United States Senate elections, 1864 and 1865

Various dates

24 of the 70 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
25 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Republican	Democratic
Last election	32 seats	10 seats
Seats before	31	10
Seats won	11	3
Seats after	33	9
Seat change	2	1
Seats up	9	4

	Third party	Fourth party

Party	Unconditional Unionist	Unionist
Last election	1 seat	5 seats
Seats before	5	3
Seats won	0	0
Seats after	4	2
Seat change	1	1
Seats up	1	1

Majority Party before election

Republican Party

Elected Majority Party

Republican Party

The United States Senate elections of 1864 and 1865 were elections corresponding with Abraham Lincoln's re-election, with the Republican Party gaining two seats in the United States Senate. As these elections occurred during the Civil War, most of the Southern States were absent.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 39th Congress (1865–1867)

Majority Party: Republican (37)
Minority Party: Democratic (9)
Other Parties: Unconditional Unionist (1); Unionist (1)
Vacant: (24)
Total Seats: 72

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

V₅ Seceded	V₄ Seceded	V₃ Seceded	V₂	V₁
V₆ Seceded	V₇ Seceded	V₈ Seceded	V₉ Seceded	V₁₀ Seceded	V₁₁ Seceded	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
UU₅ Ran	U₁	U₂	U₃ Retired	D₁₀ Ran	D₉ Retired	D₈ Unknown	D₇ Retired	D₆	D₅
UU₄	UU₃	UU₂	UU₁	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₀ Ran	R₂₉ Retired	R₂₈ Ran	R₂₇ Ran	R₂₆ Retired
Majority →									R₂₅ Unknown
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃ Ran	R₂₄ Ran
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀	V₂₁

As a result of the elections

V₅ Seceded	V₄ Seceded	V₃ Seceded	V₂	V₁
V₆ Seceded	V₇ Seceded	V₈ Seceded	V₉ Seceded	V₁₀ Seceded	V₁₁ Seceded	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
UU₂	UU₃	UU₄	U₁	U₂	D₉ Gain	D₈ Hold	D₇ Re-elected	D₆	D₅
UU₁	R₃₃ Gain	R₃₂ Gain	R₃₁ Re-elected new party	R₃₀ Hold	R₂₉ Hold	R₂₈ Hold	R₂₇ Re-elected	R₂₆ Re-elected	R₂₅ Re-elected
Majority →
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃ Re-elected	R₂₄ Re-elected
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₇	V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂ U Loss	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀	V₂₁	V₂₂

Beginning of the next Congress

V₆	V₅	V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₇	V₈	V₉	V₁₀	V₁₁	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
R₃₆ Changed	R₃₇ Changed	UU₁	V₁₃ UU Loss	U₁	V₁₂ D Loss	D₉ Gain	D₈	D₇	D₆
R₃₅ New state	R₃₄ New state	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆
Majority →									R₂₅
R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄
R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆
V₁₈	V₁₇	V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅
V₁₉	V₂₀	V₂₁	V₂₂	V₂₃	V₂₄

Key:

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican
UU_#	Unconditional Unionist
U_#	Unionist
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 38th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1864 or in 1865 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Maryland (Class 3)	Thomas Holliday Hicks	Unconditional Unionist	1862 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 11, 1864^[1] to finish the term.	√ Thomas Holliday Hicks (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware (Class 1)	James A. Bayard, Jr.	Democratic	1851 1857 1863	Incumbent resigned January 29, 1864 for unknown reason. Winner elected January 29, 1864. Democratic hold.	√ George R. Riddle (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Nevada (Class 1)	New state			Nevada's first Senators were elected February 1, 1865. Republican gain.	√ William M. Stewart (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Nevada (Class 3)	New state			Nevada's first Senators were elected February 1, 1865. Republican gain.	√ James W. Nye (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia (Class 1)	Lemuel J. Bowden	Unionist	1863	Incumbent died January 2, 1864. Winner elected sometime in 1865. The Senate refused to seat him as it did not want to set a precedent for allowing premature re-entry of Confederate states.^[2] Unionist loss. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	√ Joseph Segar (Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Races leading to the 39th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1865; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Clement Claiborne Clay (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Arkansas	Vacant since July 11, 1861 when William K. Sebastian (D) was expelled.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Delaware	Willard Saulsbury, Sr.	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected in 1864.	√ Willard Saulsbury, Sr. (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia	Vacant since February 4, 1861 when Robert Toombs (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1871.	None.
Illinois	William A. Richardson	Democratic	1863 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1864 or 1865. Republican gain.	√ Richard Yates (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Iowa	James W. Grimes	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected January 11, 1864.	√ James W. Grimes (Republican) 128 John D. Jennings 5 "Mr. Love" 1^[3]
Kansas	James H. Lane	Republican	1861	Incumbent re-elected in 1865.	√ James H. Lane (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kentucky	Lazarus W. Powell	Democratic	1858	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1865. Democratic hold.	√ James Guthrie (Democratic) Lovell H. Rousseau (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Louisiana	Vacant since February 4, 1861 when Judah P. Benjamin (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Maine	Nathan A. Farwell	Republican	1864 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. Winner elected in 1864 or 1865. Republican hold.	√ William P. Fessenden (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts	Henry Wilson	Republican	1855 (Special) 1859	Incumbent re-elected in 1865.	√ Henry Wilson (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Michigan	Jacob M. Howard	Republican	1862 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1865.	√ Jacob M. Howard (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Minnesota	Morton S. Wilkinson	Republican	1858 or 1859	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1865. Republican hold.	√ Daniel S. Norton (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Mississippi	Vacant since January 12, 1861 when Albert G. Brown (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
New Hampshire	John P. Hale	Republican	1846 1853 (Retired) 1855 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1864. Republican hold.	√ Aaron H. Cragin (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey	John C. Ten Eyck	Republican	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1864. Democratic gain. Election would later be disputed and seat declared vacant.	√ John P. Stockton (Democratic) John C. Ten Eyck (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
North Carolina	Vacant since March 6, 1861 when Thomas Bragg (D) resigned.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Oregon	Benjamin F. Harding	Democratic	1862 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1864. Republican gain.	√ George H. Williams (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Rhode Island	Henry B. Anthony	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected in 1864.	√ Henry B. Anthony (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina	Vacant since November 10, 1860 when James Chesnut, Jr. (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Tennessee	Vacant since March 3, 1861 when Alfred O. P. Nicholson (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1866.	None.
Texas	Vacant since July 11, 1861 when John Hemphill (D) was expelled.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Virginia	John S. Carlile	Unionist	1861	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1865. The Senate refused to seat him as it did not want to set a precedent for allowing premature re-entry of Confederate states.^[2] Unionist loss. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	√ John Curtiss Underwood (Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia	Waitman T. Willey	Unconditional Unionist	1863	Incumbent re-elected in 1865 as a Republican. Republican gain.	√ Waitman T. Willey (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 39th Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1865 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Maryland (Class 3)	Thomas Holliday Hicks	Unconditional Unionist	1862 (Appointed) 1864 (Special)	Incumbent died February 14, 1865. Winner elected March 9, 1865. Unconditional Unionist hold.	√ John Creswell (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

References

↑ Byrd & Wolff, page 120
1 2 "Musical Chairs (1861–1869)". United States Senate. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
↑ Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". , page 131

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Byrd, Robert C.; Wolff, Wendy (October 1, 1993). "The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992" (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States Senate elections

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