United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1991

United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1991
United Nations
10 October 1991 – 21 November 1991

 
Candidate Boutros Boutros-Ghali Bernard Chidzero Hans van den Broek
Country  Egypt  Zimbabwe  Netherlands
Best vote
11 / 15
10 / 15
8 / 15
Vetoes None None None
Round 6th straw poll
21 November 1991		 2nd straw poll
21 October 1991		 2nd straw poll
21 October 1991
UN Secretary-General before election

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

 Elected UN Secretary-General

Boutros Boutros-Ghali

A United Nations Secretary-General selection was held in 1991 to replace Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, whose second term would end on 31 December 1991. Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt was selected for a term ending on 31 December 1996, becoming the first Secretary-General from Africa.

The selection established the principle of regional rotation of the Secretary-Generalship, as the Third World countries voted as a bloc to deny the office to any non-African candidate. Taking place at the conclusion of the Cold War, it was the smoothest open selection in decades. No vetoes were cast against any of the candidates on the ballot in 1991, in sharp contrast to the deadlocked 1981 and 1971 selections.[1] The 1991 selection was the first selection to use the straw polling procedure from the beginning, adopting the 1981 innovation as the standard procedure for future selections.

Background

Prior to 1991, there had never been a Secretary-General from Africa. In 1981, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania received the most votes in the first round of voting, but he was vetoed by the United States.[2] The selection then deadlocked as China vetoed Kurt Waldheim a record 16 times, while the United States vetoed or voted against Salim a total of 15 times. To break the impasse, Waldheim and Salim both suspended their candidacies, and Javier Pérez de Cuéllar was selected as the first Secretary-General from Latin America.[3]:411

As Pérez de Cuéllar's second term drew to a close in 1991, the campaign for an African Secretary-General got underway. The Organization of African Unity promised that its member states would vote against any non-African candidates in the General Assembly. The Non-Aligned Movement also endorsed the six official candidates from Africa. Since the Non-Aligned Movement included a majority of the votes in the UN General Assembly, it could block any candidate recommended by the Security Council.[4] China again declared its support for a Secretary-General from Africa.[4][5] However, the other four permanent members of the Security Council rejected the principle of regional rotation.[5]

Candidates

Six African candidates were nominated by the Organization for African Unity. Two other Africans were nominated by their own countries. Non-African candidates were also nominated during the straw polling.

Official candidates
Image Candidate Position Nominated by Regional group
Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan Head of UN relief operations in Iraq[4] Unknown Asia-Pacific Group, Western European and Others Group
Boutros Boutros-Ghali Former Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt) Organization for African Unity African Group
Hans van den Broek Foreign Minister of the Netherlands Unknown Western European and Others Group
Gro Harlem Brundtland Prime Minister of Norway Unknown Western European and Others Group
Bernard Chidzero Chairman of the Development Committee of the World Bank Organization for African Unity African Group
Kenneth Dadzie Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Organization for African Unity African Group
James Jonah Assistant Secretary-General for Special Political Questions[6] Organization for African Unity African Group
Michel Doo Kingue Unknown African Group
Raul Manglapus Foreign Minister of the Philippines Unknown Asia-Pacific Group
Brian Mulroney Prime Minister of Canada  United States[7] Western European and Others Group
Olusegun Obasanjo Former Head of State of Nigeria Organization for African Unity African Group
Nguema Francois Owono Former Minister of Culture of Gabon[8] Organization for African Unity African Group
Thorvald Stoltenberg Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway) Unknown Western European and Others Group
Krzysztof Skubiszewski Foreign Minister of Poland Unknown Eastern European Group
Msanze Terrence Former Burundi Representative to the UN[8]  Burundi African Group

Selection

The last two open selections in 1971 and 1981 had turned into veto duels, as two of the permanent members each vetoed the other's preferred candidate over multiple rounds of voting. The deadlocked 1981 selection had finally been resolved by turning to straw polls to gauge the level of support for candidates. Instead of voting openly in closed session, members of the Security Council voted anonymously using a secret ballot. After a likely winner had been identified, the permanent members voted on colored ballot paper, while rotating members voted on white paper. Since the colored ballots would reveal the existence of a veto but not the identity of the vetoing member, the likelihood of a veto duel was reduced.

The 1991 selection adopted the 1981 procedure from the start, setting a precedent for future selections. The Security Council held six rounds of straw polling over a six-week period.[3]:411–412 The straw poll of 10 October 1991 was a partial poll. The second poll took place on 21 October 1991 and featured all nine candidates on the ballot. Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt and Bernard Chidzero of Zimbabwe led the straw poll with 10 votes each. Hans van den Broek of the Netherlands was the leading non-African candidate with 8 votes, one short of the number required for selection.[3]:411–412

The third straw poll of 25 October 1991 was again won by Bourtos-Ghali and Chidzero.[8] All of the non-African candidates received at least seven 'discouraged' votes, corresponding to the number of Third World countries with rotating seats on the Security Council. However, the Third World countries did not vote for all the African candidates, some of whom received fewer than seven votes.[9] Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney also dropped out of the race, as he was facing the possible secession of Quebec from Canada.[10]

The fourth straw poll was held on 11 November 1991. A crack opened in the Third World voting bloc, as Hans van den Broek received only six 'discouraged' votes.[9]

The fifth straw poll on 12 November 1991 switched to blue ballot papers for the permanent members so that vetoes could be revealed.[11] Chidzero placed first in the poll, and neither candidate received any vetoes.[3]:411–412 No vetoes were cast at any point during the selection process, a sharp contrast to the dozens of vetoes cast in the veto duel of 1981.[1]

The sixth straw poll on 21 November 1991 revealed a clear winner. Boutros-Ghali was selected by a vote of 11-0-4. Chidzero came in second with a vote of 7-2-6.[3]:411–412[1] France and Belgium convinced four of Chidzero's supporters to stop voting for him, stoked by fears that the United States was trying to delay the selection so that a compromise candidate could emerge, while Boutros-Ghali and Chidzero cancelled each other out.[12]

After the final straw poll, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to recommend Boutros Boutros-Ghali. The General Assembly then appointed Boutros-Ghali to be Secretary-General of the United Nations for a term ending on 31 December 1996.

United Nations Secretary-General straw poll results, 1991
Candidate 21 October[4] 25 October[8] 11 November[11] 12 November 21 November[1]
E D N E D N E D N E D N E D N
FranceIranSwitzerland Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan 5 4 7 4
Egypt Boutros Boutros-Ghali 10 9 11 1 3 11 0 4
Netherlands Hans van den Broek 8 5 5 6 4 5 7 3
Norway Gro Harlem Brundtland 2 1 8 6
Zimbabwe Bernard Chidzero 10 9 10 2 3 7 0 6
Ghana Kenneth Dadzie 7 5 6 4 5
Sierra Leone James Jonah 6 5 5 5
Cameroon Michel Doo Kingue 5 6 4 5
Philippines Raul Manglapus 3
Canada Brian Mulroney 5 Withdrawn[10]
Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo 7 9 4 2
Gabon Nguema Francois Owono 6 3 3 9
Norway Thorvald Stoltenberg 2 2 9 4
Norway Thorvald Stoltenberg 2 2 9 4
Poland Krzysztof Skubiszewski Not yet nominated Not on ballot 2 8 5

1996 selection

Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed in 1996 for a second term, receiving votes from 14 of the 15 members of the Security Council. However, he was vetoed by the United States due to disputes over UN peacekeeping missions and unpaid UN dues. After the other Security Council members failed to persuade the United States to change its position, the 1996 selection was thrown open to other candidates. Boutros-Ghali became the only Secretary-General to be denied a second term.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lewis, Paul (22 November 1991). "Security Council Selects Egyptian for Top U.N. Post". The New York Times.
  2. ↑ Nossiter, Bernard D. (1 November 1981). "Someone is Trying to Fire Dr. Waldheim". The New York Times.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Sievers, Loraine; Davis, Sam (2014). The Procedure of the UN Security Council (4 ed.). Oxford Univ Press. ISBN 9780199685295.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Lewis, Paul (22 October 1991). "Africans Pressing Bid for U.N. Post". The New York Times.
  5. 1 2 Lewis, Paul (17 March 1991). "Search Is On for Next U.N. Secretary General". The New York Times.
  6. ↑ "James O.C. Jonah". United Nations Intellectual History Project.
  7. ↑ Goshko, John M. (February 16, 2016). "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, U.N. secretary general who clashed with U.S., dies". Washington Post.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Lewis, Paul (26 October 1991). "Bid for U.N. Post Is Led By Zimbabwe and Egypt". The New York Times.
  9. 1 2 Lewis, Paul (12 November 1991). "Egyptian Leads Voting for U.N. Post". The New York Times.
  10. 1 2 "Mulroney in a Quandary". The New York Times. 26 October 1991.
  11. 1 2 Lewis, Paul (12 November 1991). "Egyptian Leads Voting for U.N. Post". The New York Times.
  12. ↑ Lewis, Paul (23 November 1991). "How U.N. Nominee Won: 4 Switched". The New York Times.
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