United Kingdom general election, 1922
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 615 seats Constituency results 308 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout |
73.0% ( 15.8%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The United Kingdom general election of 1922 was held on Wednesday 15 November 1922. It was the first general election held after most of Ireland left the United Kingdom to form the Irish Free State, and was won by the Conservatives led by Andrew Bonar Law, who gained an overall majority over Labour, led by J. R. Clynes, and a divided Liberal Party.
Background
The Liberal Party were split between the "National Liberals" following David Lloyd George, who had been ousted as Prime Minister the previous month, and the "Liberals" following former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. The Conservatives had been in coalition with the National Liberals led by David Lloyd George until the previous month, at which point Bonar Law had formed a Conservative majority government.
Although still Leader of the Liberal Party and a frequent public speaker, Asquith was no longer a particularly influential figure in the national political debate, and he had played no part in the downfall of the Lloyd George coalition. Most attention was focused on the new and most recent Prime Ministers. Asquith's daughter Violet Bonham-Carter, a prominent Liberal Party campaigner, likened the election to a contest between a man with sleeping sickness (Bonar Law) and a man with St Vitus Dance (Lloyd George).[2]
Some Lloyd George National Liberals were not opposed by Conservative candidates (e.g. Winston Churchill, who was defeated at Dundee nonetheless) whilst many leading Conservatives (e.g. former leaders Sir Austen Chamberlain and Arthur Balfour and former Lord Chancellor Lord Birkenhead) were not members of Bonar Law's government and hoped to hold the balance of power after the election (comparisons were made with the Peelite group - the ousted Conservative front bench of the late 1840s and 1850s); this was not to be, as Bonar Law won an overall majority.
Some Liberal candidates stood calling for a reunited Liberal Party whilst others appear to have backed both Asquith and Lloyd George. Few sources are able to agree on exact numbers, and even in contemporary records held by the two groups, some MPs were claimed for both sides. It was the first election where Labour surpassed the combined strength of both Liberal parties in votes and seats.
By one estimate, there were 29 seats where Liberals stood against one another. This is thought to have cost them at least 14 seats, 10 of them to Labour, so in theory a reunited Liberal Party would have been much closer to, and perhaps even ahead of, Labour in terms of seats. However, in reality the two factions were on poor terms and Lloyd George was still hoping for a renewed coalition with the Conservatives.[3]
Party platforms
The Conservative party basically offered the continuation of the status quo with no new adventures. Bonar Law's Election Address stated:
- The crying need of the nation have this moment... Is that we should have tranquility and stability both at home and abroad so that the free scope should be given to the initiative and enterprise of our own citizens, for it is in that way, far more than by any action of the Government that we can hope to recover from the economic and social results of the war.[4]
The Labour Party proposed to nationalise the mines and railways, to impose a levy on financial capital, and to revise the peace treaties. It promised a higher standard of living for workers, higher wages, and better housing.[5][6]
Results
| 344 | 142 | 62 | 53 | 14 |
| Conservative | Labour | Lib | NL | O |
| Candidates | Votes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Leader | Standing | Elected | Gained | Unseated | Net | % of total | % | No. | Net % | |
| Conservative | Bonar Law | 482 | 344 | 45 | 63 | + 12 | 55.9 | 38.5 | 5,294,465 | +6.0 | |
| Labour | J. R. Clynes | 414 | 142 | 87 | 7 | + 85 | 23.1 | 29.7 | 4,076,665 | +8.9 | |
| Liberal | H. H. Asquith | 334 | 62 | 42 | 25 | + 26 | 10.1 | 18.9 | 2,601,486 | +5.9 | |
| National Liberal | David Lloyd George | 155 | 53 | 9 | 76 | – 74 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 1,355,366 | −2.7 | |
| Independent Conservative | N/A | 20 | 3 | 3 | 1 | + 2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 116,861 | +0.5 | |
| Independent | N/A | 15 | 3 | 3 | 2 | + 1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 114,697 | −0.2 | |
| Nationalist | Joseph Devlin | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | – 4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 57,641 | −1.8 | |
| Communist | Albert Inkpin | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 2 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 30,684 | N/A | |
| Agriculturalist | Harry German | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 21,510 | 0.0 | ||
| Independent Labour | N/A | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | – 1 | 0.17 | 0.1 | 18,419 | −1.0 | |
| Constitutionalist | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | + 1 | 0.17 | 0.1 | 16,662 | N/A | |
| Scottish Prohibition | Edwin Scrymgeour | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | + 1 | 0.17 | 0.1 | 16,289 | +0.1 | |
| Independent Liberal | N/A | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.17 | 0.1 | 13,197 | −0.1 | |
| Independent Unionist | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 9,861 | N/A | ||
| Independent Communist | N/A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4,027 | N/A | ||
| Anti-Parliamentary Communist | Guy Aldred | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 470 | N/A | ||
Total votes cast: 13,748,300. Turnout 73.0%.[7] All parties shown. Conservatives include Ulster Unionists. National Liberals were party formed by Lloyd George's Coalition Liberals after leaving the government. Their net seat change is compared with the Coalition Liberals' number of seats after the 1918 election.
Votes summary
Seats summary
Transfers of seats
- All comparisons are with the 1918 election.
- In some cases the change is due to the MP defecting to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
- In other circumstances the change is due to the seat having been won by the gaining party in a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained in 1922. Such circumstances are marked with a †.
- Abbreviations: Coal = Coalition; Ind = Independent; Lab = Labour; Nat = National; Parl = Parliamentary; Uni = Unionist
†1 MP elected as an Anti-Waste League candidate at a 1921 by-election, but moved to the Conservatives for the 1922 election
See also
- MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1922
- United Kingdom general election, 1922 (Scotland)
References
- ↑ Including Conservatives not elected under the Coalition coupon
- ↑ Jenkins 1964, p=495
- ↑ Koss 1985, p257-8
- ↑ F.W.S. Craig, ed. British General Election Manifestos, 1900-1966 (1970), p 10.
- ↑ D.C. Somervell, The Reign of King George V, (1936) p 303.online free
- ↑ F.W.S. Craig, ed. British General Election Manifestos, 1900-1966 (1970), pp 9-17.
- ↑ http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp2008/rp08-012.pdf
- F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987
- Jenkins, Roy (1964). Asquith (first ed.). London: Collins. OCLC 243906913.
- Koss, Stephen (1985). Asquith. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-231-06155-1.
- United Kingdom election results – summary results 1885–1979
External links
| General elections |
|
|---|---|
| Local elections |
|
| European elections | |
| Referendums | |