Ultralight aviation

Huntair Pathfinder Mark 1 ultralight

Ultralight aviation (called microlight aviation in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1 or 2 seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between weight-shift control and conventional 3-axis control aircraft with ailerons, elevator and rudder, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly stimulated by the hang gliding movement, many people sought affordable powered flight. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulations. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called "ultralight aircraft" or "microlights", although the weight and speed limits differ from country to country. In Europe the sporting (FAI) definition limits the maximum take-off weight to 450 kg (992 lb) (472.5 kg (1,042 lb) if a ballistic parachute is installed) and a maximum stalling speed of 65 km/h (40 mph). The definition means that the aircraft has a slow landing speed and short landing roll in the event of an engine failure.[1]

In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralight aircraft now account for a significant percentage of the global civilian-owned aircraft. For instance in Canada in October 2010, the ultralight aircraft fleet made up to 19% of the total civilian aircraft registered. In other countries that do not register ultralight aircraft, like the United States, it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up.[2] In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.

Definitions

Definitions of ultralight aircraft
Country Type Capacity MTOW Time Licence Other conditions
Australia Recreational Aircraft[3]2600 kg; 614 kg for seaplane———
Light Sport Aircraft[4]2600 kg; 650 kg for seaplane———
BrazilUltralight2750 kgdaylight visual conditions—used mainly, or intended for, sports or recreation[5]
Canadabasic ultra-light aeroplane21,200 lb (544 kg)daylight visual conditionsUltralight Pilot Permitmay be operated from land or water
advanced ultra-light aeroplane21,232 lb (559 kg)daylight visual conditionsUltralight Pilot Permitmay only carry a passenger if the pilot has an Ultralight Aeroplane Passenger Carrying Rating; may operate at a controlled airport without prior arrangement[6]
Europe[7]land plane/helicopter, single-seater1300 kg———
land plane/helicopter, two-seater2450 kg———
amphibian or floatplane/helicopter single-seater2495 kg——where operating both as a floatplane/helicopter and as a land plane/ helicopter, it falls below both MTOW limits, as appropriate
land plane, two-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system2472.5 kg———
land plane single-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system1315 kg———
gyroplane1–2560 kg———
India—2450 kg without parachute—current permit to fly[8]—
Italyultraleggero1—2Max Take Off Weight MTOW

2 persons, 472.5 kg (450 kg without parachute)

Kg 500 Hydroplanes

Single Kg. 300;

Hydroplane single Kg. 330

Stall speed 65 km/h.

 Daylight, minimum of 500 ft (152 m). certificate exam, insurance and a medical examination.[9]requires a helmet only for open cockpit aircraft. flying over populated areas and people asseblyes is prohibited.[10]
New ZealandNZ Class 11510 kg, 550 kg for seaplanes———
NZ Class 22600 kg, 650 kg for seaplanes———
Philippinesnon-type certified aircraft[11][12]——daytime VFR—recreational and sport use
United KingdomSingle Seat De-Regulated aircraft1–2[13]115 kg (254 lb) without fuel and pilot with a wing loading not more than 10 kg per sq m—National Private Pilots Licence[14][15]
United Statesultralight aircraft1155 lb (70 kg) for unpowered, with extra weight allowed for amphibious landing gear and ballistic parachute systems[16][17]daylight hoursno license requiredless than 5 US gallons (19 L) fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds (115 kg), a top speed of 55 knots (102 km/h or 64 mph), and a maximum stall speed not exceeding 24 knots (45 km/h or 27.6 mph). May only be flown over unpopulated areas.
light-sport aircraft———sport pilot certificate—
Pegasus Quantum 145-912 ultralight trike
Flight Design CTSW
A powered paraglider
A US-made Pterodactyl Ascender ultralight on a camping flight
Canadian Lazair ultralight covered in clear Mylar
A weight-shift ultralight, the Air Creation Tanarg
Quicksilver MXII
A foot-launched powered hang glider

In Australia, ultralight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA)[18] or Recreational Aviation Australia (RA Aus).[19] In all cases, except for privately built single seat ultralight aeroplanes,[20] microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.

The current UK regulations match the European ones[21] although earlier UK legal microlight definitions described an aeroplane with a maximum weight authorised of (finally) 390 kg, with a wing loading at the maximum weight authorised not exceeding 25 kg per square metre. Other than the very earliest aircraft, all two-seat UK microlights (and until 2007 all single-seaters) have been required to meet airworthiness standard BCAR Section S.[22] In 2007 SSDR, a sub-category of single seat aircraft was introduced, allowing owners more freedom for modification and experiments. In 2015 the SSDR rules changed. The definition of a single seat microlight was adjusted to effectively de-regulate all single seat microlights for airworthiness purposes. There is no airworthiness requirement or annual inspection regime for SSDR microlights although pilots who fly them must have a normal microlight licence, and must observe the rules of the air.[23] In the UK the microlight licence is currently called NPPL (National Private Pilots Licence). It can be upgraded to an LAPL licence with few hours training in Cat A aircraft (Allowing holders to fly any simple single engine aircraft up to 2 tons)[24]

Ultralights in New Zealand are subject to NZCAA General Aviation regulations[25] with microlight specific variations as described in Part 103[26] and AC103.[27]

The United States FAA's definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the United States is FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles. In 2004 the FAA introduced the "Light-sport aircraft" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories. Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association (USUA), which acts as the US aeroclub representative to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Types of aircraft

There are several categories of aircraft which qualify as ultralights in some countries:

Electric powered ultralights

Advancements in batteries, motors, and motor controllers has led to some practical production electric propulsion systems for some ultralight applications. In many ways ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.[28]

In 2007 the first pioneering company in this field, the Electric Aircraft Corporation, began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 hp motor weighs 26 lb (12 kg) and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kWh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The company claimed a flight recharge cost of 60 cents in 2007.[28][29]

A significant obstacle to the adoption of electric propulsion for ultralights in the U.S. is the weight of the battery, which is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel.[30] As battery energy density improves lighter batteries can be used.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Boric, Marino, Spoilt For Choice, Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al (editors): World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12, page 10. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X
  2. ↑ Transport Canada (October 2010). "Summary of the Canadian Civil Aircraft Register - Number of Aircraft by Category of Aircraft - October 2010". Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  3. ↑ An overview of the legislative framework enabling sport and recreational aviation Accessed 7 January 2012
  4. ↑ Kiehn, Chris (15 July 2013). "Synopsis: the Light Sport Aircraft category". Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  5. ↑ "RBHA 103A regulation, in Portuguese" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  6. ↑ Transport Canada (30 December 2007). "Canadian Aviation Regulations, Part I - General Provisions, Subpart 1 - Interpretation". Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  7. ↑ Joint Aviation Authorities (1 November 2004), JAR 1, retrieved 7 February 2015
  8. ↑ Microlight Aviation (2008). "Microlight/ultralight FAQs". Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  9. ↑ "Laws and regulations on ultralight aviation in Italy" (in Italian). 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  10. ↑ "Presidential decree 9 July 2010, n.133" (PDF) (in Italian). 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  11. ↑ Angeles City Flying Club, Excerpt from part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations.
  12. ↑ Civil Aviation Authority Philippines, download page for all regulations.
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ British Microlight Aircraft Association. "Unlicensed Flying, Minimum Hassle, Maximum Fun". Retrieved 24 July 2015
  15. ↑ British Microlight Aircraft Association. "Licensed Flying, so you want to be a pilot?". Retrieved 24 July 2015
  16. ↑ Federal Aviation Administration (January 2007). "Title 14: Aeronautics and Space, Part 103 - Ultralight Vehicles". Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  17. ↑ United States Ultralight Association (2009). "Frequently asked Questions". Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  18. ↑ Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (n.d.). "The HGFA". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  19. ↑ Recreational Aviation Australia Inc (August 2007). "About the RA-Aus association and our mission". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  20. ↑ Legal Services Group Civil Aviation Safety Authority (July 2007). "PART 200 Aircraft to which CASR do not apply". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  21. ↑ British Civil Aviation Authority Aircraft Types
  22. ↑
  23. ↑ Light Aircraft Association Technical Leaflets Sep 2010
  24. ↑ "Light Aircraft Pilot Licence (LAPL) | Pilots | Personal Licences and Training". Caa.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  25. ↑ Civil Aviation Rules, Accessed 7 January 2012
  26. ↑ Part 103 - Microlight Aircraft - Operating Rules, Accessed 7 January 2012
  27. ↑ Advisory Circular 103, Accessed 1 January 2015
  28. 1 2 Grady, Mary (April 2008). "Electraflyer Flies Trike, Motorglider On Battery Power". Retrieved 13 April 2008.
  29. ↑ Electric Aircraft Corporation (2007). "ElectraFlyer Technical details". Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
  30. ↑ "Experimenter - February 2013". epubxp.com. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
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