	R₃₅ Hold	R₃₆ Hold	R₃₇ Hold
R₂₈ Re-elected	R₂₇ Re-elected	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Beginning of the next Congress

D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆	D₂₅	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉	D₃₀	D₃₁	D₃₂	D₃₃	D₃₄	D₃₅	D₃₆	D₃₇	R₃₉ Gain
Majority →
R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈
R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

End of 1889

									D₁
D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂
D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈	D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁
D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉	D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆	D₂₅	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂
D₃₂	D₃₃	D₃₄	D₃₅	D₃₆	D₃₇	R₄₅ New state	R₄₄ New state	R₄₃ New state	R₄₂ New state
Majority →
R₃₂	R₃₃ Hold	R₃₄ Hold	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈	R₃₉	R₄₀ New state	R₄₁ New state
R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂
R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁
R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂
									R₁

Key:

D_#	Democratic
RA_#	Readjuster
R_#	Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 50th Congress

There were no special elections during 1888 or in 1889 before March 4.

Races leading to the 51st Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1889; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	John Tyler Morgan	Democratic	1876 1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ John Tyler Morgan (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Arkansas	James Berry	Democratic	1885 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ James Berry (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Colorado	Thomas M. Bowen	Republican	1882 or 1883	Unknown if retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1889. Republican hold.	√ Edward O. Wolcott (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware	Eli M. Saulsbury	Democratic	1870 1876 1883	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1888 or 1889. Republican gain.	√ Anthony C. Higgins (Republican) Eli M. Saulsbury (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia	Alfred H. Colquitt	Democratic	1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Alfred H. Colquitt (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Illinois	Shelby M. Cullom	Republican	1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Shelby M. Cullom (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Iowa	James F. Wilson	Republican	1882	Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1888.	√ James F. Wilson (Republican)^[1] T. J. Anderson (Democratic) Daniel Campbell^[2] J. R. Reed^[2] John A. T. Hull (Republican)^[2] Henry Wallace (Republican)^[2]
Kansas	Preston B. Plumb	Republican	1877 1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Preston B. Plumb (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kentucky	James B. Beck	Democratic	1876 1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ James B. Beck (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Louisiana	Randall L. Gibson	Democratic	1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ Randall L. Gibson (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maine	William P. Frye	Republican	1881 (Special) 1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ William P. Frye (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts	George Frisbie Hoar	Republican	1877 1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ George Frisbie Hoar (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Michigan	Thomas W. Palmer	Republican	1882 or 1883	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1889. Republican hold.	√ James McMillan (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Minnesota	Dwight M. Sabin	Republican	1883	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected in 1888. Republican hold.	√ William D. Washburn (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Mississippi	Edward C. Walthall	Democratic	1885 (Appointed) 1886 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ Edward C. Walthall (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Nebraska	Charles F. Manderson	Republican	1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Charles F. Manderson (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire	William E. Chandler	Republican	1887 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. An interim senator was appointed to start the next term and the incumbent was later elected to finish that term, see below.	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey	John R. McPherson	Democratic	1877 1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ John R. McPherson (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina	Matt W. Ransom	Democratic	1872 (Special) 1876 1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ Matt W. Ransom (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Oregon	Joseph N. Dolph	Republican	1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Joseph N. Dolph (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Rhode Island	Jonathan Chace	Republican	1885 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Jonathan Chace (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina	Matthew Butler	Democratic	1876 1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Matthew Butler (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Tennessee	Isham G. Harris	Democratic	1877 1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ Isham G. Harris (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Texas	Richard Coke	Democratic	1876 1882	Incumbent re-elected in 1888.	√ Richard Coke (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia	Harrison H. Riddleberger	Readjuster	1881	Incumbent retired. Winner elected early December 20, 1887.^[3] Democratic gain.	√ John S. Barbour Jr. (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia	John E. Kenna	Democratic	1883	Incumbent re-elected in 1889.	√ John E. Kenna (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 51st Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1889 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island (Class 2)	Jonathan Chace	Republican	1885 (Special) 1888	Incumbent resigned April 9, 1889. Winner was elected April 10, 1889. Republican hold.	√ Nathan F. Dixon III (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire (Class 2)	Gilman Marston	Republican	1889 (Appointed)	Unknown if interim appointee retired or lost election to finish the term. Winner elected June 18, 1889. Republican hold.	√ William E. Chandler (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Dakota (Class 2)	New state			South Dakota admitted to the Union November 2, 1889. First senators elected October 16, 1889, in advance of statehood.^[4] Republican gain.	√ Richard F. Pettigrew (Republican) 108 Bartlett Tripp (Democratic) 14 Absent/not voting 2^[4]
South Dakota (Class 3)	New state			South Dakota admitted to the Union November 2, 1889. First senators elected October 16, 1889, in advance of statehood.^[4] Republican gain.	√ Gideon C. Moody (Republican) 107 Merritt H. Day (Democratic) 14^[4]
Washington (Class 1)	New state			Washington admitted to the Union November 11, 1889. First senator elected November 20, 1889. Republican gain.	√ John B. Allen (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Washington (Class 3)	New state			Washington admitted to the Union November 11, 1889. First senator elected November 20, 1889. Republican gain.	√ Watson C. Squire (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Dakota (Class 1)	New state			North Dakota admitted to the Union November 2, 1889. First senators elected November 25, 1889.^[5] Republican gain.	√ Lyman R. Casey (Republican) 62 Martin N. Johnson (Republican) 26 Daniel W. Maratta (Democratic) 4^[5]
North Dakota (Class 3)	New state			North Dakota admitted to the Union November 2, 1889. First senators elected November 25, 1889.^[5] Republican gain.	√ Gilbert A. Pierce (Republican) 56 Michael L. McCormack (Democratic) 6^[5]

References

↑ Clark, p. 214
1 2 3 4 Campbell, Reed, Hull, and Wallce each received between one and three votes. Clark, p. 215.
↑ John S. Barbour Jr. at Encyclopedia Virginia
1 2 3 4 Journal of the House of Representatives…, p. 11
1 2 3 4 Journal of the House of the First Legislative Assembly…, p. 63-64

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Clark, Dan Elbert (1912). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Journal of the House of the First Legislative Assembly begun and held at the Capitol at Bismarck, November 19, 1889 to March 18, 1890. Tribune, Printers and Binders. 1890.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the Special Session of the South Dakota Legislature. Free Press Company. 1889.

United States Senate elections

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