United Kingdom general election, 1970

United Kingdom general election, 1970
United Kingdom
18 June 1970
All 630 seats in the House of Commons
316 seats needed for a majority
Turnout 72.0% (Decrease3.8%)

  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Edward Heath Harold Wilson Jeremy Thorpe
Party Conservative Labour Liberal
Leader since 28 July 1965 14 February 1963 18 January 1967
Leader's seat Bexley Huyton North Devon
Last election 253 seats, 41.9% 364 seats, 48% 12 seats, 8.5%
Seats won 330 288 6
Seat change Increase 77 Decrease 76 Decrease 6
Popular vote 13,145,123 12,208,758 2,117,035
Percentage 46.4% 43.1% 7.5%
Swing Increase 4.5% Decrease 4.9% Decrease 1.0%

Colours denote the winning party, as shown in the main table of results.
Prime Minister before election

Harold Wilson
Labour

 Subsequent Prime Minister

Edward Heath
Conservative

The United Kingdom general election of 1970 was held on Thursday, 18 June 1970. It resulted in a surprise victory for the Conservative Party under leader Edward Heath, which defeated the governing Labour Party under Harold Wilson. The Liberal Party, under its new leader Jeremy Thorpe, lost half their seats. The Conservatives, including the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), secured a majority of thirty-one seats. This general election was the first in which people could vote from the age of eighteen, after passage of the Representation of the People Act 1969 the previous year.

As of 2017, it is the earliest general election from which there remain members of the House of Commons who have a record of continuous service; Kenneth Clarke of the Conservatives and Dennis Skinner of the Labour Party both entered parliament for the first time at this election. Clarke is the current Father of the House since the death of 86 year-old Sir Gerald Kaufman on 26 February 2017.

Most opinion polls prior to the election indicated a comfortable Labour victory, and put Labour up to 12.4% ahead of the Conservatives. On election day, however, a late swing gave the Conservatives a 3.4% lead and ended almost six years of Labour government, although Wilson remained leader of the Labour Party in opposition.

The result would provide the mandate for Edward Heath as Prime Minister to begin formal negotiations for the United Kingdom to become a member of the European Communities (EC)—or the "Common Market" as it was more widely known at the time, before it later became the European Union; the UK officially joined the EC on 1 January 1973, along with the Republic of Ireland and Denmark.

George Brown and Jennie Lee left Parliament as a result of this election.

The 1970 general election was the last election prior to that of 2017 where the two main parties each received more than 40% of the popular vote, and also the last until the 2017 snap election where the third-largest party (in this case the Liberals) achieved less than 10% of the vote.

The election was the last in which a nationwide UK party gained seats in Northern Ireland.[1] The UUP sat with the Conservative Party at Westminster, traditionally taking the Conservative parliamentary whip. To all intents and purposes the UUP functioned as the Northern Ireland branch of the Conservative Party. In 1972, in protest over the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the Westminster Ulster Unionist MPs withdrew from the alliance.[2]

Election date

The date of 18 June was supposedly chosen because Harold Wilson wanted as Prime Minister to go to the polls before the introduction of decimal coinage in early 1971, for which his government had been responsible and which he thought was hugely unpopular,[3] and because Wilson sought to gain some momentum by surprising the Conservatives, who were expecting an October election.[3]

Overview

Commentators believed that an unexpectedly bad set of balance of payments figures (a £31 million trade deficit) released on election day, and a loss of national prestige after the England football team's defeat by West Germany on 15 June in the World Cup, contributed to the Labour defeat.[4]

Other factors that were cited as reasons for the Conservative victory included union indiscipline, rising prices, the risk of devaluation, the government’s imposition of Selective Employment Tax (SET), and a set of jobless figures released on polling day showing unemployment at its highest level since 1940. Interviewed by Robin Day, the outgoing Prime Minister Harold Wilson highlighted the possibility that "complacency engendered by the opinion polls" may have resulted in a poor turnout of Labour supporters.[5] As defending world champions, England's venture in the World Cup attracted a much keener public interest than the general election did.[6]

American pollster Douglas Schoen and Oxford University academic R. W. Johnson asserted that Enoch Powell had attracted 2.5 million votes to the Conservatives, although the Conservative vote only increased by 1.7 million. Johnson later stated "It became clear that Powell had won the 1970 election for the Tories... of all those who had switched their vote from one party to another, 50 per cent were working class Powellites".[7] The Professor of Political Science Randall Hansen assessed a range of studies, including some which contended that Powell had made little or no difference to the result, but concluded that "At the very least, Powell's effect was likely to have fired up the Conservative vote in constituencies which would have voted Tory in any event".[8] Election night commentators Michael Barratt and Jeffrey Preece dismissed any special ‘Powell factor’, as did Conservative MPs Reginald Maudling, Timothy Raison and Hugh Dykes.[5]

The 1970-74 Parliament has to date been the only time since the 1924-29 Parliament in which the Conservative Party were only in government for one term before returning to opposition.

The most notable casualty of the election was George Brown, Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, who lost to the Conservative candidate in the Belper constituency. Brown had held the seat since 1945.

Unusually for the Liberal Party, the by-elections between 1966 and 1970 had proved almost fruitless, with many Liberal candidates losing deposits. The one exception was its by-election gain of Birmingham Ladywood in June 1969; this was promptly lost in the 1970 general election. The party found itself struggling to introduce its new leader Jeremy Thorpe to the public, owing to the extensive coverage and attention paid to Enoch Powell. The election result was poor for the Liberals, with Thorpe only narrowly winning his own seat in North Devon.[4]

The BBC's election coverage was led by Cliff Michelmore, along with Robin Day, David Butler and Robert McKenzie.[4] There were periodic cutaways to the BBC regions. This coverage has been rerun on BBC Parliament on several occasions, including on 18 July 2005 as a tribute to Edward Heath after his death the previous day. Its most recent screening was on 9 October 2010.[9] The BBC coverage was parodied by Monty Python's Flying Circus in its famous "Election Night Special" sketch.

Both BBC and ITN carried their 1970 election night broadcasts in colour, although segments broadcast from some remote locations and some BBC and ITN regional bureaus were transmitted in black-and-white. Some ITV regions were not yet broadcasting in colour at the time of the 1970 elections.

Timeline

The Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, visited Buckingham Palace on 18 May and asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament on 29 May, announcing that the election would be held on 18 June. The key dates were as follows:

Friday 29 MayDissolution of the 44th parliament and campaigning officially begins
Monday 8 JuneLast day to file nomination papers
Wednesday 17 June Campaigning officially ends
Thursday 18 June Polling day
Friday 19 June The Conservative Party wins power with a majority of 31
Monday 29 June45th parliament assembles
Thursday 2 JulyState Opening of Parliament

Opinion poll summary

Summary of the final polling results before the general election.[10]

Party Marplan Gallup National Opinion Polls (NOP) Opinion Research Centre (OPC) Harris
Conservative 41.5% 42.0% 44.1% 46.5% 46.0%
Labour 50.2% 49.0% 48.2% 45.5% 48.0%
Liberal 7.0% 7.5% 6.4% 6.5% 5.0%
Others 1.3% 1.5% 1.3% 1.5% 1.0%
Labour lead 8.7% 7.0% 4.1% −1.0% 2.0%
Fieldwork dates 11–14 June 14–16 June 12–16 June 13–17 June 20 May – 16 June
Sample size 2,267 2,190 1,562 1,583 4,841

Results

↓
330 288 6 6
Conservative Labour Lib O

This was the first general election where 18-year-olds had the right to vote. Therefore, despite 1.1 million more people voting in 1970 compared to 1966, turnout actually fell by 3%. Labour's number of votes, 12.2 million, was ironically the same amount they had needed to win in 1964. The Tory vote surge cost Labour in many marginal seats. As for the Liberals a small 1% drop in their vote share saw them lose 6 seats, 3 of which were held by the narrowest of margins.

In the end the Conservatives achieved a swing of 4.7%, enough to give them a comfortable working majority. As for the smaller parties, they increased their number in the commons from 2 to 6 seats.

UK general election 1970
Candidates Votes
Party Leader Standing Elected Gained Unseated Net % of total % No. Net %
  Conservative Edward Heath 628 330 80 3 + 77 52.4 46.4 13,145,123 + 4.5
  Labour Harold Wilson 625 288 1 76 – 75 45.7 43.1 12,208,758 – 4.9
  Liberal Jeremy Thorpe 332 6 0 6 – 6 1.0 7.5 2,117,035 – 1.0
  SNP William Wolfe 65 1 1 0 + 1 0.2 1.1 306,802 + 0.6
  Plaid Cymru Gwynfor Evans 36 0 0 0 0 0.6 175,016 + 0.4
  Unity None 5 2 2 0 + 2 0.3 0.50 140,930 N/A
  Independent N/A 40 0 0 0 0 0.1 39,264 0.0
  Communist John Gollan 58 0 0 0 0 0.1 37,970 – 0.1
  Protestant Unionist Ian Paisley 2 1 1 0 + 1 0.2 0.1 35,303 N/A
  Republican Labour Gerry Fitt 1 1 0 0 0 0.2 0.1 30,649 N/A
  Independent Labour N/A 3 1 1 0 + 1 0.2 0.1 24,685 + 0.1
  Independent Conservative N/A 8 0 0 0 0 0.1 24,014 + 0.1
  Democratic Party Desmond Donnelly 5 0 0 0 0 0.1 15,292 N/A
  National Democratic David Brown 4 0 0 0 0 0.1 14,276 N/A
  National Front John O'Brien 10 0 0 0 0 0.0 11,449 N/A
  National Democratic Gerry Quigley 2 0 0 0 0 0.0 10,349 N/A
  Vectis National Party R. W. Cawdell 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 1,607 N/A
  Independent Liberal N/A 2 0 0 0 0 0.0 1,456 0.0
  World Government Gilbert Young 2 0 0 0 0 0.0 1,016 N/A
  Mebyon Kernow Len Truran 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 960 N/A
  Ind. Labour Party Emrys Thomas 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 847 0.0
  British Movement Colin Jordan 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 704 N/A
  Independent Progressive 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 658 N/A
  Socialist (GB) None 2 0 0 0 0 0.0 376 0.0
  Young Ideas Screaming Lord Sutch 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 142 N/A
  British Commonwealth 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 117 N/A

All parties are listed. The Conservative figure includes eight Ulster Unionists

Government's new majority 30
Total votes cast 28,305,534
Turnout 72%

Votes summary

Popular vote
Conservative and Unionist
  
 46.4%
Labour
  
 43.1%
Liberal
  
 7.5%
Scottish National
  
 1.1%
Independent
  
 0.3%
Others
  
 1.6%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats
Conservative and Unionist
  
 52.4%
Labour
  
 45.7%
Liberal
  
 1.0%
Others
  
 1.0%

Televised declarations


Constituency Winning party 1966 Constituency result by party Winning party 1970
Con Lab Lib PC SNP Others
Guildford Conservative 27,203 13,108 8,822 Conservative hold
Cheltenham Conservative 22,823 14,213 8,431 Conservative hold
Salford West Labour 14,310 16,986 Labour hold
Wolverhampton North East Labour 15,358 17,251 1,592 Labour hold
Salford East Labour 9,583 15,853 3,000 Labour hold
Wolverhampton South West Conservative 26,252 11,753 2,459 318 Conservative hold
Newcastle upon Tyne Central Labour 4,256 13,671 1,433 Labour hold
Newcastle upon Tyne North Conservative 15,978 12,518 Conservative hold
Exeter Labour 21,680 20,409 6,672 Conservative gain

Incumbents defeated

Labour

Conservative

Liberal

Ulster Unionist Party

Scottish National Party

Democratic Party

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dan Keohane (2000), Security in British Politics 1945-99, p. 183
  2. ↑ Stuart Bell and Anthony Seldon, The Heath Government 1970-74: A Reappraisal
  3. 1 2 Joe Haines: Glimmers of Twilight. London, Politico's Publishers, 2003
  4. 1 2 3 1970: Heath's surprise victory BBC News
  5. 1 2 BBC Election Results Programme, 18–19 July 1970.
  6. ↑ "BBC NEWS - VOTE2001 - THE ELECTION BATTLES 1945-1997".
  7. ↑ Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London: Phoenix, 1999), p. 568
  8. ↑ Randell Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-War Britain (Oxford University Press, 2000)
  9. ↑ BBC Election 1970 BBC Parliament
  10. ↑ Abrams, M. 1970. The Opinion Polls and the 1970 British General Election. The Public Opinion Quarterly. 34(2): p.317-324.
  11. ↑ From BBC Parliament Replay

Further reading

Manifestos

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