UBS
 | |
|
Aktiengesellschaft (AG) Public company | |
| Traded as |
SIX: UBSG SIX: UBSN NYSE: UBS |
| Industry | Banking, Financial services |
| Predecessor |
Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation merged in 1998; PaineWebber merged in 2000 |
| Founded | 1862 |
| Headquarters |
Zürich Basel |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people |
Axel A. Weber (Chairman) Sergio Ermotti (CEO) |
| Products |
Investment Banking Investment Management Wealth Management Private Banking Corporate Banking Private Equity Finance and Insurance Consumer Banking Mortgages Credit Cards |
 CHF 28.320 billion (2016)[1][2] | |
| Total assets |
CHF 935 billion (2016)[1] |
| Total equity |
 CHF 53.621 billion (2016)[1] |
Number of employees |
59,387 (2016)[1] |
| Capital ratio |
13.8% (2016) [1] |
| Website | UBS.com |
UBS AG is a Swiss global financial services company, incorporated in the Canton of Zurich,[3] and co-headquartered in Zürich and Basel.[4] The company provides wealth management, asset management, and investment banking services for private, corporate, and institutional clients worldwide, and is generally considered to be a bulge bracket bank. In Switzerland, these services are also offered to retail clients.[5] The name UBS was originally an abbreviation for the Union Bank of Switzerland, but it ceased to be a representational abbreviation after the bank's merger with the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1998.[6] The company traces its origins to 1856, when the earliest of its predecessor banks was founded.[6] UBS has over CHF 2.8 trillion in invested assets,[7] and remains a leading provider of retail banking and commercial banking services in Switzerland. It is the biggest bank in Switzerland, operating in more than 50 countries with 59,387 employees around the world, as of 2016.[8]
In comparison to other European banks, UBS suffered among the largest losses during the subprime mortgage crisis, and it was required to raise large amounts of outside capital. The bank received a US$9.7 billion capital injection in 2007 from the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (currently GIC Private Limited effective from July 2013), which remains one of the bank's largest shareholders.[9] UBS also received capital from the Swiss government, further complemented by a series of equity offerings in 2007, 2008, and 2009.
Corporate structure
UBS is a joint-stock company ("Aktiengesellschaft") pursuant to Swiss laws. Its shares are listed at the SIX Swiss Exchange, and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). As of February 2015, UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide, having offices in 54 countries, with about 34% of its approx. 59,000 employees working in the Americas, 36% in Switzerland, 18% in Europe, the Middle East and Africa and 13% in the Asia Pacific region.[10]
The bank has its major presence in the United States. Its American headquarters for investment banking are located in New York City, for private wealth management in Weehawken, New Jersey and its sales & trading headquarters can be found in Stamford, Connecticut.
The company's global business groups are (i) wealth management, (ii) investment banking and (iii) asset management. Additionally, UBS is the leading provider of retail banking and commercial banking services in Switzerland, as established already in 2009.[5] Overall invested assets are CHF 2.821 billion, shareholders' equity is CHF 53.621 billion and market capitalization is CHF 61.402 billion by the end of 2016.[11]
In November 2014, the shares in UBS Group AG were listed and started trading as a new holding company on the NYSE and SIX Swiss Exchange. Upon application and with the effect as of 14 January 2015, the shares of the USB AG, the subsidiary of the UBS Group AG, were delisted from the NYSE.[12]
UBS' structure includes five divisions in total:[5][13]
| Wealth Management | Wealth Management Americas | Personal & Corporate Banking | Asset Management | Investment Bank |
|---|
Starting already on 9 June 2003, all UBS business groups, including UBS Paine Webber and UBS Warburg, were rebranded under the UBS moniker following company's start of operations as a unified global entity.[14]
Corporate Center
Corporate Center focuses on the Group’s control functions, which are mainly finance, risk control and legal. All logistics and support services are also located with this division and include operations, information technology, human resources, communications, physical security and information security.[15]
UBS Wealth Management
UBS's wealth management division offers high-net-worth individuals around the world (with the exception of those served by the division of Wealth Management Americas)[16] a range of advisory and investment products and services. As of the end of 2016, UBS Wealth Management's invested assets totaled CHF 977 billion.[17] The whole companies assets under management (AuM) amounted to US$ 1,737.5 billion in 2015, representing a 1% decrease in AuM compared to the equivalent data of 2014.[18]
More than 60% of total invested assets in UBS Wealth Management belong to individuals with a net-worth of CHF 10 million or more. Of the remaining 40% of total invested assets, 30% of the total belong to individuals with net-worth between CHF 1 million and CHF 10 million and the last 10% of total assets belong to individuals with a net-worth of less than CHF 1 million.[16]
UBS offers brokerage services and products as well as asset management and other investment advisory and portfolio management products and services.[19][20] Additionally, UBS provides a broad range of securities and savings products that are supported by the firm's underwriting and research activities as well as order execution and clearing services for transactions originated by individual investors.
The business is further divided geographically with separate businesses focused on the U.S. and other international markets.[5][21] Two-thirds of the total invested assets come from Europe and Switzerland with the final one-third coming mainly from the Asia-Pacific region.
With its headquarters in Switzerland, UBS Wealth Management is present in nearly 50 countries with approximately 230 offices (100 of which are in Switzerland).[16] As of the end of 2016, around 13,500 people worldwide were employed by UBS Wealth Management.[22]
In Switzerland, UBS Swiss Bank provides a complete set of retail banking services that includes checking, savings, credit cards, and mortgage products for individuals.[23] They offer cash management and commercial banking services for small businesses and corporate clients as well.[23]
UBS Europe SE
In the end of 2016, UBS founded a 100% owned Europe SE in Frankfurt am Main. The subsidiary consists of the former subsidiaries of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands. UBS Europe will operate in markets through a network of its branches. The step is said to help the bank simplifying its governance structure and increase operational efficiency and therefore lead to cost savings.[24]
UBS Wealth Management Americas
This division consists of UBS’s domestic US and Canadian wealth management businesses, as well as international business booked in the US.[25]
UBS Wealth Management in the U.S. is an outgrowth of the former Paine Webber brokerage business. The business was initially renamed UBS Paine Webber in March 2001 after it was acquired by UBS. The subsidiary was again renamed UBS Wealth Management USA in June 2003.
The division offers a fully integrated set of wealth management solutions for ultra-high net worth and high net worth clients.[26]
UBS Personal & Corporate Banking
UBS's Personal & Corporate Banking division delivers financial products and services to retail,[27] corporate and institutional clients[28] in Switzerland.[16] It also provides stable and substantial profits for the Group and revenues opportunities for businesses within the bank.[16] UBS maintains a leading position in the retail and corporate loan market in Switzerland; in fact, it serves one in three pension funds, more than 85% of the 1,000 largest Swiss corporations and 85% of banks that resides within the nation.[16] In 2015, the international financial magazine Euromoney named UBS "Best Domestic Cash Manager Switzerland".[29] At the end of 2016, its lending portfolio reached CHF 133.9 billion. The 73% of this sum was secured by residential property and the 15% by commercial and industrial properties.[30]
The products that this UBS division offers range from cash accounts, payments, savings and retirement solutions to investment fund products, residential mortgages and advisory services.[16] This business division constitutes a central building block of UBS's universal bank delivery model in Switzerland and it supports other divisions, such as Investment Bank, by referring clients to them and by assisting them to build their wealth to a level at which they can ben transferred to UBS Wealth Management.[16]
The retail and corporate distribution network comprises not only customer service centers, but 1,250 teller machines and self-service terminals, as well as digital banking services.[16]
UBS Asset Management
UBS Asset Management offers equity, fixed income, currency, hedge fund, real estate, infrastructure and private equity investment capabilities that can also be combined in multi-asset strategies.[31]
The 1998 UBS-SBC merger and subsequent restructuring resulted in the combination of three major asset management operations: UBS Asset Management, Phillips & Drew (owned by Union Bank of Switzerland), and Brinson Partners (owned by SBC). The investment teams were merged in 2000 and in 2002 the brands were consolidated to become UBS Global Asset Management.[32]
At the end of 2016, UBS Asset Management was responsible for CHF 656 billion of invested assets and assets under administration were CHF 420 billion.[33] With around 3,500 employees in 22 countries, UBS Asset Management is the largest mutual fund manager in Switzerland, a leading fund house in Europe, and one of the largest hedge funds and real estate investment managers in the world.[2] It has main offices in Chicago, Frankfurt, Hartford, Hong Kong, London, New York, Paris, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, and Zürich.[34]
In February 2017, UBS Group AG and the Northern Trust Corporation, an American international financial services company, announced an agreement for the acquisition of UBS Asset Management's fund administration servicing units in Luxembourg and Switzerland. This acquisition will facilitate the expansion of the Northern Trust Corporation into these two countries, turning the American company into the major fund administrator in the local markets and into one of the ten global leaders in the sector. At the end of the transaction, expected for the second half of 2017, the American company will administrate a total of CHF420 billion in assets. UBS Asset Management will continue anyway to offer Management Company, White Labelling and Representative Services to its clients. Ulrich Körner, president of the UBS Asset Management, affirms that the continuous transformation of their platform is due to a major efficiency, effectiveness and geographical dislocation of the services offered by the bank.[35]
UBS Investment Bank
UBS Investment Bank provides services covering securities, other financial products, and research in equities, rates, credit, foreign exchange, precious metals and derivatives.[36]
As of the end of 2016, the personnel employed at UBS Investment Bank totalled 4,734, present in over 35 countries (with principal offices in Hong Kong, London, New York, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo and Zurich).[37] This business division also advises and provides access to capital markets for corporate and institutional clients, governments, financial intermediaries, alternative asset managers, and private investors.[23] UBS Investment Bank was formerly known as UBS Warburg and as Warburg Dillon Read, before the merger of the Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC).
Within the UBS Investment Bank division, the Investment Banking Department (IBD) provides a range of advisory and underwriting services including mergers and acquisitions, restructuring, equity offerings, investment grade and high yield debt offerings, leveraged finance and leveraged loan structuring, and the private placement of equity, debt, and derivatives.
The Sales & Trading division comprises equities (brokering, dealing, market making and engaging in proprietary trading in equities, equity-related products, equity derivatives, and structured products) and FX, Rates and Credit (FRC) (brokering, dealing, market making and engaging in proprietary trading in interest rate products, credit products, mortgage-backed securities, leveraged loans, investment grade and high-yield debt, currencies, structured products, and derivative products).
Following an expansion in 2002, the trading floor covers 103,000-square-foot (9,600 m2) with 40-foot (12 m) arched ceilings. Over US$1 trillion in assets are traded here every trading day. In June 2011, it was announced that UBS was considering moving its North American headquarters back to New York City, and that the bank was looking for office spaces in Midtown and in the rebuilt World Trade Center[38][39]
Since the early 2000s, UBS Investment Bank has been among the top fee-generating investment banks globally.[40] In 2010, UBS ranked No.5 globally in mergers & acquisitions advisory, No.5 globally in debt capital markets bookrunning, No.5 globally in follow-on equity offerings, No.3 in European follow-on equity offerings, No.1 in Asia M&A advisory, No.2 in Asian equity capital markets bookrunning, No.2 in Asian follow-on equity offerings, No.2 in Canadian M&A advisory, No.3 in Middle Eastern & African mergers & acquisitions advisory, and No.2 in Middle Eastern & African equity capital markets bookrunning.[41] UBS also ranked No.1 on the 2010 M&A league tables in Australia, ahead of Macquarie Bank and Goldman Sachs.[42]
Competition
On a global scale, UBS competes with the large global investment banks, and it is regularly compared against its fellow Swiss banking giant, Credit Suisse.[43] According to a study published by Coalition Research Institute, UBS remains among the top 10 of the world's investment banks.[44]
In Switzerland, UBS competes with a number of cantonal banks, such as Zürcher Kantonalbank, Banque Cantonale Vaudoise and other cantonal banks, as well as Raiffeisen, PostFinance, and the Migros Bank.
In Europe, UBS competes with several larger banks, such as Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Crédit agricole, BNP Paribas, Natixis, Royal Bank of Scotland, Santander and Unicredit.
In the U.S., UBS competes with the largest American banks, such as Citigroup, Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan and Morgan Stanley.
According to The Times, UBS has edged out Goldman Sachs to advise Sir David and Sir Frederick Barclay, the twin brothers who own Shop Direct, a former catalogue retail business which has been enjoying stellar sales and growth since becoming a “pure play” online retailer.[45]
UBS Graduate Talent Programs
UBS is one of the major providers of young professional training in Switzerland, offering various programs, depending on applicants' level of education. After graduation, over 70% are permanently employed.[46] Aside from the Apprenticeship and All-round Trainee Program offered in Switzerland,[47] UBS offers Internship program and the Graduate Training Programs (GTP) globally.[46] The Graduate Talent Program (GTP) is designed as an 18-24 month framework of development for holders of a bachelor's degree and above, and involving three core components, supplemented by further programs of training which are built around specific business groups.[48] The GTP specifically targets individuals with little work experience but who demonstrate great potential.[49] The internship program is designed to prepare its participants who generally would be students near the end of their studies, for a graduate position at UBS.[46] In addition, UBS also offers around the world opportunities for students to get to know UBS early in their academic career.[50] At the same time, these programs may often lead the potential candidates to participation in the summer internship program and the Graduate Talent Programs.[50]
History
UBS, as it exists today, is the result of a complex history representing a merger product of the Union Bank of Switzerland and the Swiss Bank Corporation in June 1998 (SBC).[51][52] The official founding date of the bank is April 1862, the year when its nucleus Bank in Winterthur was founded.[53]
Although the merged company's new name was originally supposed to be the "United Bank of Switzerland," the officials opted to call it simply UBS because of a name clash with the separate Swiss company United Bank Switzerland – a part of the United Bank Limited's Swiss subsidiary. Therefore, UBS is no longer an acronym but is the company's brand. Its logo of three keys, carried over from SBC, stands for the company's values of confidence, security, and discretion.[23]
UBS also comprises a number of well-known securities firms that have been acquired by the bank and its predecessors. Among the bank's most notable constituent parts are Paine Webber, Dillon, Read & Co., Kidder, Peabody & Co., Phillips & Drew, S. G. Warburg & Co., Blyth, Eastman, Dillon & Co., Jackson & Curtis, and Union Securities, among others.[54]
Swiss Bank Corporation
Origins and early years (1854–1945)
UBS, through Swiss Bank Corporation, traces its history to 1854 when six private banking firms in Basel, Switzerland pooled their resources to form the Bankverein, a consortium that acted as an underwriting syndicate for its member banks.[54] In 1871, the Bankverein coordinated with the German Frankfurter Bankverein to form the Basler Bankverein, a joint-stock company replacing the original Bankverein consortium. After the new bank started with an initial commitment of CHF 30 million and CHF 6 million of share capital, it soon experienced growing pains when heavy losses in Germany caused it to suspend its dividend until 1879. Following the years 1885 and 1886, when the bank merged with the Zürcher Bankverein and acquired the Basler Depositenbank and the Schweizerische Unionbank, it changed its name to Schweizerischer Bankverein.[54] The English name of the bank was originally Swiss Bankverein, but was changed to Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC) in 1917.[51]
_c.1920.png)
.png)
SBC subsequently experienced a period of growth, which was only interrupted by the onset of World War I, in which the bank lost investments in a number of large industrial companies. By the end of 1918, the bank had recovered and surpassed CHF 1 billion in total assets and grew to 2,000 employees by 1920. The impact of the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression was severe, particularly as the Swiss franc suffered major devaluation in 1936. The bank saw its assets fall from a 1929 peak of CHF 1.6 billion to its 1918 levels of CHF 1 billion by 1936.[51][54]
In 1937, SBC adopted its three-keys logo, designed by Warja Honegger-Lavater, symbolizing confidence, security, and discretion, which remains an integral part in the current-day logo of UBS.
On the eve of World War II in 1939, SBC, like other Swiss banks, was the recipient of large influxes of foreign funds for safekeeping. Just prior to the outbreak of the war, SBC made the timely decision to open an office in New York City.[56] The office, located in the Equitable Building, was able to begin operations a few weeks after the outbreak of the war and was intended as a safe place to store assets in the case of an invasion.[57] During the war, the banks' traditional business fell off and the Swiss government became their largest client.[51]
Post-war years (1945–1998)
In 1945, SBC acquired the Basler Handelsbank (Commercial Bank of Basel), which was one of the largest banks in Switzerland, but became insolvent by the end of the war. SBC remained among the Swiss government's leading underwriters of debt in the post-war years. SBC, which had entered the 1950s with 31 branch offices in Switzerland and three abroad, more than doubled its assets from the end of the war to CHF 4 billion by the end of the 1950s and doubled assets again in the mid-1960s, exceeding CHF 10 billion by 1965.[54]
In 1961, SBC acquired Banque Populaire Valaisanne, based in Sion, Switzerland and the Banque Populaire de Sierre.[32] The bank opened a full branch office in Tokyo in 1970.[54]
.png)
In 1992, SBC acquired O'Connor & Associates, a Chicago-based options trading firm and the largest market maker in the financial options exchanges in the U.S.[58] O'Connor was combined with SBC's money market, capital market, and currency market activities to form a globally integrated capital markets and treasury operation.[58]
In 1994, SBC acquired Brinson Partners, an asset management firm focused on providing access for U.S. institutions to global markets, for US$750 million.[52] Following the acquisition, founder Gary P. Brinson ran SBC's asset management business and later when SBC merged with UBS was named chief investment officer of UBS Asset Management.[59]
The acquisition of S.G. Warburg & Co., a leading British investment banking firm, in 1995 for the price of US$1.4 billion signified a major push into investment banking. S.G. Warburg & Co. had established a reputation as a daring merchant bank that grew to be one of the most respected investment banks in London.[60] However, a Warburg expansion into the U.S. had turned out flawed and costly, and talks in 1994 with Morgan Stanley about a merger had collapsed.[61] SBC merged the firm with its own existing investment banking unit to create SBC Warburg.[52][62]
Two years later, in 1997, SBC paid US$600 million to acquire Dillon, Read & Co., a U.S. bulge bracket investment bank.[63][64]
Dillon, Read & Co., which traced its roots to the 1830s was among the powerhouse firms on Wall Street in the 1920s and 1930s, and by the 1990s had a particularly strong mergers and acquisitions advisory group. Dillon Read had been in negotiations to sell itself to ING, which owned 25% of the firm already, but Dillon Read partners balked at ING's integration plans.[63]
After its acquisition by SBC, Dillon Read was merged with SBC-Warburg to create SBC-Warburg Dillon Read. Following SBC's later merger with Union Bank of Switzerland, the SBC part was dropped from the name; in 2000 when the new UBS got restructured the Dillon Read name was dropped, although it was brought back in 2005 as Dillon Read Capital Management, UBS's ill-fated hedge fund operations.
Union Bank of Switzerland
Origins and early years (1862–1945)
The Union Bank of Switzerland emerged in 1912 when the Bank in Winterthur fused with the Toggenburger Bank. The Bank in Winterthur, founded in 1862 with an initial share capital of CHF 5 million, focused on providing financing for industry and other companies,[51][54] and had profited considerably from its close railroad connections and large warehousing facilities during the American Civil War when cotton prices rose dramatically.[65] The Toggenburger Bank was founded in 1863 with an initial share capital of CHF 1.5 million,[54] and specialized as a savings and mortgage bank for individual customers, maintaining a branch office network in eastern Switzerland.[66][54]
.png)
The new company was initially traded under the English name Swiss Banking Association, but in 1921 it was changed to Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) to mirror its French name, Union de Banques Suisses. In German, the bank was known as the Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft (SBG).[67]
The combined bank had total assets of CHF 202 million and a total shareholders' equity of CHF 46 million.[54] In 1917, UBS completed the construction of a new headquarters in Zurich on Bahnhofstrasse, considered to be the Wall Street of Switzerland.[51] By 1923, offices were established throughout Switzerland.[66] Although the bank suffered in the aftermath of World War I and the Great Depression, it was able to make several smaller acquisitions; in 1937 it established Intrag AG, an asset management business responsible for investment trusts, (i.e. mutual funds).[54][66]
Activities in World War II
The activities of the Union Bank of Switzerland during World War II were not publicly known until decades after the war, when it was demonstrated that UBS likely took active roles in trading stolen gold, securities, and other assets during World War II.[68][69][70]
The issue of "unclaimed property" of Holocaust victims became a major issue for UBS in the mid-1990s, and a series of revelations in 1997 brought the issue to the forefront of national attention in 1996 and 1997.[71]
UBS confirmed that a large number of accounts had gone unclaimed as a result of the bank's policy of requiring death certificates from family members to claim the contents of the account.[72][73] UBS's handling of these revelations were largely criticized and the bank received significant negative attention in the U.S.[74][75]
UBS came under significant pressure, particularly from American politicians, to compensate Holocaust survivors who were making claims against the bank.[76]
In January 1997, Christoph Meili, a night watchman at the Union Bank of Switzerland, found employees shredding archives compiled by a subsidiary that had extensive dealings with Nazi Germany. The shredding was in direct violation of a then-recent Swiss law adopted in December 1996 protecting such material. UBS acknowledged that it had "made a deplorable mistake", but an internal historian maintained that the destroyed archives were unrelated to the Holocaust.[77] Criminal proceedings then began against the archivist for possible violation of a recent Federal Document Destruction decree and against Meili for possible violation of bank secrecy, which is a criminal offense in Switzerland. Both proceedings were discontinued by the District Attorney in September 1997.[78]
Meili was suspended from his job at the security company that served UBS, following a criminal investigation.[79] Meili and his family left Switzerland for the United States where they were granted political asylum.[80][81]
In 1997, the World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks was launched to retrieve deposits made by victims of Nazi persecution during and prior to World War II, ultimately resulting in a settlement of US$1.25 billion in August 1998.[68][82][83]
Post-war years (1945–1998)
Shortly after the end of World War II, Union Bank of Switzerland completed the acquisition of the Eidgenössische Bank, a large Zürich-based bank that became insolvent. As a result of the merger, Union Bank of Switzerland exceeded CHF 1 billion in assets and moved its operations to Zurich. UBS opened branches and acquired a series of banks in Switzerland in the following years, growing from 31 offices in 1950 to 81 offices by the early 1960s.[54]
In 1960, Union Bank of Switzerland acquired an 80% stake in Argor SA, a Swiss precious metals refinery founded in 1951 in the canton of Ticino.[32] In 1973, the bank increased the stake to full 100% ownership, though the ownership was ultimately sold between 1986 and 1999 to Argor-Heraeus SA.[32] UBS continues to issue gold bars via Argor-Heraeus which is famous for the unique kinebar holographic technology it uses to provide enhanced protection against bank gold bar counterfeiting.[84]
By 1962, Union Bank of Switzerland reached CHF 6.96 billion of assets, narrowly edging ahead of Swiss Bank Corporation to become the largest bank in Switzerland.[54][85] The rapid growth was punctuated by the 1967 acquisition of Interhandel (Industrie- und Handelsbeteiligungen AG, the corporate successor of I.G. Chemie), which made UBS one of the strongest banks in Europe.[66] Interhandel had become cash-rich when a dispute concerning GAF Materials Corporation, a subsidiary formerly known as General Aniline & Film and seized by the U.S. government during the war, was resolved in 1963 and the subsidiary was disposed of.[86][87]
By the 1980s, Union Bank of Switzerland established a position as a leading European underwriter of eurobonds.[51] Following two major acquisitions in 1986 (Phillips & Drew and Deutsche Länderbank), UBS made its first purchase in the United States in 1991 with Chase Investors Management Corporation, the asset management business of Chase Manhattan Bank.[32] At the time of the acquisition, the business managed in excess of US$30 billion in assets.[88]
Union Bank of Switzerland entered the 1990s as the largest and most conservative of the three large Swiss Banks. The bank's investments had been in the conservative asset management and life insurance businesses; further, 60% of the bank's profits came from its even more conservative Swiss banking operations.[89][90]
In 1993, Credit Suisse outbid Union Bank of Switzerland for Switzerland's Swiss Volksbank, the fifth largest bank in Switzerland which had run into financial difficulties in the early 1990s.[85] The acquisition propelled Credit Suisse ahead of Union Bank of Switzerland as the largest bank in Switzerland for the first time. Prior to the merger with Swiss Bank Corporation, UBS purchased a group of smaller Swiss banks in 1994 including the Cantonal Bank of Appenzell-Ausserrhoden in 1996,[54] and in 1997 Schröder, Münchmeyer, Hengst & Co. from Lloyds Bank was acquired to improve access to the German investment banking and private wealth management markets.[91]
Merger of Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation
During the mid-1990s, Union Bank of Switzerland came under fire from dissident shareholders critical of its conservative management and lower return on equity.[92]
Martin Ebner, through his investment trust, BK Vision, became the largest shareholder in Union Bank of Switzerland and attempted to force a major restructuring of the bank's operations.[93] Looking to take advantage of the situation, Credit Suisse approached Union Bank of Switzerland about a merger that would have created the second largest bank in the world in 1996.[94] Union Bank of Switzerland's management and board unanimously rebuffed the proposed merger.[95] Ebner, who supported the idea of a merger, led a shareholder revolt that resulted in the replacement of Union Bank of Switzerland's chairman, Robert Studer with Mathis Cabiallavetta, one of the key architects of the merger with Swiss Bank Corporation.[51][96]
On 8 December 1997, Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation announced an all-stock merger. At the time of the merger, Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation were the second and third largest banks in Switzerland, respectively.[97] Discussions between the two banks had begun several months earlier, less than a year after rebuffing Credit Suisse's merger overtures.[98]
The merger resulted in the creation of UBS AG, a huge new bank with total assets of more than US$590 billion.[99]
Also referred to as the "New UBS" to distinguish itself from the former Union Bank of Switzerland, the combined bank became the second largest in the world at the time, behind only the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi.[99] Additionally, the merger pulled together the banks' various asset management businesses to create the world's largest money manager, with approximately US$910 billion in assets under management.[99] The combined entity was originally to be called United Bank of Switzerland, but foreseeing a problem with United Bank Switzerland, opted for UBS.
The merger, which was billed as a merger of equals, resulted in the Union Bank of Switzerland's shareholders receiving 60% of the combined company and Swiss Bank's shareholders receiving the remaining 40% of the bank's common shares. Union Bank of Switzerland's Mathis Cabiallavetta became chairman of the new bank while Swiss Bank's Marcel Ospel was named chief executive officer.[99]
Nearly 80% of the top management positions were filled by legacy Swiss Bank professionals.[51] Prior to the merger, Swiss Bank Corporation was considered to be further along than Union Bank of Switzerland in developing its international investment banking business, particularly in the higher margin advisory businesses where Warburg Dillon Read was considered to be the more established platform.[100][101]
Union Bank of Switzerland had a stronger retail and commercial banking business in Switzerland, while both banks had strong asset management capabilities.[99] After the merger was completed, it was speculated that a series of losses suffered by UBS on its equity derivative positions in late 1997 was a contributing factor in pushing UBS management to consummate the merger.[102][103]
The failure of Long Term Capital Management (LTCM)
Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) was a U.S. hedge fund used for trading strategies such as fixed income arbitrage, statistical arbitrage, and pairs trading, combined with high leverage. Its collapse in 1998 led to a bailout by major banks and investment houses, and resulted in massive losses for UBS at a time when it had merged with Swiss Bank Corporation.[104][105] However, UBS involvement with LTCM pre-dated the merger.
UBS had initially been reluctant to invest in LTCM, rebuffing an investment in 1994 and, again shortly thereafter. UBS, suffering criticism for its conservative business model, was looking for ways to catch up to its key Swiss rivals and viewed LTCM as the type of client that could help accelerate the bank's growth. In 1997, UBS entered into a financing arrangement with LTCM, and the hedge fund quickly became the bank's largest client, generating US$15 million in fees for UBS.[106] Union Bank of Switzerland sold LTCM a 7-year European call option on 1 million shares in LTCM, then valued at about US$800 million. It hedged this option by purchasing a US$800 million interest in LTCM and invested a further US$300 million in the hedge fund.[107] Originally intended to provide UBS with a steady stream of income, UBS instead suffered major losses when the hedge fund collapsed. Following the merger, Swiss Bank managers were surprised to discover the massive exposure to LTCM at UBS.[106] Ultimately, UBS was unable to sell or hedge its interest in LTCM as its value declined in the summer of 1998.
By November 1998, UBS's losses from its exposure to LTCM were estimated at the level of approximately CHF 790 million.[108] UBS would prove to be the largest single loser in the LTCM collapse, ultimately writing off CHF 950 million.[51] The Federal Reserve Bank of New York organized a bailout of US$3.625 billion by the hedge fund's major creditors to avoid a wider collapse in the financial markets.[109] UBS contributed US$300 million to the bailout effort, which would largely be recovered.[110] In the aftermath of the LTCM collapse, Mathis Cabiallavetta resigned as chairman of UBS, along with three other executives.[105]
Following its involvement with LTCM, UBS issued a statement: "Given the developments in the international financial markets, in the future UBS will [...] focus even more intensively on those areas of business likely to generate sustainable earnings with a justifiable level of risk."[105]
Rising in the ranks (2000–2007)
On 3 November 2000, UBS merged with Paine Webber, an American stock brokerage and asset management firm led by chairman and CEO Donald Marron.[111][112][113] At the time of its merger with UBS, Paine Webber had emerged as the fourth largest private client firm in the United States with 385 offices employing 8,554 brokers. The acquisition pushed UBS to the top wealth and asset management firm in the world. Initially, the business was given the divisional name UBS PaineWebber but in 2003 the 123-year-old name Paine Webber disappeared when it was renamed UBS Wealth Management USA.[114] UBS took a CHF 1 billion writedown for the loss of goodwill associated with the retirement of the Paine Webber brand when it integrated its brands under the unified UBS name in 2003.[32]
John P. Costas, a former bond trader and co-head of Fixed income at Credit Suisse First Boston and head of Fixed Income Trading at Union Bank of Switzerland in 1998, was appointed CEO of UBS's investment banking division, which originated in SBC's Warburg Dillon Read division and was renamed UBS Warburg in December 2001.[115][116] In an attempt to break into the elite bulge bracket of investment banks, in which UBS then had little success while rival Credit Suisse was establishing itself as a major player on Wall Street with the acquisition of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette in 2000, Costas shifted the growth strategy from acquiring entire firms to hiring individual investment bankers or teams of bankers from rival firms.[117][118] Costas had followed a similar approach in building out the UBS fixed income business, hiring over 500 sales and trading personnel and increasing revenues from US$300 million in 1998 to over US$3 billion by 2001.
The arrival of former Drexel Burnham Lambert investment banker Ken Moelis marked a major coup for Costas. Moelis joined UBS from Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette in 2001 shortly after its acquisition by Credit Suisse First Boston (although Huw Jenkins claimed he had hired Moelis to the UK Parliamentary Banking commission while under oath, which is patently false). In his six years at UBS, Moelis ultimately assumed the role of president of UBS Investment Bank and was credited, along with Costas, with the build-out of UBS's investment banking operation in the United States.[119] Within weeks of joining, Moelis brought over a team of 70 bankers from Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette.[119] Costas and Moelis hired more than 30 senior U.S. bankers from 2001 through 2004.[115]
It was estimated that UBS spent as much as US$600 million to US$700 million hiring top bankers in the U.S. during this three-year period.[120] Among the bank's other major recruits during this period were Olivier Sarkozy, Ben Lorello, Blair Effron, and Jeff McDermott.[121][122]
By 2003, UBS had risen to fourth place from seventh in global investment banking fees, earning US$2.1 billion of the US$39 billion paid to investment banks that year, increasing 33%.[115] Over the next four years, UBS consistently ranked in the top 4 in the global fee pool and established a track record of 20 consecutive quarters of rising profits.[123] In 2006, UBS set up a joint venture in China namely UBS Securities.
However, by the end of 2006, UBS began to experience changing fortunes. In late 2005, Costas headed a new hedge fund unit within UBS known as Dillon Read Capital Management. His former position was taken over by Huw Jenkins, a long-time legacy UBS investment banker.[124] In 2006, UBS bankers Blair Effron and Michael Martin announced their departures.[125][126] In March 2007, Moelis announced that he was leaving the company, and shortly thereafter founded a new business, Moelis & Company.[127] As he had when joining UBS, Moelis took a large team of senior UBS investment bankers.[128][129][130] Moelis's departure was caused primarily by repeated conflict over the availability of capital from the bank's balance sheet to pursue large transactions, particularly leveraged buyouts.[131] The bank's apparent conservatism would be turned on its head when large losses were reported in various mortgage securities rather than corporate loans that generated investment banking fees. After Moelis, other notable departures included investment banking co-head Jeff McDermott in early 2007 and, as the financial crisis set in, other high-profile bankers such as Oliver Sarkozy in early 2008 and Ben Lorello in 2009.[121][126][132]
The beginning of UBS' troubles: Subprime mortgage crisis (2007)
At the beginning of 2007, UBS became the first Wall Street firm to announce a heavy loss in the subprime mortgage sector as the subprime mortgage crisis began to develop. In May 2007, UBS announced the closure of its Dillon Read Capital Management (DRCM) division. Before that time, there was little understanding of the troubles at DRCM or the massive expansion of risk engineered by the investment banking division under the leadership of the newly placed CEO Huw Jenkins.[133]
DRCM, which was a large internal hedge fund, had been started with much publicity in 2005 and invested money both on behalf of UBS and some of its clients. DRCM had been formed in large part to keep some of the bank's traders from defecting to hedge funds, as well as to create a position for John Costas, who had been instrumental in creating UBS's successful investment banking business in the U.S. from 2001–2005.[124] Costas had been replaced by Huw Jenkins, a long-time legacy UBS investment banker with little fixed income or mortgage experience. DRCM hired a large team of professionals, many of whom were attracted from the investment bank with large compensation packages.[134] Although in 2006, DCRM had generated a profit for the bank of US$720 million, after UBS took over DRCM's positions in May 2007, losses grew from the US$124 million recorded by DRCM, ultimately to "16% of the US$19 billion in losses UBS recorded." The UBS investment bank continued to expand subprime risk in the second quarter of 2007 while most market participants were reducing risk, resulting in not only expanding DRCM losses but creating the 84% of the other losses experienced by the bank.[135] By October 2007, UBS was indicating that the assets could not be sold given the illiquidity in the market.[136][137]
In response to the growing series of problems at UBS, and possibly his role in spearheading Costas' departure from the bank, Peter Wuffli unexpectedly stepped down as CEO of the firm during the second quarter of 2007.[138] Wuffli would be joined by many of his fellow managers in the next year, most notably the bank's chairman Marcel Ospel. However, the bank's problems continued through the end of 2007, when the bank reported its first quarterly loss in over five years.[139] As its losses jeopardized the bank's capital position, UBS quickly raised US$11.5 billion of capital in December 2007, US$9.7 billion of which came from the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) and US$1.8 billion from an unnamed Middle Eastern investor.[140] Those 2007 capital injections would initially be highly unpopular among UBS shareholders who clamored to have an opportunity to participate on the same terms.[141] However, over time, these early investments in UBS proved to be unsuccessful for the investors involved, as the bank's stock price remained below 2007 levels more than two years later.[142]
Impact of the financial crisis (2008–2009)
After a significant expansion of fixed income risk during 2006 and 2007 under the leadership of Huw Jenkins, the UBS Investment Bank CEO, the bank's losses continued to mount in 2008 when UBS announced in April 2008 that it was writing down a further US$19 billion of investments in subprime and other mortgage assets (Jenkins had been asked to leave in October 2007). By this point, UBS's total losses in the mortgage market were in excess of US$37 billion, the largest such losses of any of its peers.[143] In response to its losses, UBS announced a CHF 15 billion rights offering to raise the additional funds need to shore up its depleted reserves of capital. UBS cut its dividend in order to protect its traditionally high Tier 1 capital ratio, seen by investors as a key to its credibility as the world's largest wealth management company.[144][145] Marcel Ospel, who had been the architect of the merger that created UBS in 1998, also announced that he would step down as a chairman of the bank to be replaced by Peter Kurer, the bank's general counsel with virtually no banking experience. This ultimately proved very costly to UBS.
In October 2008, UBS announced that it had placed CHF 6 billion of new capital, through mandatory convertible notes, with Swiss Confederation. The SNB (Swiss National Bank) and UBS made an agreement to transfer approximately US$60 billion of currently illiquid securities and various assets from UBS to a separate fund entity.[146] In November 2008, UBS put US$6 billion of equity into the new "bad bank" entity, keeping only an option to benefit if the value of its assets were to recover. Heralded as a "neat" package by The New York Times, the UBS structure guaranteed clarity for UBS investors by making an outright sale.[147]
UBS announced in February 2009 that it had lost nearly CHF 20 billion (US$17.2 billion) in 2008, the biggest single-year loss of any company in Swiss history.[148] Since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, UBS has written down more than US$50 billion from subprime mortgage investments[149] and cut more than 11,000 jobs.[150]
Stabilizing the ship (2009–present)
By the spring of 2009, UBS announced another management restructuring and initiated a plan to return to profitability. Jerker Johansson, the head of the investment bank division, resigned in April 2009 and was replaced by Alex Wilmot-Sitwell and Carsten Kengeter.[151] At the same time, UBS announced the planned cut of 8,700 jobs[152] and had implemented a new compensation plan. Under the plan, no more than one-third of any cash bonus would be paid out in the year it is earned with the rest to be held in reserve and stock-based incentives that would vest after three years; top executives would have to hold 75% of any vested shares. Additionally, the bank's chairman, Peter Kurer, would no longer receive any extra variable compensation, only a cash salary and a fixed allotment of shares that could not be sold for four years. In April 2009, UBS announced that it agreed to sell its Brazilian financial services business, UBS Pactual, for approximately US$2.5 billion to BTG Investments.[153] UBS rejected proposals to break apart the bank and divest its investment banking division.[154]
By the summer of 2009, UBS was showing increased signs of stabilization. The Swiss government sold its CHF 6 billion stake in UBS in late 2008 at a large profit; Switzerland had purchased convertible notes in 2008 to help UBS clear its balance sheets of toxic assets.[155] Taking advantage of improved conditions in the stock market in mid-2009, UBS placed US$3.5 billion of shares with a small number of large institutional investors.[156] Oswald Grübel announced, "We are building a new UBS, one that performs to the highest standards and behaves with integrity and honesty; one that distinguishes itself not only through the clarity and reliability of the advice and services it provides but in how it manages and executes." Grübel reiterated plans to maintain an integrated business model of providing wealth management, investment banking, and asset management services.[157]
In August 2010, UBS launched a new advertising campaign featuring the slogan: "We will not rest" and signed a global sponsorship agreement with Formula 1.
On 26 October 2010, UBS announced that its private bank recorded net new funds of CHF 900 million during the third quarter, compared to an outflow of CHF 5.5 billion in second quarter.[158] UBS's third quarter net profit of US$1.65 billion beat analyst estimates, continuing a string of profitability.
After the elimination of almost 5,000 jobs, UBS announced on 23 August 2011 that it was further cutting another 3,500 positions in order to "improve operating efficiency" and save CHF 1.5 to CHF 2 billion a year. 45 percent of the job cuts would come from the investment banking unit, which continued to post dismal figures since the 2008 financial crisis, while the rest would come from the wealth management and asset management divisions. The firm has seen profits fall due to the rise of the Swiss franc.[159][160]
On 30 October 2012, UBS announced that it was cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide in an effort to slim down its investment banking operations, of which 2,500 would be in Switzerland, followed by the United States and Great Britain. This 15-percent staff cut would make overall staff count come down from 63,745 to 54,000. (For comparison, the peak employment level in 2007 before the 2008 financial crisis was 83,500.)[161][162] UBS also announced that the investment bank would focus on its traditional strengths and exit much of its fixed income trading business that was not economically profitable.
On 19 December 2012, UBS was fined $1.5 billion ($1.2 billion to the United States Department of Justice and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, £160 million to the UK Financial Services Authority, and CHF 60 million to the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority) for its role in the Libor scandal[163] over accusations that it tried to rig benchmark interest rates.[164] US Assistant Attorney General Lanny Breuer described the conduct of UBS as "simply astonishing" and declared the US would seek, as a criminal matter, the extradition of traders Tom Hayes and Roger Darin.[163] The bank stated that these and other fines would probably result in a significant fourth-quarter loss in 2012.[163] The fine levied by the FSA, although reduced due to the bank's cooperation, was the largest in the agency's history.[163]
In November 2014, regulators including the FCA and CFTC hit UBS with fines, along with other banks, for currency manipulation.[165]
On 6 January 2014, it was reported that UBS had become the largest private banker in the world, with $1.7 trillion in assets.[166]
In May 2015, media reports revealed UBS is planning to sell its Australian private banking division to some of its management after a review of underperforming businesses was conducted at the company.[167] After the first 2016 quartal results, UBS is planning to cut jobs in Switzerland and abroad to stay competitive. ,[168][169]
In June 2015, Hubertus Kuelps, group head of communications and branding, announced a new branding campaign. The new campaign is called "it's time" and was launched in September 2015. The campaign is more than 70% digital and aims to bring UBS's marketing to the 21st century and to address a new generation of digitally savvy clients. The campaign featured portrait photography by photographer Annie Leibovitz.[170] [171]
Acquisition history
As it exists today, UBS represents a conglomeration of dozens of individual firms, many of which date back to the 19th century. Over the years, these firms merged to form the bank's three major predecessors, Union Bank of Switzerland, Swiss Bank Corporation, and Paine Webber.
The following is a visual illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors, although this is not necessarily a comprehensive list:[172]
(Formed 1998 from merger of Union Bank of Switzerld & Swiss Bank Corp.) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate governance
Board of directors
The Board of directors is the most senior corporate body with ultimate responsibility for the strategy and the management of the company and for the appointment and supervision of its executive management. As of 26 May 2017, its members were:[173]
- Axel A. Weber (Chairman)
- Michel Demaré (Vice Chairman)
- David Sidwell (Senior Independent Director)
- Reto Francioni
- Ann F. Godbehere
- William G. Parrett
- Julie G. Richardson
- Isabelle Romy
- Robert W. Scully
- Beatrice Weder di Mauro
- Dieter Wemmer
- Markus Baumann
Chairman Marcel Ospel did not apply for re-election at the annual general meeting of shareholders held on 23 April 2008, and was succeeded by Peter Kurer, who was general counsel. On 15 April 2009, Peter Kurer was succeeded by Kaspar Villiger. Former Bundesbank president Axel A. Weber was nominated in mid-2011 for election to the board at the annual meeting 2012 and, at that time, intended to be elected as a chairman of the board after Villiger's retirement in 2013.[174][175] However, in May 2012, Villiger and board member Bruno Gehrig stepped down.[176]
Group Executive Board
| The Group Executive Board is the executive body of the company, the members of which are:[177] |
|---|
|
With Oswald Grübel's resignation as CEO and Ermotti's interim appointment on 24 September 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that the succession process appeared to be a two-person race between Ermotti from EMEA and Kengeter from the investment bank. Ermotti, who had spent many years at what is now Bank of America Merrill Lynch, had joined UBS in April from UniCredit Group; Kengeter is a German national who joined UBS from Goldman Sachs in 2008 and who had reportedly disagreed with some UBS investment bankers over pay and other matters, the journal also said.[178]
Previously, on 29 February 2009, Marcel Rohner had resigned and was succeeded by Grübel.[179] On 1 April 2009, Grübel hired Ulrich Körner in a newly established role as Chief operating officer (COO) and CEO of Corporate Center. Körner's task was to cut administrative expenses and boost profits.[180] After the last Annual General Meeting in May 2016, Robert W. Scully and Dieter Wemmer were elected as new members of the Board. It has been decided that Martin Blessing will assume the role as President Personal & Corporate Banking and President UBS Switzerland, replacing Lukas Gaehwiler, who himself will take the new role as Chairman of the Region Switzerland. This will be effective on 1 September 2016.[181]
Shareholders
The most significant shareholders of UBS are GIC Private Limited, BlackRock Inc and Norges Bank with 7.07%, 4.89% and 3.30% of total share capital respectively. In 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis, GIC Private Limited invested CHF 11 billion into UBS to help bail it out, thus becoming the largest single shareholder.[16]
Controversies
Holocaust assets (1930s–1998)
In January 1997, Christoph Meili, a night guard at the Union Bank of Switzerland (precursor of UBS) in Zürich, Switzerland, discovered that bank officials were destroying documents about orphaned assets, believed to be the credit balances of deceased Jewish clients whose heirs' whereabouts were unknown, as well as books from the Nazi German Reichsbank.[182]:94 The books listed real-estate records for Berlin property that had been seized by the Nazis, placed in Swiss accounts, and then claimed to be owned by UBS.[182]:95 The destruction of such documents is illegal under Swiss law.[183] This edict was the legal basis and foundation of the Bergier commission, constituted on 19 December 1996. Articles 4, 5, and 7 made the destruction or withholding of documents relating to orphaned assets illegal.
Meili took some of the bank files home, then handed them over to a local Jewish organization, which brought the documents to the police and eventually to the press that subsequently revealed the document destruction.[184] Zurich's authorities opened a judicial investigation against Meili for suspected violations of the Swiss laws on banking secrecy,[185] which is a prosecutable offense ex officio in Switzerland. After Meili and his family reported receiving death threats, they fled to the United States and were granted political asylum.[80][81]
After a US$2.56 billion lawsuit was filed against UBS and other Swiss banks on behalf of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, a settlement was reached between UBS and other Swiss banks that had laundered Nazi assets totaling US $1.25 billion in August 1998.[186][187][188]
In his book Imperfect Justice, Stuart Eizenstat claimed the "Meili Affair" was important in the decision of Swiss banks to participate in the process of reparations for victims of Nazi looting during World War II. He wrote that the affair "did more than anything to turn the Swiss banks into international pariahs by linking their dubious behavior during and after the war to the discovery of a seemingly unapologetic attempt to cover it up now by destroying documents."[182]:94 Eizenstat believes that the affair influenced the Swiss Bankers Association (SBA) decision to create a Humanitarian Fund for the Victims of the Holocaust,[182]:98 as well as being one of a series of events that influenced the calling of the 1997 London Conference on Nazi Gold.[182]:112-115
U.S. trade embargoes (2003–2004)
On 10 May 2004, UBS was fined US$100 million by the U.S. Federal Reserve for illegally transferring funds from an account set up by the Federal Reserve at UBS to Iran, Cuba, and other countries under U.S. trade embargoes.[189]
Indian stock market crash (2004–2009)
The Indian securities regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) alleged that UBS had played a role in the 2004 "Black Monday" stock market crash which followed the National Democratic Alliance government's defeat in the general elections. SEBI's ruling of 17 May 2005 barred UBS from issuing or renewing participatory notes for one year.[190] The ban was later lifted on appeal, as a result of a Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) ruling on 9 September 2005. SEBI challenged SAT's order in the Supreme Court of India. On 9 February 2009, the Supreme Court disposed of the case after SEBI and UBS said they had reached a settlement under which UBS agreed to pay an amount of about ₹50 lakh (US$78,000).[191]
U.S. discrimination lawsuits (2001–2005)
In April 2005, UBS lost the landmark discrimination and sexual harassment case, Zubulake v. UBS Warburg. The plaintiff, Laura Zubulake, was a former institutional equities salesperson at the company's Stamford office. The jury found that her manager, Matthew Chapin, had denied her important accounts and mocked her appearance to co-workers. She claimed that several sexist policies in place, such as entertaining clients at strip clubs, made it difficult for women to socialize and foster business contacts with clients.[192] The jury found that UBS had destroyed relevant e-mail evidence after the litigation hold had been in place. UBS was ordered to pay the plaintiff US$9.1 million in compensatory damages (including back pay and professional damage), and US$20.2 million in punitive damages.[193]
On 18 October 2005, three African-American employees filed a class action lawsuit against the company in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging racial discrimination in hiring, promotion, and other employment practices. The three plaintiffs in Freddie H. Cook, Sylvester L. Flaming Jr., and Timothy J. Gandy v. UBS Financial Services, Inc., claimed that segregation and discrimination in job assignments and compensation were widespread and the firm had done nothing to diversify its workforce. The lawsuit also claimed that offices operating in Largo, Maryland and Flushing, New York were illegally created to serve African-Americans and Asian Americans respectively, and that the firm's management frequently ridiculed the Largo branch office and its staff, referring to it as a "diversity" office. On 23 April 2007, U.S. District Judge, Peter J. Messitte, granted plaintiff's request to dismiss the class allegations without prejudice. As a result of this dismissal, the case now comprises the individual claims of three plaintiffs.[194]
U.S. tax evasion (2005– )
In 2005, Bradley Birkenfeld, a Geneva-based employee who worked in the bank's North American wealth management business, claimed that UBS's dealings with American clients violated an agreement between the bank and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.[195] He said that he was disturbed by an internal legal document that he believed was prepared to give UBS legal cover should bank-sanctioned illegal activities be uncovered. The bank could then shift the blame to its employees.[196] He subsequently complained to UBS compliance officials about the bank's "unfair and deceptive business practices", which included sponsoring events like yacht races and art festivals in the United States to attract wealthy people as potential clients.[197] Such events gave its Switzerland-based bankers a chance to network with the rich in order to cement business deals, which was illegal under U.S. banking laws.[198] When he received no response after three months, he wrote to UBS General Counsel Peter Kurer about the illegal practices.[199][200] Subsequently, Birkenfeld resigned from UBS in October 2005.[201]
In 2007, Birkenfeld, a U.S. citizen, decided to tell the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) what he knew about UBS's practices. At the same time, he planned to take advantage of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 that could pay him up to 30% of any tax revenue recouped by the IRS as a result of Birkenfeld's information.[202] In April 2007, Birkenfeld's attorney arranged for Birkenfeld to be cooperating with the DOJ, though the relationship between the department and the whistleblower were troubled. Birkenfeld also met with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the IRS, and the U.S. Senate.[202]
In June 2008, based on Birkenfeld's revelations, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation made a formal request to enter Switzerland to probe a multimillion-dollar tax evasion case involving UBS. That same month, the United States Senate panel that Birkenfeld had communicated with accused Swiss banks, including UBS, of helping wealthy Americans evade taxes through offshore accounts, and estimated the total cost of this practice to be in excess of US$100 billion annually.[203] According to the findings, U.S. clients held about 19,000 accounts at UBS, with an estimated US$18 billion to US$20 billion in assets, in Switzerland.[204]
In response to the report and the FBI investigation, UBS announced that it would cease providing cross-border private banking services to US-domiciled clients through its non-US regulated units as of July 2008.[205] In November 2008, a U.S. federal grand jury indicted Raoul Weil, Chairman and CEO of UBS Global Wealth Management and Business Banking and member of UBS's Group Executive Board, in connection with the ongoing investigation of UBS's US cross-border business.[206] UBS would eventually cut ties to Weil in May 2009 and he would face charges after UBS had settled its criminal case with the government. The U.S. issued an international arrest warrant for Weil, and he was extradited to the United States after being arrested in Italy in 2013.[207] In January 2014, Weil pleaded not-guilty in federal court to helping U.S. taxpayers evade taxes on $20 billion in offshore assets.[208]
On 18 February 2009, UBS agreed to pay a fine of US$780 million to the U.S. government and entered into a deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) on charges of conspiring to defraud the United States by impeding the Internal Revenue Service. The DPA obliged UBS to pay US$780 million to settle criminal charges, and criminal charges were dismissed.[209][210] The figures include interest, penalties, restitution for unpaid taxes and disgorgement of profits. As part of the deal, UBS also settled Securities and Exchange Commission charges of having acted as an unregistered broker/dealer and investment adviser for Americans.[211]
The day after settling its criminal case on 19 February 2009, the U.S. government filed a civil suit against UBS to reveal the names of all 52,000 American customers, alleging that the bank and these customers conspired to defraud the IRS and federal government of the legitimately owed tax revenue. The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) had provided to the United States government the identities of, and account information for, certain United States customers of UBS's cross-border business as part of its criminal investigation in 2009. On 12 August 2009, UBS announced a settlement deal that ended its litigation with the IRS.[212] However, this settlement set up a showdown between the U.S. and Swiss governments over the secrecy of Swiss bank accounts. It was not until June 2010 that Swiss lawmakers approved a deal to reveal client data and account details of U.S. clients who were suspected of tax evasion.[213]
In February 2015, UBS announced to be investigated by the federal government over new charges stating that UBS facilitated tax evasion by its U.S. clients. The focus of the investigation lies on the possible sale of bearer bonds, a type of unregistered security that provides anonymity to the owner.[214][215][216] UBS announced that it was cooperating with the investigators.[214]
UBS employees allegedly discussed the legal ramifications of the use of bearer bonds with their clients, a type of security that has been virtually illegal in the U.S. The government investigation is trying to determine whether there was a criminal conspiracy to evade taxes and conceal what had allegedly already been done.[217] The investigation, which was launched in January 2015, also aims to determine whether bearer bonds were provided as investment vehicles to UBS clients before the expiration of its 2009 deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice. The agreement lapsed in October 2010. Should UBS have violated the agreement, the federal government can make new allegations against UBS on charges stemming from the violation. In such a case, prosecutors would likely ask for significant fines and for UBS to be put under regulatory oversight.[216]
Rogue trader scandal (2008–2012)
On 15 September 2011, UBS became aware of a massive loss, originally estimated at US$2 billion, allegedly due to unauthorized trading by Kweku Adoboli, a then 31-year-old trader on the Delta One desk of the firm's investment bank.[218] Adoboli was arrested and later charged with fraud by abuse of position and false accounting dating as far back as 2008.
UBS's actual losses were subsequently confirmed as US$2.3 billion, and according to the prosecutor in Adoboli's trial he "was a gamble or two from destroying Switzerland's largest bank for his own benefit."[219][220]
The bank stated that no client positions had been affected and its CEO Oswald Grübel initially dismissed calls for his resignation, commenting that "if someone acts with criminal intent, you can’t do anything."[221][222]
However, UBS's management was subsequently criticized for its "lapses" by the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, the bank's largest shareholder, in a rare press statement on 20 September 2011. On 24 September 2011 UBS announced Grübel's resignation, and the appointment of Sergio Ermotti as a Group CEO on an interim basis.[223][224]
On 5 October 2011, Francois Gouws and Yassine Bouhara, co-heads of UBS's Global Equities franchise, also resigned.[225]
The scale of UBS's losses led to renewed calls for the global separation of commercial banking from investment banking, while media commentators suggested UBS should consider downsizing its investment bank and potentially rebranding it under the resurrected S.G. Warburg name.[226][227][228]
In Switzerland, where the Government had bailed out UBS in 2008, particular concern was voiced about the nature of the alleged trading which, it was suggested, might have been directed against the interests of the Swiss economy.[229] Christian Levrat, the President of the SP-Party said, "Should it prove true that UBS, having been rescued by the state in 2008, has speculated against the Swiss franc, [UBS Chairman] Villiger must take the consequences."[230]
If found guilty, Abodoli will have generated the third-largest loss by a rogue trader in history, after Jerome Kerviel of Société Générale (who also worked on a Delta One desk) and Yasuo Hamanaka, a copper trader at Sumitomo Corporation.[231]
Lehman Brothers notes (2007–2013)
In 2011, UBS was fined US$2.5 million by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority connected to the sale of Lehman Brothers Holdings structured notes for omissions and misleading statements it made to investors. UBS underwrote and marketed $900 million worth of 100% Principal-Protection Notes between March 2007 and September 2008; Lehman Bros. went bankrupt in September 2008. UBS also agreed to pay US$8.25 million in restitution and interest to American investors.[232]
In August 2013, UBS settled a class action lawsuit filed by holders of Lehman notes. The lawsuit alleged that UBS's depiction of the financial condition of Lehman Bros. was misleading. UBS settled the lawsuit with a payout of US$120 million.[233]
U.S. municipal bond market rigging (2001–2013)
In 2011, UBS agreed to pay US$160 million in restitution, penalties and disgorgement of profits for rigging bids in the U.S. municipal bond market, after the bank and three of its employees were charged by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2010. In July 2013, the three employees were convicted of conspiracy in the muni market fraud: former UBS Vice President Gary Heinz was sentenced to 27 months in prison and fined US$400,000; former UBS global commodities chief Peter Ghavami was sentenced to 18 months and fined US $1 million; and former UBS VP Michael Welty received a 16-month sentence and fined US$300,000. In addition to conspiracy, Ghavami and Heinz also were convicted of wire fraud. Federal prosecutors had asked for much harsher sentences, but U.S. District Judge Kimba Wood rebuffed the request. Wood said that the criminal behavior of the three was an aberration from their normal law-abiding lives.[234][235]
Arms sales and Indian money laundering (2003–2011)
UBS was implicated in a money laundering case involving Saudi arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi and an Indian citizen introduced to UBS by Khashoggi. In 2011, Hasan Ali Khan, owner of a Pune stud farm, was arrested by India's Enforcement Directorate and charged with serving as a front man for Khashoggi. Khan and Kolkata businessman Kashinath Tapuriah were charged under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. Allegedly, in 2003, Khan helped launder US$300 million of money Khashoggi made through arms sales via the Zurich branch of UBS.[236][237]
Introduced to UBS by Khashoggi in 1982, Khan enabled the arms dealer to launder funds held in American accounts through UBS Geneva.[238] One of Khan's accounts eventually was frozen when it was determined that the source of the funds came from Khashoggi's arms sales.
India Today reported that Mr Khan allegedly had US$8 billion in "black money" (laundered money) in a UBS account. The figures were reported to be verified by India Today, based on a letter written by UBS Zurich. The government of India reportedly verified the existence of this account in UBS.[239]
UBS denied Indian media reports alleging that it maintained a business relationship with or had any assets or accounts for Hasan Ali Khan. Upon formal request by the Indian and Swiss government authorities, the bank announced that the documentation corroborating such allegations was forged and numerous media reports claiming he had US$8 billion in black money at the bank were false.[240][241]
Libor benchmark rigging (2005–2012)
In December 2012, UBS agreed to pay US$1.5 billion to settle a case filed by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission alleging that UBS engaged in a criminal conspiracy to rig the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor) benchmarks used on loans via company's Japan-based subsidiary. UBS has also been charged by British and Swiss financial regulators for its Libor manipulation scheme. In settling the case, the bank acknowledged wrongdoing. UBS Chief Executive Sergio Ermotti said, "We are taking responsibility for what happened," and said that all the employees linked to the scam had already left the bank. The U.S. fine would contribute to the bank's loss of US$2.7 billion in the fourth quarter.[242]
UBS also paid a fine of £160 million (US$0.3 billion) to the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the largest fine issued by the U.K. regulator for Libor rigging.[243]
The UBS scheme involved multiple banks, brokers and traders to manipulate interest rates to generate a profit on trades. The scheme lasted for six years before it was broken up. UBS entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice, following which it was not a subject of criminal charges, except for company's subsidiary, UBS Securities Japan, which was not exempt. The subsidiary pleaded guilty to wire fraud.[244]
The scheme's ringleader was former UBS trader Thomas Hayes, who was indicted by U.S. prosecutors along with a Swiss national, Roger Darin.[242]
Currency benchmark rigging (2003– )
Market regulators in Asia, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States began to investigate the $5 trillion-a-day foreign-exchange market after Bloomberg News reported in June 2013 that several of the world's largest currency trading banks had been front-running client orders and rigging the foreign exchange benchmark WM/Reuters rates by colluding with counterparts. The behavior occurred daily in the spot foreign-exchange market and went on for at least a decade according to currency traders.[245]
At the center of the investigation were the transcripts of electronic chatrooms in which senior currency traders discussed with their competitors at other banks the types and volume of the trades they planned to place. The electronic chatrooms had names such as "The Cartel," "The Bandits' Club," "One Team, One Dream" and "The Mafia".[246][247][248]
UBS set aside approximately US$2 billion in expected liability for alleged charges in currency rigging and French tax evasion cases.[249]
For the currency rigging charges, UBS paid US$800 million to American, British, and Swiss regulators.[250]
U.S. mortgage-backed securities (2004–2015)
In July 2013, UBS settled a lawsuit filed against it and 17 other banks by Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), the U.S. federal agency that oversees Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, with a payout of US$885 million, but without UBS having to admit any wrongdoing. At the time of the settlement, the agency already settle with two other institutions, but UBS settlement was the first where the amount paid was released to public.
On behalf of Fannie and Freddie, the FHFA had sued UBS and 17 other banks in July 2011 over mortgage-backed securities sold to the two government-sponsored enterprises that buy mortgages in the secondary market and repackage them as securities to boost liquidity in the mortgage business. The lawsuit claimed that UBS misrepresented the quality of mortgages sold to the two housing agencies for US$4.5 billion.[251][252] [253]
In February 2015, UBS along with Citigroup and Goldman Sachs Group agreed to a $235 million settlement stemming from residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) issued by the defunct Residential Capital LLC (ResCap) and underwritten by the three financial institutions.
The ResCap RMBS were issued before the sub-prime mortgage crisis, and the lawsuit dates from 2008. The lawsuit alleged that the prospectuses and registration statements issued by UBS, Citigroup and Goldman Sachs did not adequately disclose the risks of the RMBS and were, in fact, misleading to investors, who sustained heavy losses. The lawsuit alleged that the behavior of the three defendants violated securities laws.[254]
French tax evasion (2002– )
In 2013, France launched an investigation into UBS France's alleged abetting of tax evasion by French taxpayers.[255]
The investigation was spurred by the March 2012 publication of a muckraking book about UBS, Ces 600 milliards qui manquent à la France – Enquête au cœur de l’évasion fiscale ("Those 600 billion which France is missing – Inquiry into the heart of tax evasion"), which estimated the amount of tax income lost to UBS-controlled offshore accounts at €600 billion.[256]
UBS France executive Patrick de Fayet was among three local branch executives being investigated. UBS wealth management bankers allegedly broke the law by enabling French taxpayers to hide their assets in UBS-controlled offshore assets to avoid paying taxes. The bankers undertook to direct their French clients' assets to UBS's Switzerland operation, rather than keep the money in France.[257] UBS set aside approximately US$2 billion in expected liability for its currency rigging and French tax evasion cases.[249]
UBS is facing fines of up to five billion euros for its alleged role in tax fraud, according to the French newspaper Le Temps.[258]
In July 2014, the bank was required to post a bond of 1.1 billion euros, which UBS complied with while making multiple appeals in the French court system, finally losing its appeal at the Cour de Cassation, France's highest court. UBS appealed the ruling to the European Court of Human Rights on the basis that the bond, by potentially prejudicing the outcome of the case, violated its rights.[259] The Human Rights Court, in a unanimous decision, rejected UBS's appeal on 12 January 2017.[260]
In February 2015, U.S. whistleblower Bradley Birkenfeld, the key figure in the UBS tax evasion scandal in the U.S., was subpoenaed by French magistrate investigating the case.[261]
The U.S. Department of Justice approved the request for Birkenfeld, who is still on parole after being convicted of one count of conspiracy to abet tax evasion by his UBS client Igor Olenicoff, to visit France to testify in the UBS case.[262]
Federal Judge William Zloch granted Birkenfeld permission to travel to France from 27 February to 1 March 2015 to appear before the French court.[263][264]
In 2014, UBS accused the French government of engaging in a "highly politicized process" in its investigation of the bank and its French subsidiary. The crackdown on UBS France that began in mid-2013 where it came to light that Jerome Cahuzac, who served as budget director in the government of President Francois Hollande, had a secret Swiss bank account.[265] A former marketing manager of UBS France, Stephanie Gibaud had to testify several times after UBS filed several libel cases against her in this case.[266]
German tax evasion (2004– )
UBS Deutschland AG came under investigation by prosecutors in Mannheim, Germany, after a tax probe revealed suspicious funds transfers from Germany to Switzerland allegedly facilitated by UBS Deutschland's Frankfurt office. Prosecutors have investigated UBS's abetting of tax evasion by German taxpayers from 2004 to 2012. The investigation was expected to lessen the chances of a German-Swiss tax treaty.[267]
UBS Deutschland's Frankfurt office was raided by tax investigators in May 2012, and over 100,000 computer files and records were seized for evidence. The bank, which claims it is cooperating with the investigators, said that "an internal investigation into the specific allegations has not identified any evidence of misbehavior by UBS Deutschland AG."[267]
In July 2014, the bank paid approximately US$400 million to settle similar charges in Bochum, Germany.[268][269]
Belgian tax evasion (2004– )
In June 2014, the chief executive of UBS Belgium, Marcel Brühwiler, was arrested on suspicion of fraud, while UBS' offices and Brühwiler's residence were searched by police. It is alleged that UBS Belgium actively recruited rich Belgians, proposing to funnel funds to secret Swiss accounts, enabling tax avoidance.[270]
Timber corruption and Malaysian money laundering (2006– )
Swiss authorities are conducting criminal investigations on charges against UBS for laundering $90 million associated with timber businesses and government officials in Malaysia.[271][272][273]
Forex manipulation scandal (1991–2015)
UBS is one of several major banks found guilty in a scheme to manipulate foreign currencies around the world.
On 20 May 2015, US authorities ruled that UBS was to pay $545 million in order to end an investigation into the manipulation of currency rates. UBS was the first among other fraudulent banks to report the misconduct and was thus able to escape prosecution by the US Department of Justice.[274]
$203 million in fines is due to UBS's forex activities breaching a previous deal made with the US over the rigging of the London interbank offered rate (Libor). This agreement was dependent on the bank adhering to US laws and staying out of trouble with the US authorities for two years. The deal was struck in 2012, and forex investigations started less than a year later, resulting in the non-prosecution status being scrapped. On top of the $203 million fine, UBS has had to plead guilty to one count of wire fraud in the previous Libor scandal as part of the deal with the US Department of Justice to end investigations into its conduct in the current forex scandal. As of May 2015, UBS is in a three-year probation period with the justice department.[275]
Puerto Rico bond funds
UBS sold a lot of the Puerto Rico funds, which were mostly concentrated in the debt of the Caribbean island's government.[276] The funds have declined as much as 75 percent from their initial prices from 2008. Losses began in mid-2013 and were linked to a general weakness in municipal bond markets and Puerto Rican debt. UBS is facing trials against hundreds of arbitration claims by investors filed with FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) asking for a total of more than $900 million in damages. The bond funds had already landed UBS Puerto Rico in trouble before in 2012.[277]
Panama Papers (2016– )
Several banks (UBS, Barclays, HSBC, Deutsche Bank) and many high-profile names have been involved in a recently disclosed scandal concerning secret offshore financial dealings in the so-called Panama Papers scandal. [278][279]
Corporate social responsibility
In January 2010, UBS issued a new code of conduct and business ethics which all employees were encouraged to sign.[280] The code addressed issues such as financial crime, competition, confidentiality, as well as human rights and environmental issues. The eight-page code also lays out potential sanctions against employees who violate it, including warnings, demotions, or dismissal.[281] According to Kaspar Villiger, former Chairman of the Board, and Oswald J. Grübel, former Group CEO, the code is "an integral part of changing the way UBS conducts business".[282]
In 2011, UBS expanded its global compliance database to include information on environmental and social issues provided by RepRisk,[283] a global research firm specialized in environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) risk analytics and metrics.[284] This was done in an effort to mitigate environmental and social risks that could impact the bank's reputation or financial performance and to simultaneously help globally standardize and systematically implement the firm's due diligence processes.[285] RepRisk data is used in the on-boarding process to screen potential new clients and sourcing partners,[286] alongside periodic client reviews and, also, to evaluate the risks related to transactions in investment banking and institutional lending.[287][288]
Recognition
In 2006 for the fourth consecutive year UBS was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers living in the U.S. by Working Mother magazine.[289]
It is a member of the Stonewall Diversity Champions scheme and has active gay and lesbian, ethnic minority, and women's networking groups. UBS was included on Business Week's The Best Places to Launch a Career 2008, and ranked No. 96 out of the 119 total companies listed.[290]
On 2 February 2010, UBS topped the charts for the ninth year in a row in Institutional Investor's annual ranking of Europe's most highly regarded equity analysts. In a year of extremes for equity markets, money managers say that no firm did a better job than UBS to keep them informed about which European sectors, countries, and industries offered the greatest potential.[291]
On 4 May 2010, UBS Investment Bank was voted the leading pan-European brokerage firm for equity and equity linked research for a record tenth successive year. A Thomson Reuters Extel survey ranked UBS number one in all three of the key disciplines of research: Research (tenth year); Sales (ninth year running); and Equity Trading and Execution (up from second place in 2009). UBS was also named as the number one leading pan-European brokerage firm for economics and strategy research.[292]
On 31 October 2013, UBS Wealth Management was voted the Best Global Private Bank by Professional Wealth Management,[293] retaining the title in 2014 while also being recognized as the Best Private Bank for Philanthropy Services, and Best Global Brand in Private Banking.[294] On 27 October 2016, for the 4th consecutive year, UBS Wealth Management won the Best Global Private Bank title, as well as the Best Private Bank in Asia award for the 5th consecutive year.[295]
On 9 September 2016, for the second consecutive year, UBS was named industry group leader in the Diversified Financials Industry Group of the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI), published by S&P Dow Jones Indices and RobecoSAM.[296]
Sponsorship
Sports
UBS is particularly active in sponsoring various golf tournaments, cross-country skiing in Switzerland, ice hockey, and a range of other events around the world.
UBS was the sponsor of the Alinghi sailing ship, winner of the Americas Cup in 2003.
UBS has been or currently is a sponsor of the following sporting events and organizations:
|
|
|
Culture
UBS's cultural sponsorships are typically related to classical music and contemporary art, although the company also sponsors a range of film festivals, music festivals, and other cultural events and organizations.
UBS has previously been or currently is a sponsor of the following cultural events and organizations:
|
Recent developments and outlook
Effective on 15 January 2015, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) discontinued the minimum targeted exchange rate for the Swiss franc versus the euro of 1.20 CHF/EUR, set forth in September 2011,[16] and it also moved the target range for three-month LIBOR to between negative 1.25% and negative 0.25% (previously negative 0.75% to positive 0.25%).[16]
This resulted in a massive strengthening of the Swiss franc against the Euro, US dollar, British pound, Japanese yen and several other currencies, as well as a reduction in Swiss franc interest rates.[16]
A significant portion of UBS's foreign operations and Basel III risk-weighted assets (RWA) are denominated in foreign currencies.[16]
The UBS's Basel III capital ratio concerned benefited from the appreciation of the Swiss franc. At the same time, since the portion of UBS's operating income denominated in foreign currencies is greater than the portion of operating expenses so denominated,[16] the UBS was also adversely affected, with further implications emanating from changes in interest rates as applied to equity and capital.[16]
See also
- Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, a 2016 Supreme Court case involving naked short selling claims against UBS and Merrill Lynch, and others.
Further reading
- Schutz, Dirk. The Fall of the UBS, 1st ed. Pyramid Media Group, 2000. ISBN 978-1-57441-308-3.
- Fox, Guy. How the World Really Works: Investment Banking, Guy Fox Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1-90471-111-7.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "UBS Annual Report 2016". UBS. ubs.com. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- 1 2 "UBS Annual Report 2015" (PDF). UBS. ubs.com. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "Trade Register: UBS AG". Moneyhouse - Commercial Register and Business Information. A member of the NZZ media group. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "Corporate information - UBS Global topics". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 "Our clients & businesses - UBS Global topics". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- 1 2 "150 years of banking tradition" (PDF). UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "...in a few words". global. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "Investor release". UBS. ubs.com. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS in a few words". UBS. ubs.com. January 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ↑ Dunne, Helen (13 November 2002). "UBS means RIP for Warburg". Telegraph Media Group Limited. telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS at a glance" (PDF). UBS.com. 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "UBS Annual Report 2014" (PDF). UBS. ubs.com. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "SCORPIO PARTNERSHIP GLOBAL PRIVATE BANKING BENCHMARK 2016 | Scorpio Partnership". Scorpio Partnership. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "Our financial results for the third quarter of 2014" (PDF). UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS Wealth Management. About Us.". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS at a glance. UBS factsheet" (PDF). UBS. ubs.com. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 "UBS. About us. Our Businesses". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UPDATE 1-UBS sets up Frankfurt bank for European wealth management". Reuters. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ↑ "UBS Wealth Managements Americas. About us.". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ↑ "UBS About us. Our Businesses.". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ↑ "UBS. Private Clients. Private clients - Tailored money solutions.". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS. Companies. Corporate customers - The right solution for every need.". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS gewinnt Euromoney Award «Best Cash Manager Switzerland 2015»". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ↑ "UBS Annual Report 2013" (PDF). UBS. ubs.com. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "UBS. About us. UBS in the world". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ↑ "Asset Management.Why invest with us. Helping you solve your global investment challenges". UBS. ubs.com. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "Northern Trust to acquire Fund Services Units of UBS in Luxembourg and Switzerland". UBS.com. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
- ↑ "UBS Investment Bank". UBS. ubs.com. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS E-Paper". www.ubs.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ↑ "UBS Warburg Expansion Creates World's Largest Trading Floor". UBS Press Release. Media Releases Americas. ubs.com. 14 May 2002. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (8 June 2011). "Regretting Move, Bank May Return to Manhattan.(A version of this article appears in print on June 9, 2011, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: After Leaving City, Big Bank Mulls a Return.)". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ Ringshaw, Grant (15 February 2004). "Swiss peak on Wall Street". Telegraph Media Group Limited. London: telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "Investment Banking Scorecard". Dow Jones & Company, Inc. The Wall Street Journal. Moneybeat. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ Whitley, Angus (6 December 2010). "UBS Grabs Biggest Share of Australia M&A Since 2004". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "FINMA details TBTF decrees". FINMA. finma.ch. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "Investment Banking: UBS and CS Remain Among Top 10 – Just". finews.com. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ↑ Hipwell, Deirdre (27 March 2017). "UBS set to secure a Very good role". The Times. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- 1 2 3 "UBS. Careers. Internship Programs". Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "UBS. Careers. Bankausbildung bei UBS". Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ↑ "UBS. Careers. Graduate Talent Programs". Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ↑ "UBS. Careers. FAQs & glossaries". Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- 1 2 "UBS. Careers. Pre-internship insights". Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UBS AG History. Funding Universe. Retrieved 21 March 2015
- 1 2 3 SBC Warburg Company History. Funding Universe. Retrieved 21 March 2015
- ↑ Stadtgeschichte. Der Landbote. Retrieved 23 October 2015
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "History of UBS". global. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
- ↑ Bankers Magazine. 1872 Basler Bankverein investor prospectus. Bradford-Rhodes & Co. 1920.
- ↑ Swiss Bank of Basle to Open Branch Here; Huge Vaults a Haven for European Capital. The New York Times, 28 July 1939
- ↑ Swiss Agency will Open, Bank to Occupy Quarters in the Equitable Building. The New York Times, 15 October 1939
- 1 2 "Swiss Bank Buys O'Connor". The New York Times. 10 January 1992. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS-SBC WOULD BE LARGEST MANAGER YET: GARY BRINSON MAY LEAD INSTITUTIONAL SIDE". PIOnline. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Outsider who changed the City. Management Today, 1 November 1998
- ↑ "Jilted: Morgan Stanley and S.G. Warburg". The Economist. December 1994. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Stevenson, Richard W. (11 May 1995). "Swiss Bank in deal to buy S.G. Warburg". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 Truell, Peter (16 May 1997). "Swiss Bank Steps Up to Buy Dillon, Read on Rebound". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Sell Division. New York. 17 November 1997.
- ↑ Swiss banking: An Analytical History. Palgrave Macmillan. 1998. pp. 132–136.
- 1 2 3 4 Handbook on the History of European Banks. Edward Elgar Publishing. 1994.
- ↑ "Bankers Magazine". December 1920: 794. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- 1 2 Swiss Were Part of Nazi Economic Lifeline, Historians Find. The New York Times, 2 December 2001
- ↑ Switzerland: A Painful History. Time, 24 February 1997
- ↑ Breaking The Swiss Banking Silence. The New York Times, 4 June 1996
- ↑ Swiss Envoy in U.S. in Midst of a Squall. The New York Times, 20 January 1997
- ↑ Ulrich Jost, Swiss historian : Bank Secrecy Was Bern's Wartime 'Weapon'. The New York Times, 1 August 1997
- ↑ Probe lays bare Swiss wartime role, SwissInfo.ch, 22 March 2002
- ↑ How Swiss Strategy on Holocaust Fund Unraveled. The New York Times, 26 January 1997
- ↑ More Blundering by Swiss Banks. The New York Times, 3 August 1997
- ↑ New York Punishes Swiss Bank Over Nazi Gold. The New York Times, 10 October 1997
- ↑ The Rescuer of Swiss Bank Ledgers. The New York Times, 17 January 1997
- ↑ "Federal Act On Archiving". admin.ch. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Bank Says Shredded Papers May Not Have Involved Nazis, The New York Times, 16 January 1997". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 Bank guard enters ranks of `righteous gentiles' – Christoph Meili. National Catholic Reporter, 16 April 1999
- 1 2 U.S. Congress: Bill S.768: A bill for the relief of Michel Christopher Meili, Giuseppina Meili, Mirjam Naomi Meili, and Davide Meili; private bill sponsored by Senator Alphonse D'Amato, signed into private law 105-1 by president Bill Clinton on 29 July 1997. URL. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Swiss Banks And Victims Of the Nazis Nearing Pact. The New York Times, 23 January 1999
- ↑ Gold Dispute With the Swiss Declared to Be At an End. The New York Times, 31 January 1999
- ↑ "Argor-Heraeus". Argor.com. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- 1 2 Offer Made to Create Largest Swiss Bank Group. The New York Times, 6 January 1993
- ↑ Switzerland, National Socialism and the Second World War. Berghahn Books, 2002
- ↑ GAF Company History. Funding Universe. Retrieved 21 March 2015
- ↑ Swiss Bank to Acquire Chase Investment Unit. The New York Times, 22 February 1991
- ↑ UBS Banks on Conservative Strategies --- Industry Leader Avoids Troubles That Have Snared Main Swiss Rivals. Wall Street Journal, 1 June 1993
- ↑ UBS AG Britannica. Britannica", 15 December 2008
- ↑ UBS buys Lloyds TSB's stake in SMH for pounds 100m. The Independent (London), 27 August 1997
- ↑ Swiss Battle For Big Bank Proves Costly.The New York Times, 9 January 1995
- ↑ Financier Who Shook Up the Swiss Is Himself Shaken Up.The New York Times, 1 August 2002
- ↑ Swiss Banks Considering Giant Merger.The New York Times, 10 April 1996
- ↑ Big Swiss Bank Rejects Merger Appeal by Rival.The New York Times, 12 April 1996
- ↑ Switzerland's Top Bank Spurns Merger Bid From Arch-Rival. The New York Times, 12 April 1996
- ↑ Finance and Financiers in European History 1880–1960. Cambridge University Press. 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Embattled UBS poised for merger with SBC The Independent, 6 December 1997
- 1 2 3 4 5 2 of the Big 3 Swiss Banks To Join to Seek Global Heft. The New York Times, 9 December 1997
- ↑ Performance Of New Bank Relies on U.S. 9 December. 1997
- ↑ Has UBS Found Its Way out of the Woods? BusinessWeek, 29 March 1999
- ↑ Four leave after UBS suffers big trading loss. The Independent (London), 20 November 1997
- ↑ A Swiss Bank Raises Loss on Derivatives.The New York Times, 31 January 1998
- ↑ Greenspan, Alan (2007). The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. The Penguin Press. pp. 193–195. ISBN 978-1-59420-131-8.
- 1 2 3 Big Swiss Bank Is Shaken Up By Hedge Fund. The New York Times, 3 October 1998
- 1 2 Lowenstein, Roger (2000). When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management. Random House. ISBN 0-375-50317-X.
- ↑ Lessons From the Collapse of Hedge Fund, Long-Term Capital Management: The Losers. International Financial Risk Institute (IFRI)
- ↑ UBS Posts Loss In Hedge Fund The New York Times, 18 November 1998
- ↑ Partnoy, Frank (2003). Infectious Greed: How Deceit and Risk Corrupted the Financial Markets. Macmillan. p. 261. ISBN 0805075100.
- ↑ Shenn, Jody (25 June 2007). "Exclusive". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ PaineWebber Merger Vote.The New York Times, 24 October 2000
- ↑ Swiss Bank Is Acquiring PaineWebber.The New York Times, 12 July 2000
- ↑ Swiss Acquirer Has Had Plenty of Its Own Problems.The New York Times, 13 July 2000
- ↑ Advertising: Introducing UBS PaineWebber, Post Merger.The New York Times, 5 March 2001
- 1 2 3 "Costas Sees UBS Eclipsing Goldman, Citigroup as Top Fee Earner". Bloomberg L.P. 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Costas Seeks to Seize Middle Ground. Financial News, 3 May 2010
- ↑ Swiss Banks Calling Wall St. Home. The New York Times, 31 August 2000
- ↑ Atlas, Riva D. (26 May 2002). "How Banks Chased a Mirage". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 "Moelis Is Leaving UBS". The New York Times. 19 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Higher Fees And Trading Help Double UBS Income". The New York Times. 5 May 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 "Health Scare: Calculating UBS's Loss of Banker Benjamin Lorello". The Wall Street Journal. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Top UBS banker founds private equity firm". Financial News. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Prominent UBS Executive to Leave". The New York Times. 19 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 Anderson, Jenny (9 September 2005). "From UBS's Suite of Power to the Sweat of a Hedge Fund". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Boutique Bank That's Riding Out the Storm". The New York Times. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 Cimilluca, Dana (21 March 2007). "Out They Go: Moelis's Troops at UBS Begin to Disperse". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Prominent UBS Executive to Leave. The New York Times, 19 March 2007
- ↑ "Ex-UBS executive Moelis opens firm". LA Times. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Petruno, Tom (20 March 2007). "Ken Moelis parts ways with UBS: Some wonder if the high-profile investment banker will launch his own firm in L.A.". LA Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Petruno, Tom (5 August 2008). "His firm has skin in the game". LA Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Future of UBS Executive Part of Wall Street Chatter". The New York Times. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Moore, Heidi N.; Lattman, Peter (4 March 2008). "Bankers' Exits at UBS Continue". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ UBS Closing Hedge Fund; Losses Cited on Mortgages. The New York Times, 4 May 2007
- ↑ UBS's Hedge Fund: A Post-Mortem. The New York Times, 4 June 2007
- ↑ "UBS $100 Billion Wager Prompted $24 billion Loss in Nine Months". Bloomberg. 18 May 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Shareholder report on UBS's writedowns".
- ↑ "UBS Scraps Costas's Hedge Fund After Mortgage Losses". Bloomberg. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ After Losses, UBS Ousts Its Chief. The New York Times, 6 July 2007|accessdate=29 March 2015
- ↑ Mortgage Woes Push UBS to Its First Loss in 5 Years. The New York Times, 31 October 2007
- ↑ UBS Records a Big Write-Down and Sells a Stake. The New York Times, 11 December 2007
- ↑ Singapore, Abu Dhabi Face Losses on UBS, Citigroup. Bloomberg BusinessWeek, 2 March 2010
- ↑ G.I.C. May Book 70% Loss on UBS Conversion. The New York Times, 12 February 2010
- ↑ UBS to Write Down Another $19 billion.The New York Times, 2 April 2008|accessdate=29 March 2015
- ↑ Downturn hits banks' fixed-income trading from The Daily Telegraph, date 5 October 2007
- ↑ UBS plans $19 bln write-down, capital injection from www.marketwatch.com, date 1 April 2008
- ↑ Costello, Miles (17 October 2008). "UBS and Credit Suisse secure $70bn". The Times. London. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Bad Assets Don’t Just Disappear". The New York Times. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS expected to post biggest Swiss loss ever". Taipei Times. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Craig, Susanne; Protess, Ben; Saltmarsh, Matthew (16 September 2011). "UBS Faces Questions on Oversight After a Trader Lost $2 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Werdigier, Julia (15 April 2009). "UBS to Cut 7,500 More Jobs After $1.8 Billion Loss". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Replaces Johansson as Head of Investment Bank". Bloomberg L.P. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Swiss Bank UBS To Cut 8700 Jobs To Return To Profitability". stockozone.com. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Bart, Katharina (21 April 2009). "UBS, in Asset Dump, to Sell Brazilian Bank". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS sees CHF 226bn". IPE. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Switzerland Selling UBS Stake After U.S. Tax Accord (Update4). Bloomberg, 20 August 2009.
- ↑ Rhodes, Jason; Egenter, Sven (26 June 2009). "UBS problems to remain after $3.5 billion capital hike". Reuters. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS sets out ambitious plans for return to growth". Financial Times. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ UBS Stanches Outflow of Funds. Wall Street Journal, 26 October 2010
- ↑ "UBS announces 3,500 jobs to go". 23 August 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Werdigier, Julia (23 August 2011). "UBS to Cut 3,500 Jobs, Half in Investment Banking". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Elliott, Dominic. "New UBS is starting to work". Reuters Blog. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS cuts 10,000 jobs as it slims down investment bank arm". BBC. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 "UBS fined $1.5bn for Libor rigging". BBC. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Agrees to Pay $1.54 Billion to Settle Libor Investigations". CNBC. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. "HANDS SLAPPED: 5 Banks Get Hit with Fines for Currency Manipulation". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Touryalai, Halah (6 January 2014). "A tale of two bankers". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Katharina Bart (25 May 2015). "UBS seeks to offload Australian wealth unit to management". Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ↑ "UBS: Time for Some More Swissness?". Finews. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ↑ "UBS Said to Trim Some Securities Jobs as Ermotti Cuts Costs". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ↑ "UBS reveals new branding (and new sound…) - Design Week". Design Week. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
- ↑ "Together, we can find an answer". ubs-perspectives. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
- ↑ "UBS 2009 Annual report" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Board of Directors". global. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ↑ Logutenkova, Elena (1 July 2011). "Axel Weber to Succeed UBS Chairman Villiger in 2013 After Bundesbank Role". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Axel Weber to be nominated for election to UBS Board of Directors in 2012 and to be appointed Chairman in 2013". UBS. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Results of the Annual General Meeting of UBS AG" (Press release). UBS. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Group Executive Board". global. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ↑ Sue, Chang. "UBS CEO Gruebel resigns in wake of rogue trades". Marketwatch. Marketwatch. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS appoints new Chief Executive". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS's Gruebel Hires Ex-Colleague Koerner to Cut Costs". Bloomberg L.P. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Annual General Meeting 2016". ubs.com. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Eizenstat, Stuart (2003). Imperfect Justice. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-110-X.
- ↑ Parliamentary Initiative 96.434: Bundesbeschluss betreffend die historische und rechtliche Untersuchung des Schicksals der infolge der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft in die Schweiz gelangten Vermögenswerte (in German). Entry in force since 14 December 1996
- ↑ Diermeier, P.: Meili - Mission zwischen Moral und Milliarden (in German). Orell Füssli Verlag, Zürich: 2003; ISBN 3-280-06009-5.
- ↑ Bundesgesetz über die Banken und Sparkassen (Bankengesetz, BankG), Swiss Law:, Article 47 (in German). Accessed 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Von Romina Lenzlinger aus Los Angeles und Beat Kraushaar (19 January 2012). "Nach elf Jahren hat Christoph Meili genug von den USA: "Ich komme heim in die Schweiz – für immer"". blick.ch. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Meier, Barry (29 November 1998). "Jewish Groups Fight for Spoils Of Swiss Case". nytimes.com. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Settlement For Holocaust Survivors Swiss Banks Will Pay $1.25 Billion. Jewish Groups Praised The Deal But Said A Larger Battle Was Not Over.". Philly.com. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Fined $100 Million Over Trading of Dollars". nytimes.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ "UBS banned for Black Monday crash". Times of India. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "SEBI, Swiss co UBS settle dispute on consent terms". The Hindu Business Line. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "$29 million award in UBS in bias suit". International Herald Tribune. 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ↑ "UBS Must Pay Ex-Saleswoman $29.3 Mln in Sex Bias Case". Bloomberg. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Lawsuit alleges discrimination at UBS:Ex-employees say brokerage firm's diversity attempts mocked non-whites". MSNBC. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Pfeifer, Stuart (26 October 2009). "He put a dent in tax evasion". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Bronner, Michael. "Telling Swiss secrets: A triple-double cross". Global Post. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Banking: A Crack In The Swiss Vault". Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ↑ "Banking: A Crack in the Swiss Vault". CBS News. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Roland, Neil (3 March 2009). "Justice Dept. chastises UBS chairman over IRS fraud probe". Investment News. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Browning, Lynnley (6 June 2008). "Wealthy Americans Under Scrutiny in UBS Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Carlyn, Kolker and David Voreacos (19 June 2008). "Ex-UBS Banker Birkenfeld Pleads Guilty in Tax Case (Update3)". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 Hilzenrath, David S. (16 May 2010). "Swiss Banker Turned Whistleblower Ended Up With a Prison Sentence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Voreacos, David (9 September 2013). "Secret Swiss Accounts Said No Longer Safe for Tax Dodging". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ↑ Perez, Evan (17 July 2008). "Offshore Tax Evasion Costs U.S. $100 billion, Senate Probe of UBS and LGT indicates". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Statement on Indictment of UBS Executive". BusinessWire. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS suffers offshore blow as US indicts wealth management head". Financial Times. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ↑ Valentina Accardo, Valentina Accardo (28 November 2013). "Exclusive: Ex-UBS banker Weil agrees to be extradited to U.S.". Reuters. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Former UBS banker Raoul Weil pleads not guilty to helping Americans dodge taxes". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Will Pay $780 million to Settle U.S. Tax Claims, Bloomberg.com website (18 Feb 2009)". Bloomberg. 30 May 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Enters into Deferred Prosecution Agreement". US Department of Justice. 18 February 2009.
- ↑ Browning, Lynnley (19 February 2009). "A Swiss Bank Is Set to Open Its Secret Files". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS AG: Formal signing of settlement agreement relating to the John Doe summons". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Browning, Lynnley (17 June 2010). "Swiss Approve Deal for UBS to Reveal U.S. Clients Suspected of Tax Evasion". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 "UBS confirms fresh tax evasion probe in the US". Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Wood, Robert W. "New UBS Tax Evasion Probe, Again Over Americans". Forbes. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- 1 2 Smythe, Christie and David Voreacos (12 February 2015). "UBS Said to Be Probed for Deferred-Prosecution Breach". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ MATTHEWS, CHRISTOPHER M. and DEVLIN BARRETT (4 February 2015). "UBS Faces a New Tax-Evasion Probe: Authorities Investigate Whether Swiss Bank's Clients Used ‘Bearer Securities’ to Hide Cash". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ Robert Peston (16 September 2011). "UBS trader Kweku Adoboli charged with fraud". BBC. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS 'rogue trader': Loss estimate raised to $2.3bn". BBC News. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS trader Kweku Adoboli 'gambled away' £1.4bn". BBC News. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS hit by $2 billion loss from rogue trader". MarketWatch. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Mulier, Thomas (18 September 2011). "UBS Chief Gruebel Dismisses Calls to Quit After Unauthorized Trading Loss". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Jenkins, Patrick (20 September 2011). "Singapore fund hits at UBS 'lapses'". Financial Times.
- ↑ "UBS press release". UBS. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Logutenkova, Elena; Choudhury, Ambereen (5 October 2011). "UBS Says Gouws, Bouhara Leave Over Unauthorized Trading Loss". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Sibun, Jonathan (15 September 2011). "UBS rogue trader helps to justify ring-fencing 'casino' actions of investment banks". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Reece, Damian (15 September 2011). "UBS's Warburg stalwarts might welcome a smaller investment bank". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Chance to deliver UBS shareholders an overdue return". Financial Times. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Switzerland unveils UBS bail-out". BBC. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Tagesanzeiger – Then he should be made to go...". tagi.ch. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Hawkes, Alex; Wearden, Graeme (15 September 2011). "Who are the worst rogue traders in history?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "FINRA Fines UBS Financial Services $2.5 Million; Orders UBS to Pay Restitution of $8.25 Million for Omissions That Effectively Misled Investors in Sales of Lehman-Issued 100% Principal-Protection Notes". Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Agrees to Pay $120 Million in Lehman Bros. Dispute". Reuters. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Three ex-UBS bankers sentenced to jail in US". International Service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation Russian ENG. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Vaughan, Bernard (24 July 2013). "Former UBS bankers get prison terms for muni bid-rigging". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Hasan Ali 'front man' of arms dealer Khashoggi: ED chargesheet". Indian Express. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Black money case: Hasan Ali bail cancelled, under probe for Khashoggi links". Indian Express. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Kumar, Devesh (12 April 2011). "Black money: Hasan Ali, Tapuria admit to links with Khashoggi". Economic Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Who is Hasan Ali Khan?". India Today. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Swiss bank UBS denies any dealings with Hasan Ali Khan". Deccan Herald. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ M Padmakshan (17 February 2011). "Documents in Hasan Ali money-laundering case forged: Swiss Bank". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- 1 2 David, David & and Jean Eaglesham (20 December 2012). "UBS Admits Rigging Rates in 'Epic' Plot". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Aitken, Roger (8 October 2014). "FX Rate 'Rigging' Scandal Boiling Up After UBS Revelation". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Mark, Mark and James O'Toole (19 December 2012). "UBS pays $1.5 billion to settle Libor claims". CNN. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Liam Vaughan, Gavin Finch and Ambereen Choudhury (12 June 2013). "Traders Said to Rig Currency Rates to Profit Off Clients". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Liam Vaughan, Gavin Finch and Bob Ivry (19 December 2013). "Secret Currency Traders’ Club Devised Biggest Market's Rates". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Katie Martin and David Enrich (19 December 2013). "Forex Traders Said to Have Colluded in Effort to Profit". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Forex Chatrooms Show Traders Shared Order, Price Details: Report". NDTV Profit. Reuters. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- 1 2 Wright, Ben (28 October 2014). "UBS Sets Aside $2 Billion For Currency Rigging And Tax Evasion Settlements". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Yan, Sophia (13 November 2014). "Six banks fined more than $4 billion in currency probe". CNN. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Timiraos, Nick (25 July 2013). "Fannie, Freddie Regulator Settles With UBS for $885 Million". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS to pay $885M to settle lawsuit with U.S. housing agency". UPI. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Benson, Clea (25 July 2013). "UBS to Pay $885 Million to Settle U.S. Mortgage Suit". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ↑ "Goldman, Citi, UBS Shell Out $235M to Settle RMBS Suit - Analyst Blog". Yahoo! Finance. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Wood, Robert W. (4 June 2013). "French Criminal Tax Probe Of UBS — Talk About Déjà Vu". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Godoy, Julio (19 April 2012). "Europe Loses Billions to Tax Evasion". Inter Press Service News Agency. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS under formal investigation in France over tax evasion". BBC News. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Franklin, Joshua (3 October 2014). "UBS faces fine of up to $6.3 billion in French tax probe: paper". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Speculations, Great (24 December 2014). "UBS Running Out Of Options As Highest French Appeal Court Upholds €1.1 Billion Bond". Forbes. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Franklin, Angelika Gruber, Chine Labbé, Joshua. "European court rejects UBS appeal against bail in French tax case". Retuers. Reuters. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ↑ Letzing, John (14 February 2015). "UBS Whistleblower to Assist French Investigation Into Swiss Bank". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Trott, Bill (14 February 2015). "U.S. whistleblower summoned to testify in UBS case in France". Yahoo! Finance. Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Voreacos, David (17 February 2015). "UBS Whistle-Blower Birkenfeld Allowed to Testify in France". Bloomberg. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Lettzing, John (18 February 2015). "Whistleblower Adds to UBS's Tax Woes in France". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Benedetti-Valentini, Fabio and Jeffrey Voegeli (17 February 2015). "Three Ex-UBS Officials Said to Face Arrest in French Tax Probe". Bloomberg. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "The women who knew too much: the price to pay for whistleblowers". Euronews. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- 1 2 Crawford, David (8 November 2012). "Germany Probes UBS Staff on Tax-Evasion Allegations". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Vögeli, Jeffrey; Logutenkova, Elena (29 July 2014). "UBS Net Rises 15%; Bank Settles German Tax Investigation". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Shotter, James (29 July 2014). "UBS pays €300m to settle probe into tax evasion". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Topman UBS België in verdenking wegens fraude". VRT nieuws. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Logutenkova, Elena (31 August 2012). "Swiss Attorney General Opens Criminal Investigation of UBS". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Bruno Manser Fund takes Malaysian money-laundering case to the Swiss Federal Criminal Court". Malaysia Today. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Koswanage, Niluksi (2 April 2013). "In Malaysia's election, a focus on rainforest graft". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS to pay 545 million over forex scandal". Reuters. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ↑ "UBS pleads guilty in Libor case and is set to pay fines". Swissinfo. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ↑ David Evans (22 September 2015). "How UBS Spread the Pain of Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis to Clients". Bloomberg.com.
- ↑ "UBS wins Puerto Rico bond fund arbitration after spate of losses". Yahoo Finance. 11 September 2015.
- ↑ "Panama Papers with names: Politicians and Stars involved – Switzerland stays strong". Swiss Banking Lawyers. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- ↑ "UBS, HSBC Offshore Dealings Thrust Into Panama Papers Spotlight". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ↑ Simonian, Haig (12 January 2010). "UBS unveils code of conduct". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ "UBS introduces new code of business conduct". swissinfo. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ Bart, Katharina (12 January 2010). "UBS Lays Out Employee Ethics Code". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Wie die UBS ihre Reputation schützen will". Finews.ch. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ "RepRisk". GISR.Global Initiative for Sustainability Ratings. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ Jacquemart, Charlotte (13 June 2010). "Viele Investoren wollen keine Umwelt- und Sozialrisiken mehr. BP und UBS zeigen, wie schnell es abwärtsgehen kann". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ Rizzi, Elisabeth. "UBS hat im Ausland ein gutes Image". 20min.ch. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ "UBS turns to RepRisk for ESG data". Banking Technology. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ Adams, John (3 February 2012). "UBS Taps Big Data to Shrink Reputational Risk". American Banker. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Named a 2006 Working Mother 100 Best Company by Working Mother Magazine". 25 September 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Best Places to Launch a Career". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "2015 All-Europe Research Team". Institutional Investor. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Tops Thomson Reuters Extel Survey For 10th Year". hereisthecity.com. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Global Private Banking Awards 2013 – Winners and Highly Commended". Professional Wealth Management. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ "Global Private Banking Awards 2014 - Winners and highly commended". Professional Wealth Management. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ↑ PWM. "Global Private Banking Awards 2016 - Winners and highly commended". www.pwmnet.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- ↑ "UBS named industry group leader in Dow Jones Sustainability Indices for the second year running". UBS news. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ↑ "Morat-Fribourg - Le Mini Morat-Fribourg Murtenlauf". Atelier 32. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ "Swiss Olympic - Ochsner Sport". swissolympic.ch. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ "7 Hills Racing". 7hillsracing.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ "UBS Kids Cup". ubs.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ↑ "Lake Thun Festival".
- ↑ "Ravinia Festival".
- ↑ "Zürich Ballet".
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to UBS. |
- Media coverage
- UBS at Bloomberg
- UBS at the Financial Times
- "UBS collected news and commentary". The Guardian.
- UBS A.G. at The New York Times
- UBS at The Wall Street Journal
 Swiss Market Index companies of Switzerland | |
|---|---|
 Members of Euro Banking Association | |
|---|---|
| Austria |
|
| Belgium |
|
| Cyprus | |
| Denmark |
|
| Finland | |
| France |
|
| Germany |
|
| Greece | |
| Hungary | |
| Ireland | |
| Italy |
|
| Luxembourg |
|
| Netherlands | |
| Poland | |
| Portugal |
|
| Slovenia | |
| Spain |
|
| Sweden | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Non-EU |
|