Uganda People's Defence Force

Uganda People's Defence Force

Uganda People's Defence Force emblem
Service branches Land Forces, Air Force, Special Operations Command[1]
Headquarters Kampala, Uganda[2]
Leadership
President Yoweri Museveni
Minister of Defense and Veteran Affairs Adolf Mwesige
Chief of defence forces General David Muhoozi (since January 2017)
Manpower
Military age 18 years of age
Active personnel 46,800 (2014)[3]
Expenditures
Budget USD: 933.6 million (2015)[4]
Percent of GDP 1.2% (2015)[5]
Industry
Foreign suppliers Russia
China
Poland
United States
Italy
Related articles
History Military history of Uganda

The Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), previously known as the National Resistance Army, is the armed forces of Uganda. From 2007 to 2011, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated the UPDF had a total strength of 40,000–45,000 and consisted of land forces and an air wing.[6]

After Uganda achieved independence in October 1962, British officers retained most high-level military commands. Ugandans in the rank and file claimed this policy blocked promotions and kept their salaries disproportionately low. These complaints eventually destabilized the armed forces, already weakened by ethnic divisions. Each post-independence regime expanded the size of the army, usually by recruiting from among people of one region or ethnic group, and each government employed military force to subdue political unrest.

History

1962–1964

On 9 October 1962, Uganda became independent from the United Kingdom, with 4th Battalion, King's African Rifles, based at Jinja, becoming the Uganda Rifles.[7] The traditional leader of the Baganda, Edward Mutesa, became president of Uganda.[8] Milton Obote, a northerner and longtime opponent of autonomy for the southern kingdoms including Buganda, was prime minister.

On 1 August 1962, the Uganda Rifles became the Uganda Army.[9] The armed forces more than doubled, from 700 to 1,500, and the government created the 2nd Battalion stationed at the north-eastern town of Moroto on 14 November 1963. Omara-Otunnu wrote in 1987 that "a large number of men had been recruited into the Army to form this new battalion, and ... the new recruits were not given proper training" because the Army was already heavily committed in its various operations.[10]

Following the 1964 mutiny, the government remained fearful of internal opposition. Obote moved the army headquarters approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi) from Jinja to Kampala. He also created a secret police force, the General Service Unit (GSU) to bolster security. Most GSU employees guarded government offices in and around Kampala, but some also served in overseas embassies and other locations throughout Uganda. When British training programs ended, Israel started training Uganda's army, air force, and GSU personnel. Several other countries also provided military assistance to Uganda.

Decalo writes that:[11]

... using classic 'divide and rule' tactics, he [Obote] appointed different foreign military missions to each battalion, scrambled operational chains of command, played the police off against the army, encouraged personal infighting between his main military 'proteges' and removed from operational command of troops officers who appeared unreliable or too authoritative."

When Congolese aircraft bombed the West Nile villages of Paidha and Goli on 13 February 1965, President Obote again increased military recruitment and doubled the army's size to more than 4,500. Units established included a third battalion at Mubende, a signals squadron at Jinja, and an antiaircraft detachment.[12] On 1 July 1965, six units were formed: a brigade reconnaissance, an army ordnance depot (seemingly located at Magamaga),[13] a brigade signals squadron training wing, a records office, a pay and pensions office, and a Uganda army workshop.[14]

Tensions rose in the power struggle over control of the government and the army and over the relationship between the army and the Baganda people. Shortly after February 1966, Amin was appointed Chief of the Army and Air Force Staff, while Brigadier Opolot was transferred to the Ministry of Defence as Chief of the Defence Staff. On 24 May 1966, Obote ousted Mutesa, assumed his offices of president and commander in chief, suspended the 1962 constitution, and consolidated his control over the military by eliminating several rivals. In October 1966 Opolot was dismissed from the army and detained under the emergency regulations then in force.

At about the same time, Obote abrogated the constitution, revoked Buganda's autonomous status, and instructed the Army to attack the Kabaka's palace, forcing the Kabaka to flee. Elections were cancelled. Political loyalties rather than military skill became critical amongst both officers and men.[15]

Since 1970

In 1970, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) assessed the Ugandan armed forces to consist of 6,700 personnel, constituting an army of 6,250 with two brigade groups, each of two battalions, plus an independent infantry battalion, with some Ferret armoured cars, and BTR-40 and BTR-152 armoured personnel carriers, plus an air arm of 450 with 12 Fouga Magister armed jet trainers, and seven MiG-15s and MiG-17s.[16]

In January 1971, Amin and his followers within the army seized power in a coup d'état.[17]

In 1976 during Operation Entebbe, the Israeli military destroyed 12 MiG-21s and three MiG-17s based at Entebbe Airport to prevent pursuit.[18]

In 1977, before the Uganda–Tanzania War, the Ugandan armed forces were reported by IISS as consisting of 20,000 land forces personnel, with two four-battalion brigades and five other battalions of various types, plus a training regiment.[19] There were a total of 35 T-34, T-55, and M-4 Sherman medium tanks. An air arm was 1,000 strong with 21 MiG-21 and 10 MiG-17 combat aircraft. The IISS noted that the Ugandan armed forces collapsed in the face of the Tanzanian onslaught and the serviceable aircraft were removed to Tanzania.

Soldier in an internally displaced persons camp in northern Uganda

After the Uganda–Tanzania War, fighters available to the new government included only the fewer than 1,000 troops who had fought alongside the Tanzanian People's Defence Force (TPDF) to expel Amin. The army was back to the size of the original army at independence in 1962. Titularly, Colonel Tito Okello served as army commander and Colonel David Oyite Ojok as chief of staff,[20] leading the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA).

But in 1979, in an attempt to consolidate support for the future, leaders such as Yoweri Museveni and Major General (later Chief of Staff) David Oyite Ojok began to enroll thousands of recruits into what were rapidly becoming their private armies.[8]

After the Museveni government was formed in 1986, a number of key Rwanda Patriotic Front personnel became part of the National Resistance Army that became Uganda's new national armed forces. Fred Rwigyema was appointed deputy minister of defense and deputy army commander-in-chief, second only to Museveni in the military chain of command for the nation. Paul Kagame was appointed acting chief of military intelligence. Other Tutsi refugees were highly placed: Peter Baingana was head of NRA medical services and Chris Bunyenyezi was the commander of the 306th Brigade.[21] Tutsi refugees formed a disproportionate number of NRA officers for the simple reason that they had joined the rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience.[21]

Uganda People's Defence Force

The UPDF has been controversial for having a minimum age for service of 13.[22] Many international organizations have condemned this as being military use of children. This has created an image problem for the UPDF and may have impacted the international aid Uganda receives. Western nations have sent a limited level of military aid to Uganda.[23] "Between 1990 and 2002, the army payroll had at least 18,000 ghost soldiers, according to a report by General David Tinyefuza."[24]

The problem continued in 2003, when there was a severe problem of "ghost" soldiers within the UPDF.[25] As of 2008, these personnel problems has been exacerbated by the surge of UPDF troops resigning to work with the Coalition Forces in Iraq.[26]

After several interventions in the Congo, the UPDF was involved in a further incursion there, from December 2008 stretching into February 2009, against the LRA in the Garamba area. UPDF special forces and artillery, supported by aircraft, were joined by the DRC's armed forces and elements of the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Called "Operation Lightning Thunder" by the UPDF, it was commanded by Brigadier Patrick Kankiriho, commander of the 3rd Division.[27][28]

Recent operations

African Union Mission in Somalia

Artist's rendition of a Ugandan T-55 tank, serving in AMISOM

The UPDF has more than 6,200 soldiers serving with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).[29] The AMISOM force commander is Ugandan Lieutenant General Jonathan Rono.[30] The force commander in 2009, Ugandan Major General Nathan Mugisha, was wounded in a car bomb attack on 17 September 2009 that left nine soldiers dead,[31] including Burundian Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza, the second in command.[32]

The United States has provided extensive training for UPDF contingents headed for Somalia. In the first half of 2012, Force Recon Marines from Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) trained soldiers from the UPDF.[33]

In addition, a significant amount of support to AMISOM has been provided by private companies. "Bancroft Global Development, headquartered on Washington's Embassy Row, employs about 40 South African and European trainers who work with [AMISOM's] Ugandan and Burundian troops."[34]

On 12 August 2012, two Ugandan Mil Mi-24s flying from Entebbe across Kenya to Somalia crashed in rugged terrain in Kenya. They were found two days later, burned out, with no likely survivors from the ten Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters. Another aircraft from the same flight crashed on Mount Kenya, and all seven Ugandan servicemen on board were rescued a day later. The aircraft were supporting AMISOM in the ongoing Somali Civil War. An accompanying Mil Mi-17 transport helicopter landed without problems in the eastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop.[35]

In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean was launched to clean up the remaining insurgent-held pockets in the countryside, with the AMISOM contingents including the UPDF providing support.[36] On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader Moktar Ali Zubeyr.[37] According to Pentagon spokesperson Admiral John Kirby, the Ugandan AMISOM forces had informed U.S. intelligence about where Godane and other Al-Shabaab leaders were meeting and provided information on a convoy of vehicles in which he was traveling.[38]

Al-Shabaab subsequently threatened an attack in Uganda for the UPDF contingent's role within AMISOM and the strike on Godane.[39][40] The Ugandan security services, with the assistance of the U.S. military and intelligence, then identified and foiled a major Al-Shabaab terrorist attack in the Ugandan capital Kampala. They recovered suicide vests, other explosives, and small arms and detained Al-Shabaab operatives.[41][42][43]

African Union Regional Task Force

In November 2011, the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU) authorized a Regional Co-operation Initiative (RCI) for eliminating the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA had been forced out of Uganda and was roaming remote areas of (what is now) South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the Central African Republic (CAR). The RCI was planned to consist of three elements: a Joint Co-ordination Mechanism chaired by the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security and made up of the Ministers of Defence of the four affected countries (Uganda, South Sudan, the DRC, and the CAR); a Regional Task Force Headquarters; and, the Regional Task Force (RTF) of up to 5,000 troops from the four countries.[44]

United States special forces were already assisting Ugandan forces in their operations against the LRA in the DRC and the CAR.[45][46] In 2014, these forces were still assisting the RTF.[47]

The RTF started to take form in September 2012. By February 2013, the RTF had 3,350 soldiers and had finished deploying to the three sectors envisioned, with bases at Dungu, Obo, and Nzara (South Sudan).[48][49]

The RTF headquarters is at Yambio in South Sudan. The first Force Commander was Ugandan Colonel Dick Olum and the Deputy Force Commander was Colonel Gabriel Ayok Akuok.[50]

In October 2014, RTF Commander Brigadier Sam Kavuma was deployed to Somalia[51] and his place taken by Brigadier Lucky Kidega[52] By March 2016, the Ugandan RTF Commander was Colonel Richard Otto.[53]

During January 2016, UPDF 11 Battalion was based with the RTF in the CAR.[54] In mid-2016, it was reported that Uganda would withdraw its contribution to the RTF by the end of the year.[55]

South Sudan Civil War

14-18 July 2016: Ugandan forces under Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga undertake Operation Okoa Wanaichi, entering South Sudan and successfully evacuating up to 40,000 Ugandans and 100 other nationalities who were fleeing the fighting.[56]

Command and organisation

Command

A reshuffle of generals in May 2013 resulted in the establishment of the following command structure, with four forces, or commands, falling under the Ministry of Defence Headquarters at Mbuya (Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces, and Reserve Forces).[57]

Land forces

Air forces

Special forces

Reserve forces

Ministry of Defence Headquarters, Mbuya

Training schools

The UPDF has the following training schools:[64]

Land forces

Ugandan land forces on parade.

As of June 2013, the land forces commander appeared to be Major General David Muhoozi.[69]

Before his appointment as commander of the defence forces, General Katumba Wamala served as the commander of land forces.[2]

In August 2012, Major General Fredrick Mugisha, previously in charge of the African Union Mission in Somalia, was appointed the new joint chief of staff.[70] Brigadier Charles Angina, formerly the General Court Martial chairperson, was promoted to major general and appointed chief of staff of the land forces.[70]

The organisation of the land forces was reported in 2015 to be as follows:[71]

Divisions

The divisions are:

Brigades

Army equipment

Origin Type Acquired In service Notes
T-90 Russia Main Battle Tank 100[78] 44[78] T-90S variant; 56 on order.[78]
Type 85 China Main Battle Tank -- In service as of 2017.[79]
T-54/55 Soviet Union Main Battle Tank 199[78] 173[80]
T-34 Soviet Union Medium Tank 10[78] --
M4 Sherman United States Medium Tank 12[78] 3[81]
PT-76 Soviet Union Light Tank 50[78] 20[80]
BMP-2 Ukraine Infantry Fighting Vehicle 31[78] Sourced from Ukraine.[78]
BTR-80 Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier 32[78] BTR-80A.[78]
BTR-60 Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier 20[80] 12[82]
BTR-152 Soviet Union Armoured Personnel Carrier 74[78] --
OT-64 SKOT Czechoslovakia Armoured Personnel Carrier 36[78] 4[80]
Mamba South Africa MRAP 40[83]
RG-31 Nyala South Africa MRAP 15[78]
Buffel South Africa MRAP 51[78][82]
Casspir South Africa MRAP 42[78] For peacekeeping missions.[84]
Eland Mk7 South Africa Armoured Car 40[82] Eland-90.[85]
Alvis Saladin United Kingdom Armoured Car 36[86] --
Ferret United Kingdom Scout Car 15[78] -- Some sources report up to 60.[80]
BRDM-1 Soviet Union Scout Car 98[78] --
BRDM-2 Soviet Union Scout Car 100[78] --
SAMIL South Africa Utility Vehicle 450[87]
Chubby South Africa Mine Detection Vehicle 1[80]
D-30 Soviet Union Howitzer 9[78]
M-30 Soviet Union Howitzer 18[78] -- Sourced from Libya.[78]
Cardom Israel Heavy Mortar 18[78]
ATMOS 2000 Israel Self-propelled Howitzer 6[78]
BM-21 Grad Soviet Union Multiple Rocket Launcher 20[78]
RM-70 Czechoslovakia Multiple Rocket Launcher 6[78] Purchased 2001-2002.[78]

Ugandan People's Defence Air Force

There are conflicting reports on what aircraft the Air Force has in service. Major General Samuel Turyagyenda is the commander.[88]

In 2011, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, the central bank governor, caused large volatility in the Ugandan shilling when he told the Financial Times that President Museveni had ignored technical advice against using Uganda's small foreign exchange reserves to buy new Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft.[89]

Air force inventory

Su-30MK2
Ugandan Bell 206 helicopter
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
MiG-21 Soviet Union fighter 5[90]
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30MKK 8 4 on order[90]
Transport
Cessna 208 United States utility /surveillance 2[91] donated by the U.S.[92]
Helicopters
Bell 206 United States utility 7[90]
Huey II United States multirole 5[93] donated by the US[93]
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility 10[90]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35 6[94]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer 6[90]
SF.260 Italy trainer 4[90]

Notes

  1. ↑ Haggai Matsiko, Muhoozi Archived 28 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Independent, 2013
  2. 1 2 World Defence Almanac 2008, 355.
  3. ↑ "World Development Indicators - Google Public Data Explorer". Google.ro. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  4. ↑ "World Development Indicators - Military expenditure (current LCU)". The World Bank. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  5. ↑ "World Development Indicators - Military expenditure (% of GDP)". The World Bank. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  6. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2007, 297; IISS Military Balance 2011, 447.
  7. ↑ J.M. Lee, 1969, 40.
  8. 1 2 Library of Congress Country Studies: Uganda
  9. ↑ Omara-Otunnu 1987, 52.
  10. ↑ Omara-Otunnu, 1987, 54.
  11. ↑ Herbert Howe, Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States, 2005, 50, citing Samuel Decalo. Coups and Army Rule in Africa, Yale University Press (1990). ISBN 0-300-04045-8, p.205
  12. ↑ Library of Congress
  13. ↑ Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey, War in Uganda, Zed Press, London, UK, 1982, 31.
  14. ↑ Amii Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda 1890–1985, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1987, 72
  15. ↑ E.A. Brett, "Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda", Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Mar., 1995), 136.
  16. ↑ IISS Military Balance 1970–71, p. 53
  17. ↑ Omara-Otunnu, 1987, 98.
  18. ↑ "The East African - Fallout over raid on Entebbe". Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  19. ↑ IISS Military Balance 1979–80, p.55
  20. ↑ Smith, George Ivan (1980). Ghosts of Kampala. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-312-32662-9.
  21. 1 2 Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-691-10280-5, pp. 172–173
  22. ↑ CIA World Factbook, , March 2012
  23. ↑ Uganda: Child soldiers at centre of mounting humanitarian crisis Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Joshua Kato, "Assessing the cost of an army", Sunday Vision, 30 June 2006 Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ The Weekly Observer, Committee wants death penalty for ghost creators Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine., 2005
  26. ↑ Iraq Ugandan Guards Face Abuse, accessed December 2008 Archived 19 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Monitor (Kampala), UPDF commanders behind Operation Lightening Thunder, 20 December 2008 Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ↑ Bantariza moved in new UPDF reshuffle, February 2009 Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ "Uganda - UPDF". AMISOM. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  30. ↑ AMISOM Military Component, AMISOM, accessed 2 October 2016
  31. ↑ http://allafrica.com/stories/200909180007.html
  32. ↑ Le Visionnaire. "LE VISIONNAIRE: Le Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza trouve la mort en Somalie". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  33. ↑ Nick Turse, The Election Year Outsourcing No One's Talking About: The U.S. Fighting Proxy Wars Around the Globe TomDespatch.com/Alternet.org, 13 August 2012
  34. ↑ Kevin J. Kelley, Somalia: How 'Quiet Americans' Helped Defeat Al Shabaab, Garoweonline.com, Aug 22, 2011.
  35. ↑ Burnt wreckage of two Ugandan army helicopters found, Agence France-Presse via SpaceWar.com, 14 October 2012, accessed 15 August 2012
  36. ↑ "SOMALIA: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace". Raxanreeb. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  37. ↑ "Pentagon Confirms Death of Somalia Terror Leader". Associated Press. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  38. ↑ "allAfrica.com: Uganda: More Information Emerges On How Intelligence From Uganda Forces Led to the Killing of Alshabaab Leader". allAfrica.com. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  39. ↑ "Uganda gave US crucial intel on Al Shabaab leader". 6 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "Somali militants threaten U.S. attacks to avenge leader's death". Reuters. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  41. ↑ Nicholas Bariyo (15 September 2014). "Uganda Forces Discover Suicide Vests, Explosives at Suspected Terrorist Cell". WSJ. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  42. ↑ "UGANDAN POLICE SEIZE EXPLOSIVES, SUICIDE VESTS FROM SUSPECTED AL SHABAAB CELL", Newsweek, 14 August 2014, accessed 2 October 2016
  43. ↑ "Uganda seizes explosives, suicide vests from suspected terrorist cell in capital of Kampala". ABC News. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  44. ↑ African Union, 2015, The African Union-Led Regional Task Force for the elimination of the LRA, African Union Peace and Security, last updated 23 November 2015, accessed 2 January 2017, http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/100-au-led-rci-lra-1
  45. ↑ Gisesa, Nyambega (18 October 2011). "The hunt for Kony". Nairobi: Daily Nation. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  46. ↑ Butagira, Tabu (12 July 2011). "US commandos venture into Kony's killing fields". The Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  47. ↑ De Young, Karen (23 March 2014). "On the hunt for Joseph Kony". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  48. ↑ "FIGHT AGAINST THE LRA: UN welcomes handover of troops to the African Union Regional Task Force". United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa. September 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  49. ↑ Baguma, Raymond (17 February 2013). "DRC troop deployment a boost to anti-LRA efforts". Kampala: New Vision. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  50. ↑ Mukasa, Henry (19 September 2012). "UN welcomes AU force to hunt down Kony". Kampala: New Vision. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  51. ↑ "UPDF sends 2700 troops to Somalia, names new Commander". The Monitor. Kampala. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  52. 1 2 Kasasira, Risdel (27 November 2014). "Who is who? List of UPDF top brass and what they do". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  53. ↑ Tumwesigye, Capt. Stephen, 2016, Dominic Ongwen’s Accomplice Escapes Death, Tarehe Sita (The Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces Magazine) vol. 29, no. 3, March 2016, pp. 26-27.
  54. ↑ Owich, James (25 August 2016). "Soldier sentenced to 10 months for losing gun". The Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  55. ↑ Okiror, Samuel (1 July 2016). "Mission (Not) Accomplished: Uganda gives up the hunt too soon for Kony and the LRA". IRIN. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  56. ↑ 'Sum up of the South Sudan Evacuation Mission,' MOD Uganda website, 5 August 2016, accessed 12 August 2016, <http://portal.defence.go.ug:10039/wps/portal/mod-home/MOD-latest-news/sum%20up%20of%20the%20south%20sudan%20evacuation%20mission/!ut/p/a1/zZRNc9owEIb_ii8cjdbCH3JunmTqQgC3-QRfMsLIsgi2jCWbNr8-guSUlhCmHKqLZmd339l9pF2UohlKK9oJTrWQFV3v7NR_ChMgzjXgUfIdvkFE4ukQJzG-jV0TMDcBcOBE8CH_Loggih-Cn8k4HA6vPfSIUpRmla51gea1bDRdW0po1oOXw7IU9u5QGtlnwCupAwqUd8FGrkMhnr0P7gJyoIRXAkuOFXd7oNrSamtL5pYumKVkqwtLtUtaWayjWbtv3yqFUubeVVhTzpZMCf5mZWKJ5jkmjgOOb_ueQ2zXdR174ebEZgvfcz2ahVmG3_l8AuAI3z2fI4SPMR4dCzBFRtViQDhKG5azhjX9tjGPX2hdX_QM7O12218aT5WxPpf9lvfgb0mFVBrN_ghGcwMhONxlgG5PpPq5IMHnFhycWTBx_1WQ3F9dQjSe_BjhhxuIp3DuCv2TBUdf2BW4mVxO-G6edGGLKpdodtIoGgmx2mzSyCwNWWn2y_y3_3Rr1OV9SVb52L8hvwfrriyfplObLggMvLp7ucvLR6JeAR4T7dQ!/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/>
  57. 1 2 Kato, Joshua (24 May 2013). "Katumba Wamala new CDF". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kafeero, Stephen (10 January 2017). "Gen Katumba out, Gen Muhoozi appointed new UPDF commander". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  59. 1 2 "Uganda president names first female Major General". The East African. Nairobi. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  60. ↑ "Brigadier Kyanda replaced as UPDF Chief of Staff". Daily Monitor. Kampala. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  61. 1 2 "Appointments, transfers and promotions in the Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF)". Kampala: President Yoweri Museveni. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  62. 1 2 "Uganda: Muhoozi Deputy Set for U.S Course". The Observer. Kampala: allAfrica.com. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  63. ↑ Mugume, Paul (12 April 2017). "Gen Elweru Preaches Peace as Brig Sabiiti Takes Over Military Police Command". www.chimpreports.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  64. ↑ "Training Schools". Uganda Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  65. ↑ Oliver Tambo Leadership School Located at Kaweweta, Nakaseke District Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ↑ South Africa Donates Equipment to Oliver Tambo School Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ↑ About Uganda Airforce Academy
  68. ↑ Among, Barbara (22 December 2010). "1,800 more UPDF sent to Somalia". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  69. 1 2 Turyakira, Fred (20 July 2013). "Elwelu appointed new 2nd Division UPDF commander". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  70. 1 2 "Muhoozi Promoted to Brigadier". Kampala: Uganda Radio Network. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  71. ↑ Griffiths, Jordan Luke; Martin, Guy (30 January 2015). "Uganda People's Defence Force". defenceWeb. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  72. ↑ 3rd Division Mbale – Uganda
  73. ↑ Kamali, David (26 November 2016). "Uganda says army's salary arrears 'ready'". Alleastafrica. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  74. ↑ Atuhaire, Alex B. (7 August 2002). "Uganda: Museveni Creates UPDF 5th Division". Kampala: New Vision. Retrieved 17 January 2017 – via allAfrica.com.
  75. ↑ Columbus Tusiime. "Security Operative on the Run for Robbery". Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  76. ↑ Ssekweyama, Martins E. (3 January 2017). "UPDF Investigates rebel recruitment in Masaka, warns youths". The Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  77. ↑ Ministry of Defence Uganda, UPDF Motorised Infantry, accessed 14 June 2016, <http://portal.defence.go.ug:10039/wps/portal/mod-home/armed-forces/land-forces/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOIt_Q0sDL0NjLz8Lf3NDRwtDEwDA41dDQxMTYEKIoEKDHAARwM0_SHmjgaO7mHmgf4-lp6e3jD9eBQQsD9cPwqsBI8LvIhwg2NekrFFun5UUWpaalFqkV5pEdDvGSUlBVaqBqoG5eXleilAmbzkVL30fL3SdFUDbJoy8otL9CMwFOsX5IZGGOhGJVWWOyoCAPd0lwo!/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/>. Note this website's pages now (7 January 2017) appears to have restricted access.
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
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  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Uganda Security Information". Institute for Security Studies Africa. Archived from the original on 2006-11-28. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  81. ↑ Copley, Gregory. Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook 1999. p. 821.
  82. 1 2 3 "Scramble for the Congo - Anatomy of an Ugly War" (PDF). ICG Africa. 20 December 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  83. ↑ "Ugandan army refurbishing APCs". defenceweb.co.za. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  84. ↑ UPDF peace Keepers return from Somalia. 19 June 2010. "We went [to Somalia] with Mambas, now we have graduated to Casspirs", Lieutenant General Katumba Wamala - Ugandan Commander, Land Forces
  85. ↑ Camp, Steve; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (November 2014). Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South African Manufactured Mine-Protected vehicles. Pinetown: 30 Degrees South. p. 239. ISBN 978-1928211-17-4.
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  87. ↑ "SANDF gets rid of surplus". South African Associated Press. 2005-10-04. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  88. ↑ The Independent, Muhoozi, 15 February 2013. Archived 28 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  89. ↑ Butagira, Tabu; Ssebuyira, Martin (13 July 2011). "New Russian-built jet fighters arrive". The Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  90. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 31". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  91. ↑ "US donates two Cessna 208’s to Uganda". Air Forces Monthly. Key Publishing: 26. June 2015.
  92. ↑ DefenceWeb (17 March 2015). "US donates two Cessna 208B Caravans to Uganda". South Africa: defenceweb.co.za. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  93. 1 2 Mufumba, Isaac (29 September 2016). "US explains Shs265b combat helicopters’ aid to Uganda". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  94. ↑ "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 11". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2014.

References

Further reading

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