United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

Headquarters building
Agency overview
Formed 1795
Headquarters Taunton, Somerset
Employees approx 1000
Minister responsible
Agency executives
  • John Humphrey, Chief Executive
  • Rear Admiral Tim Lowe, National Hydrographer and Deputy Chief Executive
Parent agency Ministry of Defence
Website https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-hydrographic-office

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) is located in Taunton, Somerset on Admiralty Way and has a workforce of approximately 1,000 staff. The UKHO is the UK's agency providing hydrographic and geospatial data to mariners and maritime organisations across the world. They are a trading arm of the Ministry of Defence (MOD).

They are responsible for operational support to the Royal Navy and other defence customers. Supplying defence and the commercial shipping industry, they help ensure Safety of Lives at Sea (SOLAS), protect the marine environment and support the efficiency of global trade. Together with other national hydrographic offices and the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO), they work to set and raise global standards of hydrography, cartography and navigation.

Their market-leading portfolio of ADMIRALTY Maritime Products & Services is found on over 90% of the world’s ships trading internationally. Relied upon by mariners for over 200 years, their portfolio provides the most comprehensive range of SOLAS-compliant charts, publications and digital services to keep crews, cargo and ships safe.

History

Establishment and early operation

Alexander Dalrymple, engraving by Conrad Westermayr.

The Admiralty's first Hydrographer was Alexander Dalrymple,[1] appointed in 1795 on the order of King George III and the existing charts were brought together and catalogued. The first chart Dalrymple published as Hydrographer to the ADMIRALTY brand (of Quiberon Bay in Brittany) did not appear until 1800.[2] He also issued sailing directions and Notices to Mariners (NMs).

Dalrymple was succeeded on his death in 1808 by Captain Thomas Hurd, under whose stewardship the department was given permission to sell charts to the public in 1821.[3]

In 1819 Captain Hurd entered into a bi-lateral agreement with Denmark to exchange charts and publications covering areas of mutual interest. This is thought to be the earliest formal arrangement for the mutual supply of information between the British and any foreign Hydrographic Office.[4] Hurd developed the specialism of Royal Navy hydrographic surveyors. Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry was appointed Hydrographer in 1823 after his second expedition to discover a Northwest Passage.[5][6] In 1825 some 736 charts and coastal views were being offered for sale by the Hydrographic Office.

Explorations

HMS Challenger by William Frederick Mitchell

In 1828 Captain Parry and the Royal Society organised a scientific voyage to the South Atlantic, in collaboration with the Hydrographers of France and Spain, using HMS Chanticleer.[7]

In 1829, at the age of 55, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort became Hydrographer. During his time as Hydrographer, he developed the eponymous Scale, saw the introduction of official tide tables in 1833 and instigated various surveys and expeditions. Several of these were by the HMS Beagle, including one to Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia in 1826. In 1831 Captain Beaufort informed Captain FitzRoy that he had found a savant for the latter's surveying voyage to South America, Charles Darwin. After completing extensive surveys in South America she returned to Falmouth, Cornwall via New Zealand and Australia in 1836.[8] By the time of Beaufort's retirement in 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts and 64,000 copies of them had been issued to the Royal Navy.[9]

In the 1870s the Hydrographic Service supported the Challenger expedition, a scientific exercise that made many discoveries, laying the foundation of oceanography. The cruise was named after the mother vessel, HMS Challenger. On her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) circumnavigation of the globe,[10] 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken.[11] The Challenger crew used a method of observation developed in earlier small-scale expeditions. To measure depth, the crew would lower a line with a weight attached to it until it reached the sea floor. The line was marked in 25 fathom intervals with flags denoting depth. Because of this, the depth measurements from the Challenger were at best accurate to 25 fathoms (150 feet), or about 46 metres.[12] As the first true oceanographic cruise, the Challenger expedition established an entire academic and research discipline.[13]

During the late 19th century the UKHO took part in several international conferences, including the International Meridian Conference to determine a prime meridian for international use and other conferences working towards the establishment of a permanent international commission concerning hydrographic matters. Hydrographers to the Admiralty Board during this period included: Rear-Admiral John Washington, Rear-Admiral George Henry Richards, Captain Sir Frederick J O Evans and Rear-Admiral Sir William J L Wharton.

20th century

A three-masted ship with sails furled, short funnel amidships, flag flying from the stern on left of picture. Two small boats are close by, and a larger vessel decked with bunting is visible in the background.
The expedition's ship Nimrod departing for the South Pole

During Rear-Admiral A Mostyn Field's term as Hydrographer to the Admiralty Board, the Hydrographic Office lent instruments to the Nimrod Expedition of the British Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907. Following the RMS Titanic in 1912, the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention was established, as well as the introduction of ice reporting and forecasting. During World War I, while Rear-Admiral Sir John F Parry was Hydrographer of the Navy, the Hydrographic Office produced numerous new charts and products to support the Royal Navy.

Following the war, the First International Hydrographic Conference was held in London. It led to the establishment in 1921 of the International Hydrographic Organization. In the 1930s the systematic and regular collection of oceanographic and naval meteorological data started. In the Second World War, while led by Vice-Admiral Sir John A Edgell, chart printing moved to Creechbarrow House in Taunton in June 1941. This was the first purpose-built chart making factory, and was designed by the Chief Draughtsman, Mr Jowsey. In 1968, compilation staff were transferred from Cricklewood to Taunton, thus bringing together the main elements of the Hydrographic Office. A purpose-built office, named after Alexander Dalrymple, was opened. Metrication and computerisation of charts began in the later 1960s and early 1970s under the leadership of Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund G Irving (1960–1966), Rear-Admiral George Stephen Ritchie (1966–1971), Rear-Admiral Geoffrey P D Hall (1971 –1975) and Rear-Admiral Sir David W Haslam (1975 –1985).

For centuries data was mainly collected using ordinary Royal Navy ships. In 1953, the first purpose-built survey vessel was launched: HMS Vidal.[14] With the use of the echo sounder and other electronic equipment in the 20th century, there was a big increase in the quantity and quality of the data collected. The technology used to collect data also improved with the first commercial use of multibeam survey technology in 1977; HMS Bulldog undertook the first side-scan sonar of Mount's Bay, Cornwall, in 1987. The work has since been continued by the Bulldog-class survey vessels which form the "Hydrographic Squadron".

In 1994, the Hydrographer of the Navy also became the Chief Executive of UKHO and the post was held by Rear-Admiral Nigel R Essenhigh, (1994–1996) and Rear-Admiral John P Clarke (1996–2001).

Currently

An example of an Electronic navigational chart (NOAA)

ADMIRALTY Raster Chart Service for the Electronic Chart Display and Information System began to be produced in 1996 and in 2000 online services were started. In April 2008 the UKHO launched its AVCS (ADMIRALTY Vector Chart Service) which aims to get round the inability of many smaller hydrographic offices to produce electronic charts by incorporating them into the ADMIRALTY service.

Under the Public Records Act 1958, UKHO became an authorised 'place of deposit' which has given it the responsibility of maintaining its own archive. Its documents date from the seventeenth century. Its prime customer is the Royal Navy for which it produces hydrographic, oceanographic and geophysical products and services. The UKHO also produces a range of outputs for the leisure market. It collects tidal information from around the world and publishes the "ADMIRALTY Tide Tables" (in four volumes) and provides an online service called "Easytide".

In 2003 the first recorded use of LIDAR to correct ADMIRALTY charts took place on the west coast of Scotland. In 2008 the ADMIRALTY Vector Chart Service (AVCS) was launched and followed in 2009 by the e-Navigator Service. In 2013 a Print On Demand (POD) service went goes live with Distributors.

Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals vol. H: Northern and Eastern Coasts of Canada

Most UKHO publications are available in both paper and digital versions. The UKHO produces charts, nautical publications, and astronomical publications. Notable nautical publications include ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions (Pilots, 74 volumes), ADMIRALTY Tide Tables (6 volumes), ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals (6 volumes), ADMIRALTY List of Lights and Fog Signals (14 volumes) and more. Notable astronomical publications include The Nautical Almanac and The Astronomical Almanac among others.[15]

Access to data

The UKHO is the government department responsible for charting the seas. It is part of the Ministry Of Defence, and operates as a trading fund, enabling it to be self-funding through sale of products and licensing of data. The UKHO sources much of its information from foreign governments to whom it pays royalty fees funded by the profits it makes.

The UKHO grants six different licences, according to the use of the product. Whilst it generally allows use for non-navigational, non-commercial or low value purposes free of charge (over 80% of licences), where licensing is for use in a commercial product, a licence fee is charged. The UKHO is committed to the Information Fair Traders Scheme[16] and makes available for reuse those data that are collected as part of its Public Task,[17] which do not include third party Intellectual Property Rights.

In the Information Fair Trader Scheme Report on the UKHO in April 2011[18] it states that the UKHO data will not be included in the Public Data Corporation to make government owned data more freely available, but it does recommend that the "UKHO should consider the introduction of a Free Navigational Licence" for non-commercial or low value use, consistent with its treatment of non-navigational use.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Dalrymple, Alexander (1737–1808)". Australian Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  2. ↑ "British Admiralty". Geographicus. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Hardisty, Jack (2008). Estuaries: Monitoring and Modeling the Physical System. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9781405172325.
  4. ↑ Webb, Adrian (November 2010). "Foundations for "International cooperation in the field of hydrography": some Contributions by British Admiralty Hydrographers, 1795-1855" (PDF). The International Hydrographic Review. 4: 7–15.
  5. ↑ Webb, Adrian. "The Expansion of British Naval Hydrographic Administration, 1808-1829" (PDF). PhD Thesis. University of Exeter. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  6. ↑ J.C. Sainty (1975). "Hydrographer 1795-1870". Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660-1870. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  7. ↑ "NMM, vessel ID 382156" (PDF). Warship Histories, vol v. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  8. ↑ "FitzRoy, R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Proceedings of the second expedition, 1831-36, under the command of Captain Robert Fitz-Roy, R.N. London: Henry Colburn.". Darwin Online. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  9. ↑ "Charting the world for over 200 years". www.ukho.gov.uk. UKHO. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  10. ↑ Rice, A.L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. Routledge. pp. 27–48. ISBN 978-1-85728-705-9.
  11. ↑ Oceanography: an introduction to the marine environment (Peter K. Weyl, 1970), p.49
  12. ↑ "The Science: sounding". HMS Challenger. Birch Aquarium at Scripps.
  13. ↑ "Then and Now: The HMS Challenger Expedition and the 'Mountains in the Sea' Expedition". Ocean Explorer. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  14. ↑ "Timeline of the UKHO" (PDF). www.ukho.gov.uk. UKHO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  15. ↑ "Products and Services". United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  16. ↑ "Information Fair Traders Scheme" (PDF). UKHO. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "Public Task" (PDF). UKHO. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "Information Fair Trader Scheme Report on the UKHO" (PDF). National Archives. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
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