UEFA coefficient

In European football, the UEFA coefficients are statistics used for ranking and seeding teams in club and international competitions. Introduced in 1979,^[1] the coefficients are calculated by UEFA, who administer football within Europe.

For men's competitions (discussed in this article), three different sets of coefficients are calculated:

• National team coefficient: used to rank national teams, for seeding in the UEFA Euro qualifying and finals tournaments
• Country coefficient: used to rank the collective performance of the clubs of each member association, for assigning the number of places, and at what stage clubs enter the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League
• Club coefficient: used to rank individual clubs, for seeding in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League

While not discussed in this article, coefficients are calculated in a similar fashion for women's competitions such as the UEFA Women's Euro^[2] and the UEFA Women's Champions League,^[3][4] as well as for youth tournaments such as the UEFA Euro U-21 tournament.^[5]

National team coefficient

The UEFA national team coefficient is derived from the results of each European national football team, and only calculated by UEFA every second year in November; defined as being the point of time when all UEFA nations have completed the qualification stage of the upcoming World Cup or European Championship tournament.

The purpose of calculating the coefficients is to compile an official UEFA rank, to be used as seeding criteria for the European nations, when drawing up qualification groups and the final tournament groups of the European Championship. Previously, up until 2006, the UEFA national team coefficient was also used for the seeded draw of World Cup qualification groups in Europe, while the draw for final tournament groups of the World Cup was always seeded on the basis of the official FIFA World Rankings. UEFA stopped using UEFA national team coefficients for the seeding of World Cup qualification groups at the request of FIFA to only use the official FIFA ranking for all seeded draws related to the World Cup tournament.

Old ranking and calculation method

It was first introduced in 2003 and used for seeding the 2004 European Final tournament and 2006 World Cup qualification. Until the end of the Euro 2008 tournament, the UEFA national team coefficient was calculated by dividing the number of all points scored (three points for a win, one for a draw) by the number of all matches played, in the last two qualification rounds of the World Cup or European Championship. Results from the final tournaments, Play-off matches and friendly games were all ignored. In those cases where a nation did not take part at one of the two latest qualifying rounds, due to being directly qualified as a host, only one qualifying round would be taken into account.

If two or more nations ended up with exactly the same coefficient, the following ranking criteria was applied:

1. Highest coefficient from the matches played in the most recent qualifying competition.
2. Biggest average goal difference per game, found by dividing the sum of all goal differences by the number of ranked matches.
3. Highest average number of goals scored per game.
4. Highest average number of away goals scored per game.
5. Drawing of lots.

The last three times UEFA used this calculation method was for the final UEFA coefficients in 2003, 2005 and 2007.

Current ranking and calculation method

On 20 May 2008, UEFA announced changes to the coefficient ranking system.^[6][7][8] The ranking will continue to be calculated every second year in November, but under the new system, teams now gain ranking points for each game played in the most recently completed full cycle (defined as all qualifying games and final tournament games) of both the World Cup and European Championship, with addition of ranking points for each game played at the latest completed half cycle (defined as all games played in the latest qualifying round). Ranking points for all games played inside those two and a half cycles, will be awarded according to the rules listed below.

1. 10,000 points are awarded for each match played, regardless of the match result.
2. Each team earns an additional 30,000 for winning and 10,000 for drawing.
3. In case of a game decided by penalty shoot-out, the points are allocated as a draw, with the winner of the shoot-out gaining an additional 10,000 points.
4. Each match at the final tournament, or play-offs to determine qualification, are also granted bonus points, ranging from 6,000 points for all play-offs or World Cup group stage games, to 38,000 points for playing a final.
5. 501 points are earned for each goal scored, and -500 are given for each goal conceded.
6. Coefficients are calculated for each two and a half cycle, by dividing the sum of earned points with the number of games played.
7. When calculating the overall average coefficient for the cycles, the latest full cycle and half cycle will each have double the weight, compared to the oldest full cycle.
8. Special arrangements are in place for those nations that did not participate in one of the previous qualifying tournaments due to hosting the competition.

Final ranking in 2015

The coefficients from 2015, to be used for the seeding and pot placements in the draw for UEFA Euro 2016 groups, were calculated for each country by averaging:

• 40% of the average ranking points per game earned in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying stage
• 40% of the average ranking points per game earned in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying stage and final tournament
• 20% of the average ranking points per game earned in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying stage and final tournament.

The seeding and pot placements of the teams in the draw for UEFA Euro 2016 were based on UEFA coefficients, determined on 13 October 2015, which are as follows:^[9]

Country coefficient

The country coefficient is used to rank the football associations of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.

The UEFA ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next, not in the first season after the publication of the ranking. Thus, the rankings at the end of the 2016–17 season determine the team allocation by association in the 2018–19 (not 2017–18) UEFA season; however, the actual teams that will be participating in the 2018–19 UEFA season are determined at the end of the 2017–18 season when the individual association classifications and national cups are finalized.

This coefficient is determined by the results of the clubs of the associations in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League games over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw (points are halved in the qualifying and playoff rounds). Results determined by extra time do count in determining the allocation of points, but results determined by penalty-shootouts do not affect the allocation of points, other than for bonus points given for qualification into the latter rounds of the Champions League or the Europa League. The number of points awarded each season is divided by the number of teams that participated for that association in that season. This number is then rounded down to three decimal places (e.g. 2⅔ would be rounded to 2.666).^[10][11]

To determine a country's coefficient for a particular season, the coefficients for the last five seasons are added. Bonus points are added to the number of points scored in a season. Bonus points are allocated for:

• Clubs that reach the quarter-finals, semi-finals, or final of either the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Europa League (1 bonus point).
• Clubs that qualify for the group stage of the Champions League (4 bonus points).
• Clubs that qualify for the round of 16 of the Champions League (5 bonus points).

Current ranking

The ranking below takes into account of each association's performance in European competitions from 2013–14 to 2017–18, with the 2017–18 season currently taking place.

The final ranking at the end of the 2017–18 season will be used to determine the number of places for each association in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League and 2019–20 UEFA Europa League.

As of 3 August 2017 the coefficients are as follows:^[13]

Ranking			Member association (L: League, C: Cup, LC: League cup1)	Coefficient						Teams	Places in 2019–20 season
2018	2017	Mvmt		2013–14	2014–15	2015–16	2016–17	2017–18	Total		CL	EL	Total
1	1	—	Spain (L, C)	23.000	20.214	23.928	20.142	1.928	89.212	7/7	4[14]	3	7
2	2	—	Germany (L, C)	14.714	15.857	16.428	14.571	1.857	63.427	6/7
3	3	—	England (L, C, LC1)	16.785	13.571	14.250	14.928	2.571	62.105	7/7
4	4	—	Italy (L, C)	14.166	19.000	11.500	14.250	1.666	60.582	6/6
5	5	—	France (L, C, LC1)	8.500	10.916	11.083	14.416	1.916	46.831	5/6	3		6
6	6	—	Russia (L, C)	10.416	9.666	11.500	9.200	1.800	42.582	5/5
7	7	—	Portugal (L, C)	9.916	9.083	10.500	8.083	1.833	39.415	6/6	2		5
8	9	+1	Belgium (L, C)	6.400	9.600	7.400	12.500	1.100	37.000	3/5
9	8	–1	Ukraine (L, C)	7.833	10.000	9.800	5.500	1.400	34.533	4/5
10	10	—	Turkey (L, C)	6.700	6.000	6.600	9.700	1.500	30.500	4/5
11	13	+2	Netherlands (L, C)	5.916	6.083	5.750	9.100	1.500	28.349	4/5
12	15	+3	Austria (L, C)	7.800	4.125	3.800	7.375	2.625	25.725	3/4
13	11	–2	Czech Republic (L, C)	8.000	3.875	7.300	5.500	0.900	25.575	3/5
14	12	–2	Switzerland (L, C)	7.200	6.900	5.300	4.300	1.300	25.000	3/5
15	14	–1	Greece (L, C)	6.100	6.200	5.400	5.800	1.400	24.900	4/5
16	16	—	Croatia (L, C)	4.375	6.875	4.500	5.125	3.250	24.125	4/4	1		4
17	18	+1	Denmark (L, C)	3.800	2.900	5.500	8.500	3.125	23.825	2/4
18	20	+2	Poland (L, C)	3.125	4.750	5.500	3.875	2.625	19.875	1/4
19	22	+3	Israel (L, C)	5.750	1.375	2.250	6.750	3.500	19.625	2/4
20	17	–3	Romania (L, C)	6.875	5.125	2.250	3.300	1.000	18.550	2/5
21	24	+3	Cyprus (L, C)	2.750	3.300	3.000	5.500	3.875	18.425	3/4
22	26	+4	Azerbaijan (L, C)	2.500	3.625	4.375	4.250	2.625	17.375	1/4
23	19	–4	Belarus (L, C)	1.750	5.500	5.125	3.000	1.875	17.250	1/4
24	21	–3	Sweden (L, C)	3.200	3.900	4.750	2.750	2.625	17.225	1/4
25	27	+2	Bulgaria (L, C)	5.625	4.250	1.000	4.250	1.875	17.000	1/4
26	23	–3	Scotland (L, C)	3.250	4.000	3.000	4.375	1.750	16.375	1/4
27	25	–2	Norway (L, C)	2.600	2.200	7.250	1.375	2.500	15.925	1/4
28	29	+1	Kazakhstan (L, C)	3.125	3.375	4.625	2.750	2.000	15.875	1/4
29	28	–1	Serbia (L, C)	2.500	2.750	4.250	2.875	2.000	14.375	2/4
30	32	+2	Liechtenstein (C2)	1.000	2.500	5.000	2.500	2.000	13.000	0/1	0	1	1
31	30	–1	Slovenia (L, C)	2.625	4.000	1.000	2.250	2.500	12.375	2/4	1	3	4
32	31	–1	Slovakia (L, C)	1.625	2.750	3.750	2.125	1.875	12.125	0/4
33	35	+2	Iceland (L, C)	2.500	2.500	1.125	1.000	1.125	8.250	1/4
34	33	–1	Hungary (L, C)	0.875	2.125	1.625	1.875	1.500	8.000	1/4
35	34	–1	Moldova (L, C)	3.375	1.750	1.250	0.875	0.750	8.000	1/4
36	37	+1	Albania (L, C)	2.000	0.875	2.125	0.875	1.375	7.250	1/4
37	36	–1	Finland (L, C)	0.500	2.400	1.000	1.750	1.250	6.900	0/4
38	42	+4	Macedonia (L, C)	0.500	1.125	1.500	1.250	2.375	6.750	2/4
39	38	–1	Republic of Ireland (L, C)	0.250	2.000	0.700	2.625	1.125	6.700	0/4
40	39	–1	Bosnia and Herzegovina (L, C)	1.500	1.750	1.500	0.500	1.375	6.625	0/4
41	41	—	Latvia (L, C)	1.625	0.250	1.625	1.375	0.750	5.625	0/4
42	43	+1	Estonia (L, C)	1.000	1.500	1.000	1.375	0.625	5.500	0/4
43	48	+5	Lithuania (L, C)	1.250	0.500	0.750	0.500	2.250	5.250	1/4
44	44	—	Montenegro (L, C)	1.250	0.750	1.000	0.875	1.125	5.000	0/4
45	40	–5	Georgia (L, C)	1.875	1.250	0.625	1.125	0.125	5.000	0/4
46	45	–1	Armenia (L, C)	1.125	0.375	1.625	1.125	0.625	4.875	0/4
47	49	+2	Malta (L, C)	0.875	0.125	0.875	1.250	1.375	4.500	0/4
48	46	–2	Luxembourg (L, C)	1.500	0.500	0.750	0.750	0.875	4.375	0/4
49	47	–2	Northern Ireland (L, C)	0.875	1.375	0.750	0.500	0.750	4.250	0/4
50	50	—	Wales (L, C)	0.750	0.125	1.500	1.000	0.500	3.875	0/4
51	51	—	Faroe Islands (L, C)	0.875	1.375	0.375	0.375	0.750	3.750	0/4
52	52	—	Gibraltar (L3, C)	No entry	0.250	0.750	1.500	0.500	3.000	0/3		2	3
53	53	—	Andorra (L, C)	0.333	0.500	0.166	0.166	0.166	1.331	0/3
54	54	—	San Marino (L, C)	0.333	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.166	0.499	0/3
55	55 !—		Kosovo (L4, C)	Not a UEFA member			No entry	0.000	0.000	0/2		1	2

¹ The winners of the league cups of England and France are given a place in the UEFA Europa League by special permission from UEFA (replacing the lowest-ranked league team which would have qualified).
² The Liechtenstein Football Association does not organize a national league competition and all its seven clubs compete in the Swiss football league system.^[15][16] As a result, the only competitor from Liechtenstein in European competitions is the Liechtenstein Cup winners, who qualify for the UEFA Europa League.^[16]
3 Starting from the 2017–18 season, Gibraltar are granted two spots in the Europa League (instead of one until 2016–17).^[17]
4 The Football Federation of Kosovo became a UEFA member on 3 May 2016.^[18] The participation of their domestic league champions in the UEFA Champions League and their domestic cup winners in the UEFA Europa League were to be confirmed following the assessment of club licensing criteria by 31 May 2016,^[19] but was denied by UEFA in June due to the clubs failing licensing requirements and also because the clubs could not provide a suitable stadium and UEFA did not allow them to play their home matches in a foreign country.^[20][21]

UEFA uses this coefficient system to decide which teams gain automatic entry to the group stage and which teams must go through qualifying. The teams who occupy the top three league places in the countries ranked 1 to 3 in UEFA competition gain automatic entry into the group stages for the following season’s Champions League competition. The first and second placed teams in the countries ranked 4 to 6 also gain automatic entry, as do the champions in the countries ranked 7 to 12. The Champions League and Europa League winners also get the chance to participate in the following season’s competition, with the Champions League title holders guaranteed an automatic entry into the group stage.

Further information on Liechtenstein's status and similar cases

According to the UEFA regulations a National League needs to consist of at least eight clubs to be considered valid, otherwise no participants of such a league will be allowed to enter European competitions.

• There are only seven clubs that are active in Liechtenstein, all of which play in neighbouring Switzerland's league competitions.
• The league of Gibraltar used to have only six teams, but were expanded to eight in 2013–14 after admission to UEFA, to fulfill the requirement for entry into UEFA competitions starting from the 2014–15 season.^[22]
• Prior to the introduction of the Welsh Premier League in 1992 Wales also had a single participant in European competitions, the winner (or best placed Welsh team as several English teams also competed) of the Welsh Cup, in the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

History

The original European competition, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, was limited to certain clubs and/or by invitation, so no coefficient calculation was necessary.

Following the introduction of the UEFA Cup in 1971, the competition began to grow in complexity. UEFA began to publish rankings in 1979,^[1] to identify the number of participants for each country in the UEFA Cup.

Subsequently, for statistical purposes, various rankings were introduced to portray the history of competitions. According to the prorated (extended) calculation system, only four leagues have succeeded in being ranked as the top European league.^[23]

Following the Heysel Stadium disaster, all English teams were banned from UEFA competitions in 1985. The ban was only lifted after five seasons, with the knock-on effects continuing to impact on the First Division and then the Premier League for a total of nine years from 1986 to 1994.^[24] Having been top in 1985, England were unranked in 1990,^[25] and would not regain the top position until 2008.^[26]

The table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years leading in Europe:

As of 3 June 2017

League	Total
Serie A	13
La Liga	13
Bundesliga	7
First Division/Premier League	6

Club coefficient

The club coefficient rankings are determined by the results of clubs in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League over the previous five seasons, as well as by the coefficient of the clubs' association. The club coefficient is the sum of the points earned by the club over the five seasons, but no less than 20% of the club's association coefficient.^[27] Prior to the 2018 club rankings, teams received the sum of their points earned over the last five seasons plus 20% of the club's association coefficient.^[28][29]

The clubs receive two points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a defeat in games of the main stages of the Champions League and the Europa League. Results determined after extra-time are included in this method, however results determined after penalty shoot-outs are not (the result is considered a draw). Bonus points for entering the Europa League group stage are not additional to win/draw points; they provide a minimum points allowance for participating clubs, whereas bonus points for entering the Champions League group stage (and those for qualifying to the knockout stage) are additional to win/draw points.

Qualifying round results are only taken into account if the team is eliminated in one of the rounds (see table below). Otherwise, the qualifying round results are taken into account only for the calculation of the association's coefficient and are halved.^[28] The clubs do not receive any points for elimination in the Champions League third qualifying round or the play-off because those teams move to the Europa League and receive points from participation in that competition.^[29]

Round	Points awarded
	Champions League	Europa League
First qualifying round elimination	0.5	0.25
Second qualifying round elimination	1	0.5
Third qualifying round elimination	–	1
Play-off elimination	–	1.5
Group stage participation	4	2
Win in group stage or subsequent round	2	2
Draw in group stage or subsequent round	1	1
Round of 16 participation	5	–
Quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals participation	1	1

This ranking is used by UEFA to determine a club's seeding in club competition draws, including the preliminary and first rounds of the Champions League, and the preliminary, first and second rounds of the Europa League.

Before 1999 a number of strong teams in the UEFA Cup were seeded such that those teams did not meet in the first two rounds. To determine these teams, the sum of the ratio of the number of points achieved to the number of games played by each team, was calculated for the past five years.

UEFA team ranking

The top 25 clubs as of 3 August 2017 are as follows.^[30]

Ranking			Club	Association	Coefficient
2018	2017	Mvmt			2013–14	2014–15	2015–16	2016–17	2017–18	Total	Country Part
1	1	—	Real Madrid	Spain	35.00	29.00	33.00	33.00	4.00	134.000	17.842
2	4	+2	Atlético Madrid	Spain	33.00	22.00	28.00	29.00	4.00	116.000	17.842
3	3	—	Barcelona	Spain	24.00	34.00	26.00	23.00	4.00	111.000	17.842
4	2	–2	Bayern Munich	Germany	27.00	28.00	29.00	22.00	4.00	110.000	12.685
5	5	—	Juventus	Italy	23.00	29.00	18.00	33.00	4.00	107.000	12.116
6	6	—	Paris Saint-Germain	France	25.00	21.00	24.00	20.00	4.00	94.000	9.366
7	8	+1	Sevilla	Spain	22.00	28.00	23.00	19.00	2.00	94.000	17.842
8	7	–1	Borussia Dortmund	Germany	22.00	18.00	17.00	22.00	4.00	83.000	12.685
9	12	+3	Manchester City	England	19.00	15.00	26.00	18.00	4.00	82.000	12.421
10	9	–1	Benfica	Portugal	29.00	8.00	22.00	17.00	4.00	80.000	7.883
11	11	—	Arsenal	England	18.00	20.00	15.00	19.00	2.00	74.000	12.421
12	13	+1	Porto	Portugal	16.00	25.00	11.00	17.00	4.00	73.000	7.883
13	17	+4	Napoli	Italy	16.00	22.00	13.00	17.00	2.00	70.000	12.116
14	10	–4	Chelsea	England	25.00	21.00	18.00	0.00	4.00	68.000	12.421
15	15	—	Manchester United	England	23.00	0.00	13.00	26.00	4.00	66.000	12.421
16	18	+2	Shakhtar Donetsk	Ukraine	11.00	17.00	20.00	14.00	4.00	66.000	6.906
17	16	–1	Bayer Leverkusen	Germany	16.00	18.00	14.00	18.00	0.00	66.000	12.685
18	19	+1	Zenit Saint Petersburg	Russia	16.00	17.00	19.00	12.00	1.50	65.500	8.516
19	14	–5	Schalke 04	Germany	16.00	17.00	11.00	18.00	0.00	62.000	12.685
20	22	+2	Basel	Switzerland	19.00	15.00	12.00	6.00	4.00	56.000	5.000
21	29	+8	Monaco	France	0.00	21.00	5.00	25.00	4.00	55.000	9.366
22	24	+2	Fiorentina	Italy	15.00	20.00	8.00	11.00	0.00	54.000	12.116
23	26	+3	Ajax	Netherlands	10.00	14.00	6.00	22.00	1.50	53.500	5.669
24	25	+1	Dynamo Kyiv	Ukraine	8.00	16.00	18.00	8.00	1.50	51.500	6.906
25	28	+3	Olympiacos	Greece	18.00	11.00	10.00	10.00	2.00	51.000	4.980

Top club by period

The following data indicate the top-ranked clubs in each 5-year period.^[31] Data prior to 1975–1979 period has been calculated, but precedes the first published by the Confederation and has merely informative value.^[31]

Years Club Coeff. 1975–1979 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8.402 1976–1980 Borussia Mönchengladbach 7.985 1977–1981 Barcelona 7.652 1978–1982 Barcelona 7.832 1979–1983 Barcelona 7.998 1980–1984 Liverpool 8.277 1981–1985 Liverpool 9.054 1982–1986 Anderlecht 7.915 Juventus 7.915 1983–1987 Juventus 8.665 1984–1988 Juventus 8.388 1985–1989 Bayern Munich 7.846 1986–1990 Bayern Munich 8.096 1987–1991 Juventus 8.291 1988–1992 Real Madrid 7.975 1989–1993 Real Madrid 7.850 1990–1994 Real Madrid 7.600 1991–1995 Real Madrid 7.266 1992–1996 Ajax 9.124 1993–1997 Juventus 8.719

Years Club Coeff. 1994–1998 Paris Saint-Germain 8.716 1995–1999 Juventus 121.606 1996–2000 Juventus 109.963 1997–2001 Real Madrid 114.605 1998–2002 Real Madrid 147.233 1999–2003 Real Madrid 151.769 2000–2004 Real Madrid 146.350 2001–2005 Real Madrid 131.326 2002–2006 Milan 129.020 2003–2007 Milan 133.808 2004–2008 Chelsea 124.996 2005–2009 Barcelona 121.853 2006–2010 Barcelona 136.951 2007–2011 Manchester United 151.157 2008–2012 Barcelona 157.837 2009–2013 Barcelona 157.605 2010–2014 Real Madrid 161.542 2011–2015 Real Madrid 171.999 2012–2016 Real Madrid 176.142 2013–2017 Real Madrid 176.999

Top-rated clubs listed by number of times they were top-ranked over a 5-year period since the first period officially analysed (1975–1979):

Rank	Club	Total
1	Real Madrid	13
2	Juventus	7
	Barcelona	7
4	Borussia Mönchengladbach	2
	Bayern Munich	2
	Liverpool	2
	Milan	2
8	Ajax	1
	Anderlecht	1
	Paris Saint-Germain	1
	Chelsea	1
	Manchester United	1

Criticisms

The UEFA coefficient system has been criticised for being likely to preserve the status quo for rankings and seedings, as well as for favouring teams from stronger leagues.^[32]

See also

• UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking
• AFC MA Ranking, a similar system used by the Asian Football Confederation
• CAF 5-Year Ranking, a similar system used by the Confederation of African Football
• CONMEBOL ranking of the Copa Libertadores, a similar system used by CONMEBOL (clubs only)

References

External links

• Official UEFA rankings
• League and club coefficients at xs4all.nl
• UEFA Access List
• UEFA Country Ranking