The Hunt of the Unicorn

Tapestry 1, The Unicorn is Found
Tapestry 4, The Unicorn is Attacked

The Hunt of the Unicorn, or the Unicorn Tapestries, is a series of seven tapestries dating from between 1495 and 1505,[1] now in The Cloisters in New York, probably woven in Brussels or Liège. The tapestries show a group of noblemen and hunters in pursuit of a unicorn. The Hunt for the Unicorn was a common theme in late medieval and renaissance works of art and literature. The tapestries were woven in wool, metallic threads, and silk. The vibrant colours, still evident today, were produced from dye plants: weld (yellow), madder (red), and woad (blue).[2] One of the panels, The Mystic Capture of the Unicorn, only survives in two fragments.

The tapestries are subject to scholarly debate about the iconography, the artists who designed the tapestries, and questions surrounding the sequence in which they were meant to be hung. Possibly the seven tapestries were not originally hung together.

It was posited by James J. Rorimer in 1942 that they were commissioned by Anne of Brittany,[3] to celebrate her marriage to Louis XII, King of France on 6 December 1491.[4] The clue derived from the occurrence of A and reversed E tied with a cord in a bowknot throughout the series of tapestries. As Rorimer surmised, the letters A and E are interpreted as the first and the last letters of Anne's name, citied the elisions in the medieval age.[5]

However Margaret B. Freeman refutes this fairly convincingly in her monograph of 1976,[6] a conclusion which is supported by Adolph S. Cavallo in his 1998 work.[1]

Themes

Tapestry 6:The Unicorn is Killed and Brought to the Castle
"The Unicorn is in Captivity and No Longer Dead"

The tapestries show pagan and Christian symbolism. The pagan themes emphasise the medieval lore of beguiled lovers, whereas Christian writings interpret the unicorn and its death as the Passion of Christ. The unicorn has long been identified as a symbol of Christ by Christian writers, allowing the traditionally pagan symbolism of the unicorn to become acceptable within religious doctrine. The original pagan myths about The Hunt of the Unicorn refer to an animal with a single horn that can only be tamed by a virgin; Christian scholars translated this into an allegory for Christ's relationship with the Virgin Mary.

The Unicorn is Killed and Brought to the Castle, detail

In the Gothic tapestry, the makers looked on biblical events as history and linked the biblical and secular narrative in the tapestry weaving.[7] When the morality was attached importance to the medieval art,[8] the tapestries illustrate the moralising role of narratives in allegories. The secular unicorn hunt was not only a simply depiction of Christian art but also transformed into an allegorical representation of the Annunciation.[9] Another theory states that the tapestries intended to depict both the secular concerns and Christian virtue, and the pursuit and taming of the unicorn not only used as religious Incarnation but also in conjunction with the secular meaning.

With a regulatory attitude to Rorimer's speculation of tapestry ownership, Margaret B.Freeman did not negate the possible function of the tapestries as an interpretation of allegory of true love. The taming of the unicorn symbolises the lover or mate who enchained by virgin and entrapped in the fence (in the tapestry The Unicorn in Captivity) under the notion of secularity. Freeman discovered the connection between the taming of the unicorn and the devotion and subjection in love in the medieval poets. In addition, the author pointed out that the overlap of subject the God of Heaven and the God of love were compatible in the notion of late middle age.[10]

The making of the tapestries

The original workmanship of the tapestries still remains unanswered at the present. The design of the tapestries in the effect of the richness of figurative elements, near to the art of oil painting and influenced by the French style[11] and reflected the woodcuts and metalcuts printed in Paris in the late fifteenth century.[12]

The tapestries were rich in floral in the background as a garden, features the "millefleurs" style, refers to a background style of a variety of small botanic, which was invented by the weavers of Gothic age, popular during the late medieval and wilted after the early Renaissance.[13] There are more than a hundred plants represented in the tapestries, which scatter across the green background on the panels, eighty-five of which are identified by botanists[14] whose interior meaning in the tapestries were designed to recall the tapestries' major themes. In the unicorn series, the hunt takes place within a closed garden, the Hortus conclusus, take the literal meaning of "enclosed garden", which was not only in conjunction with the Annunciation, but also a representation of the garden in the secular world.

The tapestries were highly probably woven in Brussels in the Flanders, where was the centre of tapestry industry in the medieval European. As a series of remarkable works of Brussels looms, the mixture of silk, metallic thread with wool gave the tapestries finer quality and brilliance of colours. The wool was widely produced in the rural areas in Brussels, and easily obtained as the primary material in tapestry weaving, while the silk was costly in the weaving of tapestry, which symbolised the wealth and social status of the tapestry owner.

Subjects

The seven tapestries are:[15]

  1. The Start of the Hunt
  2. The Unicorn at the Fountain
  3. The Unicorn Attacked
  4. The Unicorn Defending Himself
  5. The Unicorn is captured by the Virgin (two fragments)
  6. The Unicorn Killed and Brought to the Castle
  7. The Unicorn in Captivity

From the collection of Morgan and Rochefoucauld, the tapestries comprise five large pieces, one small piece and two fragments.[16]

The mobility associated with the size formed an essential consideration of the function of the tapestry in the medieval age and different sizes of Gothic tapestries served as the decoration to fit chosen walls in the middle age.[17] In the modern research, based on the possible that the unicorn tapestries was designed for the purpose as a bedroom ensemble, the five large pieces fit the back area of wall, while the other two pieces serve as the coverlet, or overhead canopy.[18]

Other sources give slightly different titles and different sequences. The factors that affect this are primarily threefold. Firstly the nature of the tapestries themselves, which exhibit differences of manufacture and size, suggesting that the first and last may be independent works or form a different series. Secondly the nature of the classic stag hunt, usually cited to Livre de la Chasse by Gaston III, Count of Foix of Foix.[19] Thirdly the established story of the unicorn hunt, where the unicorn is made docile by a virgin, and then captured, wounded or killed. In addition the symbolism of the story needs to be taken into account.

Provenance

When the pictorial work serves as the core of Gothic tapestries, the "heraldic"[20] was made up a decorative mark of ownership as well as form the subject of the tapestries. The propitious occurrence of monogram in the background which striking or inconspicuous, parallel with the animal, flora or decorative elements in the tapestry.An cipher constituted by the sewed letters F and R in the tapestry The Unicorn Attacked, which were associated with the La Rochefoucauld family, who was believed the original owner of the tapestries.

The tapestries were owned by the La Rochefoucauld family of France for several centuries, with first mention of them showing up in the family's 1728 inventory. At that time five of the tapestries were hanging in a bedroom in the family's Château de Verteuil, Charente and two were stored in a hall adjacent to the chapel. The tapestries were highly believed woven for François, the son of Jean II de La Rochefoucauld and Marguerite de Barbezieux. And there was a possible connection between the letters A and E and the La Rochefoucauld, which are interpreted as the first and last of Antoine's name, who was the son of François, and his wife, Antoinette of Amboise.[21] During the French Revolution the tapestries were looted from the château and reportedly were used to cover potatoes – a period during which they apparently sustained damage. By the end of the 1880s they were again in the possession of the family. A visitor to the château described them as quaint 15th century wall hangings, yet showing "incomparable freshness and grace". The same visitor records the set as consisting of seven pieces, though one was by that time in fragments and being used as bed curtains.[22]

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. bought them in 1922 for about one million US dollars.[23] Six of the tapestries hung in Rockefeller's house until The Cloisters was built when he donated them to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1938 and at the same time secured for the collection the two fragments the La Rochefauld family had retained. The set now hangs in The Cloisters which houses the museum's medieval collection.[24]

Restoration

In 1998 the tapestries were cleaned and restored. In the process, the linen backing was removed, the tapestries were bathed in water, and it was discovered that the colours on the back were in even better condition than those on the front (which are also quite vivid). A series of high resolution digital photographs were taken of both sides using a customised scanning device suspending a linear array scan camera and lighting over the delicate textile. The front and back of the tapestries were photographed in approximately three-foot square segments. The largest tapestry required up to 24 individual 5000 × 5000 pixel images. Merging the massive data stored in these photos required the efforts of two mathematicians, the Chudnovsky brothers.

Recreation

Historic Scotland commissioned a set of seven hand-made tapestries for Stirling Castle, a recreation of The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries, as part of a project to furnish the castle as it was in the 16th century. It was part-funded by the Quinque Foundation of the United States.

'The Unicorn is Killed and Brought to the Castle' tapestry, hanging in Mary of Guise's Inner Hall in the Royal Palace at Stirling Castle.

All seven currently hang in the Queen's Inner Hall in the Royal Palace.[25]

The tapestry project was managed by West Dean College in West Sussex and work began in January 2002. The weavers worked in two teams, one based at the college, the other in a purpose-built studio in the Nether Bailey of Stirling Castle.[26] The first three tapestries were completed in Chichester, the remainder at Stirling Castle.

Historians studying the reign of James IV believe that a similar series of "Unicorn" tapestries were part of the Scottish Royal tapestry collection. The team at West Dean Tapestry visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art to inspect the originals and researched the medieval techniques, the colour palette and materials.[27] Traditional techniques and materials were used with mercerised cotton taking the place of silk to preserve its colour better.[25] The wool was specially dyed at West Dean College.[28]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Adolph S. Cavallo (1998). The Unicorn Tapestries at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-87099-868-3.
  2. ↑ How the tapestries came to the Met at metmuseum.org
  3. ↑ The Unicorn Tapestries were made for Anne of Brittany (PDF)
  4. ↑ "Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
  5. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (1983). The Unicorn Tapestries. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 156. ISBN 0-87099-147-7.
  6. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (1976). The Unicorn Tapestries. Metropolitan Museum of Art/Dutton. pp. 156 ff. ISBN 0-525-22643-5.
  7. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.,
  8. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 22. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.
  9. ↑ Schiller, Gertrud (1971). Iconography of Christian Art. London: Lund Humphries Publishers Limited. p. 53. ISBN 0-85331-270-2.
  10. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (1983). The Unicorn Tapestries. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 53. ISBN 0-87099-147-7.
  11. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.
  12. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (1973–1973). "The Unicorn Tapestries". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.
  14. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (1983). The Unicorn Tapestries. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 111. ISBN 0-87099-147-7.
  15. ↑ Alexander, E. J.; Woodward, Carol H. (1947). The Flora of the unicorn tapestries.
  16. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 24. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.
  17. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.
  18. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (2010). "The Unicorn Tapestries". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin.
  19. ↑ Bibliotheque National, Paris, Ms. fr. 616
  20. ↑ Pierre, Verlet (1978). The book of tapestry: history and technique. London: Octopus Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-7064-0961-2.
  21. ↑ Freeman, Margaret B. (1973–1974). "The Unicorn Tapestries". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin.
  22. ↑ Freeman (1973), 241
  23. ↑ Preston, Richard (11 April 2005). "Capturing the Unicorn". The New Yorker. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  24. ↑ Cavallo, 15
  25. 1 2 "The Stirling Tapestries". Stirling Castle.
  26. ↑ "Day Fourteen...". Singing Weaver. April 2013.
  27. ↑ "Historic Scotland". The Edward James Foundation. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  28. ↑ "Stirling Tapestries Factsheets". Historic Scotland.
  29. ↑ Masson, Sophie (October 19, 2016). "2BR02B: the journey of a dystopian film–an interview with Leon Coward". Feathers of the Firebird (Interview).

Sources

Further reading

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