Unha

Unha

Unha-3 at launch pad in April 2012
Function Expendable carrier rocket
Manufacturer Korean Committee of Space Technology
Country of origin North Korea
Size
Height 28–30 metres (92–98 ft)
Diameter 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in)
Mass 89,000–91,000 kilograms (196,000–201,000 lb)
Stages 3
Launch history
Status Active
Launch sites Sohae, Tonghae
Total launches 4
Successes 2
Failures 2
First flight 5 April 2009[1]
First stage
Length 15 m (49 ft)
Diameter 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)
Engines 4 Nodong 2-1[2]
Thrust 1200 kN[2]
Specific impulse 252 sec[3]
Burn time 120 seconds[3]
Fuel IRFNA / Kerosene[2]
Second stage
Length 8.8–9.3 m (29–31 ft)
Diameter 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
Engines Modified Scud[2]
Thrust 140 kN
Specific impulse 255 s[3]
Burn time 110 seconds[3]
Fuel IRFNA / Kerosene[2]
Third stage
Length 3.7–5.7 m (12–19 ft)
Diameter 1.2–1.25 m (3 ft 11 in–4 ft 1 in)
Engines unknown[2]
Thrust 54 kN
Specific impulse 230 sec[3]
Burn time 284 seconds[3]
Fuel UDMH/NTO[2]

The Unha or Eunha (Korean: 은하, 銀河, "Galaxy")[4] is a North Korean expendable carrier rocket, which partially utilizes the same delivery system as the Taepodong-2 long-range ballistic missile.[5]

History

North Korea's first orbital space launch attempt occurred on August 31, 1998 and was unsuccessful. This launch attempt was performed by a Paektusan-1 rocket, which used a solid motor third stage, a Scud-missile-based second stage, and a Nodong-1 based first stage. Nodong-1 was a North Korean-developed stage thought to be a scale-up of the old Soviet Scud missile. The Paektusan-1 stood 22.5 metres (74 ft) tall, was 1.8 metres (6 ft) in diameter, and weighed about 21 tonnes.

Vehicle description

Model of a Unha-9 rocket on display at a floral exhibition in Pyongyang.

The Unha's first stage consists of four clustered Nodong motors, which themselves are enlarged Scud motors. The second stage was initially thought to be based on the SS-N-6, although it, too, is now believed to be based on Scud technology.[2] The third and last stage might be identical to the Iranian Safir's second stage which is propelled by two small gimballed motors.[2][6]

Recent satellite images of the Sohae Satellite Launching Station showing an enlarged launch tower under construction indicate that an enlarged version, called Unha-X, might be under development, coupled with a North Korean propaganda poster showing such a vehicle.[7]

Unha
Chosŏn'gŭl 은하
Hancha 銀河
Revised Romanization Eunha
McCune–Reischauer Ŭnha

Launch history

On 24 February 2009, North Korea announced that a Unha rocket would be used to launch the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite.[8] According to the South Korean government, the launch took place on 5 April[9] from the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground in Hwadae county.[10] Several countries, including South Korea, the U.S., and Japan, voiced concerns that the launch would violate United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 which prohibits North Korea from testing ballistic missiles.[11] Russia also announced they urged North Korea to refrain from its planned rocket launch.[12]

On April 5, 2009 the Unha-2 rocket was launched at around 02:30 hours UTC (11:30 hours KST).[13] The U.S Northern Command said that the first stage of the rocket fell into the Sea of Japan, while the other rocket stages as well as the payload fell into the Pacific Ocean, and no object entered orbit.[14][15] Later analysis indicated the rocket impacted 2,390 miles (3,850 km) from the launch site, and that the second stage operated normally but the rocket's third stage failed to separate properly.[16] North Korea maintains that the rocket successfully put its payload in orbit.[17]

On December 12, 2012, the Unha-3 Unit-2 rocket was launched at 00:49 UTC (7:49 EST).[18] The U.S Northern Command said that the first stage of the rocket fell into the Yellow Sea, while the debris of the second stage was assessed to have fallen into the Philippine Sea and confirmed that the satellite had entered orbit.[19]

Designation Date Launch Site Payload Outcome
Unha-2 5 April 2009 Tonghae North Korea Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 Failure
Unha-3 13 April 2012 Sohae North Korea Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Failure[20]
Unha-3 12 December 2012[21][22] Sohae North Korea Second version of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3[23] Success
Kwangmyŏngsŏng (Unha-3) 7 February 2016 Sohae North Korea Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 Success

See also

References

  1. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Unha ("Taepodong-2")". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 David Wright (22 February 2013). "Markus Schiller's Analysis of North Korea's Unha-3 Launcher". All Things Nuclear. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 David Wright (March 20, 2009). "An Analysis of North Korea's Unha-2 Launch Vehicle" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  4. ↑ Kim, Jack (2009-03-13). "FACTBOX: North Korea's Taepodong-2 long-range missile". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  5. ↑ "North Korea positions rocket for April liftoff". AP. 2009-03-27. Archived from the original on 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  6. ↑ http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/post-launch-examination-of-the-unha-2
  7. ↑ http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Unha-X/Description/Frame.htm
  8. ↑ 朝鲜将发射"光明星二号"试验通讯卫星 (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  9. ↑ "North Korea fires long-range rocket: reports". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2009-04-05. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  10. ↑ "Kim tours rocket launch area". The Straits Times. 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  11. ↑ "US Warns NK Not to Launch Rocket". The Korea Times. 2009-03-14. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  12. ↑ "Russia urges North Korea to refrain from rocket launch". Asiaone News. 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  13. ↑ "Defiant N Korea launches rocket". BBC News. April 5, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  14. ↑ "NORAD and USNORTHCOM monitor North Korean launch" U.S. Northern Command News. April 5, 2009. Last accessed April 5, 2009.
  15. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe; Cooper, Helene; Sanger, David E. (2009-04-06). "North Korea Seeks Political Gain From Rocket Launch". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  16. ↑ Craig Covault (10 April 2009). "North Korean rocket flew further than earlier thought". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
  17. ↑ "TEXT-N.Korea says it successfully launched satellite" Reuters UK 5 April 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  18. ↑ "North Korea carries out controversial rocket launch". CNN. December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  19. ↑ "North Korea Successfully Launches Satellite: Reports", SPACE.com, December 12, 2012 (accessed 24 Sept. 2014)
  20. ↑ http://www.space.com/15258-north-korea-rocket-launch-fails.html
  21. ↑ "North Korea fires long-range rocket in defiant move, South Korea says". Fox News. 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  22. ↑ http://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/delay-12102012141437.html
  23. ↑ "North Korea announces rocket launch date". Al-Jazeera. 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
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