U.S. Route 34 in Iowa

U.S. Highway 34
Red Bull Highway
Route information
Maintained by Iowa DOT
Length:	269.308 mi[1] (433.409 km)
Existed:	July 1, 1926 (1926-07-01)[2] – present
Major junctions
West end:	US 34 near Glenwood
	I-29 near Glenwood US 59 near Emerson US 71 near Villisca US 169 at Afton I-35 at Osceola US 65 at Lucas US 63 / Iowa 163 at Ottumwa US 218 / Iowa 27 at Mount Pleasant US 61 in Burlington
East end:	US 34 at Burlington
Location
Counties:	Mills Montgomery Adams Union Clarke Lucas Monroe Wapello Jefferson Henry Des Moines
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced Iowa Primary Highway System Interstate U.S. State Secondary Scenic ← Iowa 33 I-35 →

U.S. Highway 34 (US 34) is a United States Highway that runs across the southern third of Iowa. It begins on a bridge over the Missouri River west of Glenwood and travels east where it meets Interstate 29 (I-29) and US 275. Through southwestern Iowa, the highway is, for the most part, a two-lane rural road. Its interchanges with US 59 near Emerson and US 71 near Stanton and Villisca are located away from populated areas. At Osceola, the highway intersects I-35 and US 69. Just east of Ottumwa, where the road meets US 63, the road widens four lanes for the remainder of its trek through the state. At Mount Pleasant, it overlaps US 218 and Iowa 27, the Avenue of the Saints Highway. From there, the road heads to the southeast where it crosses the Mississippi River on the Great River Bridge at Burlington.

US 34 was one of the original U.S. Highways when the system was created in 1926, though it was preceded by the Blue Grass Route, which was a 310-mile-long (500 km) route that connected Council Bluffs and Burlington. In 1920, the Iowa State Highway Commission assigned route numbers to roads in order to improve wayfinding for travelers. The Blue Grass Route was assigned Primary Route No. 8 for its entirety. Six years later, No. 8 was renamed U.S Highway 34. In 1930, the highway became the first road to be fully paved across the state, though by the 1950s, that pavement was showing its age. The highway was straightened and widened to accommodate modern vehicles.

Starting in the 1960s, parts of the route were expanded to four lanes. A section of freeway was built in Burlington and expressway in Glenwood. During construction of the four-lane road in Glenwood, Native American remains were discovered. Their subsequent lab analysis and not immediate reburial created a controversy that eventually led to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. In the 1990s and 2000s, the highway between Ottumwa and West Burlington was widened to four lanes as part of a project to improve the Des Moines-to-Burlington corridor. Since the early 1990s, modern bridges that can handle high volumes of high-speed traffic have been built at both the eastern and western state lines. Both new bridges replaced older obsolete truss bridges.

Route description

U.S. Highway 34 extends across Iowa from west to east through the southern third of the state. It enters the state by crossing the Missouri River near Glenwood and exits over the Mississippi River on the Great River Bridge in Burlington. The majority of the highway follows a two-lane road over the southern Iowa drift plain. The eastern third of the route is a four-lane expressway; part of a corridor between Des Moines and Burlington.^[3] The Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) designated the entire length of US 34 as the Red Bull Highway, in honor of the 34th Infantry Division.^[4]

Western Iowa

US 34 enters Iowa on a bridge over the Missouri River near the mouth of the Platte River. It follows a four-lane expressway that shortly intersects Interstate 29 (I-29) and US 275. The latter highway joins US 34 from the north and the two highways travel together through Glenwood. The County Road L35 (CR L35) exit in southern Glenwood was, prior to 2003, the western end of the concurrency with US 275. A few miles east of town, the highway reduces to two lanes and US 275 diverges to the south. Continuing east, US 34 briefly curves to the north in order to pass over the BNSF Railway line that carries the California Zephyr.^[5][6]

The highway heads due-east past the towns of Malvern and Hastings before reaching Emerson. There, a jughandle provides a direct connection to US 59, which passes overhead. As the highway approaches Red Oak, it eases to the south-southeast. It intersects Iowa 48 between the East Nishnabotna River and Red Oak High School on the northern side of town. East of there, the highway heads southeast toward Stanton; it straightens out to east again near Viking Lake State Park. US 34 crosses the West Nodaway River shortly before a folded diamond interchange with US 71.^[6]

East of the US 71 junction, US 34 begins another section of highway that travels due east. It crosses the middle and eastern branches of the Nodaway River, the latter branch on the outskirts of Corning. There lies an intersection with Iowa 148. Still heading due east, the highway passes a cemetery at the junction with CR N46. At the end of the straight section, Iowa 25 meets the highway and the two routes head northeast toward Creston. There, the highways diverge on the western side of town and US 34 again heads to the east. The terrain becomes noticeably hillier. The highway intersects US 169 as it enters Afton.^[6]

Central Iowa

East of Afton, US 34 and US 169 head east; the road curves to avoid the BNSF Railway line. Some distance comes between the road and the rails and the highway straightens. US 169 turns off to the north and US 34 continues east toward Thayer. It passes Murray and then turns to the southeast in order to enter the sprawling commercial area on the western edge of Osceola. There the highway meets the entrance and exit ramps of I-35. Closer to downtown Osceola is the intersection with US 69.^[6] Iowa's busiest Amtrak station lies a few blocks to the north along US 69.^[7]

As it exits Osceola, US 34 passes a county park and again crosses the railroad. Rolling hills and truck lanes mark the road until just before Lucas. There, US 65 joins from the north and the two roads curve to the east and toward Lucas. The two roads split; US 65 turns to the south and US 34 curves to the northeast and then back to the southeast. On the outskirts of Chariton, the mainline US 34 bypasses the city to the south and a business route continues along the same vector. On the southern side of Chariton, there is a diamond interchange with Iowa 14. Near Red Haw State Park, the Chariton business route rejoins the mainline highway.^[6]

US 34 heads due east again. It passes the small towns of Russell and Melrose, both of which lie along the railroad so access to the towns is provided by short connector roads. Just north of the highway is the unincorporated town of Georgetown, which is home to the historic St. Patrick's Catholic Church. The railroad passes beneath the highway before both the road and rails enter Albia. It intersects Iowa 5 on the southern end of town. The highway curves through southern Iowa farmland as it heads towards Ottumwa.^[6]

Eastern Iowa

As US 34 approaches Ottumwa, an intersection with Albia Road leads traffic towards the southern half of the city. This section of Albia Road is a former section of US 34 and until recently, a section of US 34 Business. The mainline highway widens to four lanes and intersects the present endpoint of the business route at Quincy Avenue. It curves to the southeast along the bank of the Des Moines River and intersects Wapello Street, which carries both US 63 Business and Iowa 149. The junction is the southern end of Iowa 149. After a pair of interchanges, US 34 meets US 63 at a roundabout. The two highways cross the river and head generally northeast. The Roemer Avenue intersection marks the eastern end of the Ottumwa business route. Upon reaching the expressway on the eastern side of town, US 34 and US 63 split and head in opposite directions.^[6]

For the rest of its trek through Iowa, US 34 is routed along a four-lane expressway. It is the eastern leg of the Des Moines to Burlington Highway, which was given the Iowa 163 designation in 2009.^[8] The highway bypasses Agency and Batavia to the north. Between those towns, an interchange with Iowa 16 directs traffic to Eldon and the house that served as the backdrop to Grant Wood's painting American Gothic.^[6]

West of Fairfield, the highway curves to the southeast to begin a freeway bypass of the city. It passes over the BNSF Railway and the former routing of US 34, which becomes a business route. Iowa 1 intersects the freeway south of downtown. At-grade intersections resume past the eastern end of the Fairfield business route. The expressway gradually moves to the south as it goes by Lockridge and Rome, Iowa. Near Westwood, the highway abruptly curves to the northeast as the Mount Pleasant business route begins.^[6]

On the northern side of Mount Pleasant, three adjacent interchanges complete all movements between US 34 / Iowa 163 and US 218 / Iowa 27, the Avenue of the Saints Highway. The four routes briefly travel together to form the eastern edge of the city. As the business route rejoins the mainline, US 34 / Iowa 163 exit and head to the southeast towards New London.^[6]

The bypasses of New London and Danville keep the expressway west and south of each community. As it approaches Middletown, home of the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant, the highway takes a 90-degree turn to the east and becomes a freeway. Between Beaverdale and West Burlington, the highway crosses Mount Pleasant Street, which formerly carried US 34. It then winds past through the main residential area of West Burlington and meets US 61. The freeweay continues east and descends into the Mississippi River valley. Two exits provide access to downtown Burlington. The interchange for CR 99 sits at the foot of the Great River Bridge. The highway crosses the bridge and enters Illinois. The Iowa 163 designation ends on the bridge at the state line.^[6]

History

For over 100 years, the US 34 corridor has served travelers across southern Iowa. The route was first organized as the Blue Grass Route in 1910 during the height of the Good Roads Movement. Then, the road was maintained by the Iowa Blue Grass Road Association, which solicited donations from people who lived along the route.^[9] Ten years later, the Iowa General Assembly passed a primary road bill which shifted the responsibility of road maintenance from associations to Iowa's 99 counties. At the same time, route numbers were applied to the new primary highway system; the Blue Grass Route was designated Primary Road No. 8.^[2][10] In 1925, confusion between route associations and nascent state highway systems led to the creation of the U.S. Highway System.^[11] Primary Road No. 8 was replaced by U.S. Highway 34 the next year.^[12] Paving of the highway was completed in 1930; US 34 was the first road in Iowa to be completely paved.^[13]

Work began in the 1950s to modernize Iowa's highway system, mostly by straightening and widening the original highways built in the 1930s.^[14][15] By the end of the 1950s and into the 1960s, sections of US 34 were identified as parts of important corridors that required expansion to four lanes.^[16][17] Construction on the eastern and western sides of the state, in Burlington and Glenwood, respectively, did result in parts of the highway becoming four lanes, other highway projects were cut back during the 1970s recession.^[18][19] At Glenwood, the discovery and handling of Native American remains led to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.^[20] In the mid 1990s, the Iowa Department of Transportation began an ambitious project to expand seven important corridors, one of which connected Des Moines to Burlington. The portion of US 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington was finished in 2008 when the bypass of Fairfield opened.^[21] At both state line crossings, modern bridges capable of handling four-lane, high-speed traffic, were built to replace old and obsolete truss bridges. The Great River Bridge opened in Burlington in 1994 and the US 34 Missouri River Bridge replaced the Plattsmouth Bridge in 2014.^[22][23]

Blue Grass Route

Blue Grass Route
Location:	Council Bluffs–Burlington
Length:	310 mi[24] (500 km)
Existed:	1910–1925

The Blue Grass Route, also called the Blue Grass Road, was a 310-mile-long (500 km) route that connected Council Bluffs and Burlington. The road closely followed the mainline of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CBQ). Charles H. Thomas of Kent suggested the road's name because it traversed through, as he saw it, "the finest blue grass region of the country". The route was first organized in 1910 by Joe Long, a newspaper man from Osceola started to publicize the road's new moniker. Long organized the first committee meeting of residents along the route who were interested in promoting their highway and in good roads in general. In official trips along the route, the Iowa Blue Grass Road Association spoke to at least 10,000 people about the goals of the group and collected $40,000 (equivalent to $6.3 million in 2016 dollars^[25]) for the purpose of improving the road.^[9]

In 1913, shortly after the Iowa General Assembly passed legislation allowing road associations to officially register their route with the Iowa State Highway Commission. The Blue Grass Road Association sent the highway commission a check for $5 (equivalent to $129 in 2016^[26]) with the intent of becoming the first route registered by the state. Three years later, it was determined that the association had not completed its registration application, thus the road was not the first to be registered in Iowa. After communication resumed between Thomas, then the association president and state senator, and the state highway commission, the Blue Grass Road became an official registered route on December 1, 1917.^[27]

Primary highway

Primary Road No. 8
Location:	Council Bluffs–Burlington
Length:	310 mi (500 km)
Existed:	1920–1926

In 1919, the Iowa General Assembly passed a bill that created a fund for improving and hard-surfacing nearly 6,300 miles (10,100 km) of primary roads in the state. The primary road system was to connect every city and town with at least 1000 inhabitants.^[28] The bill gave Iowa's 99 counties the responsibility for maintaining the roads, which had previously fallen upon road associations that sponsored their respective highways.^[29] The new primary roads were assigned route numbers, a trend seen in other Midwestern states. Route numbers were painted onto telegraph and telephone poles in order to guide travelers without the need for maps.^[12] The Blue Grass Route was designated Primary Road No. 8 for the entirety of its route.^[10]

No. 8 followed a path through southern Iowa that resembles the path of US 34 today. It began on Main Street in downtown Council Bluffs at an intersection with Broadway, which carried No. 6, better known as the Lincoln Highway. No. 12 turned onto Main Street from Broadway to join No. 8. They headed south and east out of town and into the Loess Hills until Glenwood. Between Hillsdale, where No. 12 split away, and Hastings, the highway overlapped No. 4. It then turned south so it could pass through Emerson and downtown Red Oak. There was a short overlap of No. 18 after which the highway briefly turned south and then east. No. 8 entered Corning from the northwest and exited to the southeast. From Corning to Creston, No. 8 followed the current path of US 34. East of Creston, it curved toward Afton, where it intersected No. 16. From No. 16 to Chariton, No. 8 largely followed the current routing of US 34. The road passed through downtown Chariton and then to the southeast. From Albia to Ottumwa, it followed a curvy road located north of the present highway. Through Ottumwa, the road followed the southern bank of the Des Moines River and then crossed into downtown at sharp bend in the river. As the road snaked through southeastern Iowa, it was the main east–west street through Agency, Batavia, and Fairfield. Near Rome, No. 8 passed beneath the Burlington Route and it stayed north of the railroad until the road entered Mount Pleasant where it met No. 40. From Mount Pleasant, No. 8 headed to the southeast through New London and Danville then turned sharply east at Middletown. It entered Burlington along Mount Pleasant Street. As it neared downtown, the road crossed the CB&Q and turned south for a couple blocks and then east onto Washington Street. The highway ended at Main Street just blocks from the Mississippi River.

U.S. Highway origins

In the mid-1920s, automobile associations continued to sponsor their named routes — there were 64 such named routes in Iowa — on top of the route numbers given by the state highway commission. This proved to be more confusing than helpful to the casual traveler, so in 1924, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, later AASHTO) called for a national system of interstate highways. Of the 75,884 miles (122,123 km) proposed by AASHO, nearly 3,000 miles (4,800 km) were allocated to Iowa.^[11] Support for the system was unanimous in Iowa and the new national routings and route numbers were assigned in 1925. The Iowa State Highway Commission chose to renumber a few highways as to not have conflicting route numbers along important routes. U.S. Highway 34 was designated along Primary Road No. 8, which was the Blue Grass Route.^[2] Once the U.S. Highway System was established, the automobile association-sponsored roads gradually disappeared.^[11]

Originally, US 34's national western end was the corner of Main Street and Broadway in Council Bluffs, the same as Primary Road No. 8. Just a few blocks away was the national western end of U.S. Highway 32.^[30] US 275, which was designated in the latter half of 1931 as a shorter route between Omaha, Nebraska, and St. Joseph, Missouri,^[31] joined US 34 near Glenwood and ended in downtown Council Bluffs.^[32] However, the two highways would only share an endpoint for a few years. An automobile club in Nebraska sought to have US 34 extended through their state. In 1935, AASHO consented and the highway was rerouted west at Glenwood to cross the Missouri River at Plattsmouth and end at Grand Island, Nebraska.^[33] The relocated highway replaced Iowa 134, which had been designated five years prior.^[34][35]

Paving of the highway was completed in 1930 and US 34 was recognized as the first highway to be completed across the state. A celebration marking the occasion was held at the Iowana Hotel in Creston at which over 5000 guests, including Governor John Hammill, were in attendance.^[13] The Glenwood-to-Plattsmouth section that became part of US 34 in 1935 was paved in 1946 and 1947.^[36] The original pavement was 18 feet (5.5 m) wide, which was sufficient for the automobiles and traffic levels of the 1930s. But by the 1950s, increased traffic and wider vehicles took their toll on highways. In some parts of the state, highways were being widened to withstand modern vehicles. In 1951, road widening cost around $100,000 per mile or $62,000 per kilometer (equivalent to $2.6 million/mi or $1.6 million/km in 2016 dollars^[25]). A statewide project began in 1955 to widen roads three feet (91 cm) on each side to 22 feet (6.7 m) total width.^[14] In some instances, it was more cost effective to build a new road than to improve the older road. Between Emerson and Corning, a new road was going to be $2 million cheaper (equivalent to $38.9 million in 2016 dollars^[25]) than rebuilding the existing road.^[15] Between Albia and Ottumwa, an 18-mile-long (29 km) section of new highway to the south of the older road cost just over $1.8 million (equivalent to $31.9 million in 2016 dollars^[25]).^[37]

After two floods inundated Ottumwa in 1947, the city created an ambitious public works project beginning in 1955. The main part of the project was the straightening and widening of the Des Moines River through the city. The main channel of the river was an oxbow that curved into the southern half of the city; a smaller channel bordered the northern half.^[38] The smaller northern channel was to be widened to accommodate the full river. Dirt excavated for the new channel was to be used to build levees and to provide fill dirt for the relocation of US 34.^[39] The highway previously entered the city from the west along Albia Road, followed the curve of the river at Richmond Avenue, and turned onto Jefferson Avenue where it met US 63 a few blocks later, and crossed the river.^[40] The new path of US 34 was to take a more northerly route than Albia Road into the city and then follow the new southern bank of the river. US 63 was to be relocated at the same time. That highway was to be rerouted to the eastern side of the John Deere plant along the bank of the river and meet up with the new US 34 road.^[39] A new bridge over the Des Moines River, near the John Deere plant, along with an eastern bypass of the downtown area opened to traffic in 1966.^[41]

Four-lane upgrades

As early as 1958, an 11-member road study committee recommended the construction of a state freeway system not to exceed 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in length. This freeway system included sections of US 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington.^[16] Ten years later, the Iowa State Highway Commission approved a freeway-expressway system that would complement the Interstate Highway System under construction. Most of US 34 fell under the plan; from I-29 to Ottumwa, the road would be built to expressway standards and from Ottumwa to Burlington, it would be built up to freeway standards.^[17] In the early 1980s, following the recommendations of a 27-member task force organized by Governor Robert D. Ray, the Iowa Department of Transportation shifted its priorities from expansion of the primary highway system to maintenance of existing highways.^[42]

US 534 freeway

First announced in late 1965 and approved the next year, the Burlington freeway project, often called "US 534" in order to differentiate it from the existing US 34, was slated to be completed in 1974 at a cost of $7.6 million (equivalent to $105 million in 2016 dollars^[25]). The new highway was going to run from the MacArthur Bridge west to meet up with US 34 west of West Burlington. The routing of the freeway was not without opposition. The highway's path was planned to run through the North Hill neighborhood, whose residents were against the freeway forcing their relocations. Ultimately, land through North Hill was acquired, but at a cost of $2.6 million (equivalent to $26.5 million in 2016 dollars^[25]). The first section of freeway to open, six-tenths mile (970 m) between Third Street and Central Avenue, opened in 1971 to little fanfare. The seven blocks of new road cost $6.65 million (equivalent to $67.9 million in 2016 dollars^[25]), just under the original proposed cost of the entire project.^[43]

Ramps connecting the freeway to the MacArthur Bridge would not open until 1974. For most traffic, the new access to the bridge was seen as an improvement, but not for wide loads. Traffic wider than 12 feet (3.7 m) could not pass between the westbound tollbooth and railing. A temporary solution was for wide loads to pass through the eastbound tollbooth lane, temporarily blocking eastbound traffic, immediately exit the freeway via the eastbound on ramp, and perform an end-around on city streets to come back to the westbound on ramps.^[44]

Work progressed to the west toward Roosevelt Avenue (US 61). Curran Street was closed in late 1972 for the construction of an overpass above the freeway.^[45] By mid-1974, grading work was completed and crews were working on the laying road base and paving.^[46] A ribbon cutting ceremony on June 13, 1975, along with the removal of barricades, marked the opening of the freeway between Central and Roosevelt Avenues.^[47]

West of Roosevelt Avenue, construction lagged behind. Work was scheduled to begin in 1976 after the freeway opened up to Roosevelt Avenue, but financial problems at the Iowa Highway Commission, including 42 percent inflation of construction costs, led to delays. The commission had asked that US 534 project be delayed until at least 1978, which meant completion wouldn't occur until 1980. They also asked that the plans to widen US 61 from West to Sunnyside Avenues in western Burlington, which included the connection between the 534 freeway and US 34, be scrapped entirely. City leaders pressed the commission to include US 61 in their plans as its need was more urgent than the completion of the 534 freeway.^[48]

In February 1975, President Gerald Ford released $2 billion (equivalent to $14.7 billion in 2016 dollars^[25]) of impounded highway funds, of which, at least $40 million (equivalent to $294 million in 2016 dollars^[25]) was allocated for Iowa projects.^[49] With the new federal funding, the highway commission resumed the US 534 project, among other "ready to go" projects. Prior to the new funding, the commission was only going to build an interchange at Gear Avenue in West Burlington.^[50] Work was completed on the final section within two years. It opened officially with a ceremony on November 10, 1976, eleven years after it was first announced. Total cost for the project was $26 million (equivalent to $173 million in 2016 dollars^[25]), an amount considerably larger than the proposed $7.6 million.^[18] The next year, the Iowa Department of Transportation received approval from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to move US 34 onto the 534 freeway.^[51]

Glenwood expressway

On the other side of the state, a US 34 project near Glenwood was tied to construction of I-29. In late 1969, the Iowa Highway Commission announced its intention to relocate US 34 from the eastern junction of US 275 to an interchange along the new I-29.^[52] Once work on I-29 in the area was completed, the commission sought to work on the US 34 expressway.^[53] The exact routing, which was an approximately six-and-a-half-mile-long (10.5 km) southern bypass of Glenwood that connected to I-29 west of the city, was announced in mid-1970.^[54]

In 1971, during the grading phase of the project, about twenty gravesites along with the skeleton of a Native American teenage girl were found by highway workers. Archaeologists determined that the site was indicative of a white family cemetery from the 1850s. A district court judge ordered the highway commission to pay for the costs to move the remains to the cemetery in Glenwood, while the native skeleton was taken to the state archaeology lab in Iowa City for analysis.^[55] Archaeologists and anthropology students were allowed to dig at the site for two months, which produced earthlodge sites and artifacts from the Glenwood culture.^[56]

Maria Pearson, a Yankton Dakota woman, objected to the bones being taken to Iowa City, citing the Indian girl's "right to remain an Indian," even in death. Pearson threatened to hold an all-Indian protest at the state archaeologist's office until the girl's bones were reinterred. Pearson later said in a letter to the state archaeologist that reburial at the Glenwood Cemetery would be satisfactory since it was near where the remains were found.^[57] Pearson protested to Governor Robert D. Ray, by gaining an audience with him after entering outside his office in traditional attire. "You can give me back my people's bones and you can quit digging them up" she responded when the governor asked what he could do for her.^[58] The ensuing controversy led to the passage of the Iowa Burials Protection Act of 1976, the first legislative act in the U.S. that specifically protected Native American remains.^[59] The Iowa law led to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.^[20]

Work along the expressway progressed and by the end of 1972, most of the grading was completed and paving was scheduled for the next year.^[60] By mid-September, approximately half the cement-laying was finished. There was a possibility for the highway to be open to traffic by the end of 1973.^[61] However, when winter weather hit, there were about ten days of work remaining, which delayed the official opening of the road to early 1974.^[62] The expressway was dedicated on June 7, 1974, two weeks after it opened.^[19] US 34's relocation onto the new highway was made official when AASHTO gave consent later in the month.^[63]

Des Moines to Burlington highway

The road study organized in 1958 recommended that the Iowa Highway Commission create a freeway system not to exceed 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in length. This initial report identified roads that should be expanded to four lanes by 1980. In addition to the segments of US 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington, a road connecting Ottumwa to Des Moines was listed.^[16] An updated report in 1968 extended the four-lane road to Burlington and called for the highway to be built to freeway standards.^[17]

In 1996, the Iowa Transportation Commission approved an ambitious, $1.7-billion highway construction plan (equivalent to $3.25 billion in 2016 dollars^[25]) that would expand six important corridors to four-lane expressways—and not freeways—including the Des Moines to Burlington route, by 2004.^[64] Local officials applauded the project, stating that it would improve the state's economy overall and help southeastern Iowa businesses locally.^[65] The project received a major boost when President Bill Clinton signed a $216-billion highway bill on June 9, 1998, out of which $314 million was earmarked for Iowa projects (equivalent to $377 billion and $548 million in 2016 dollars, respectively^[25]).^[66] Plans to begin work on the new highway were submitted to the transportation commission and approved.^[67]

Budget constraints in the early part of the 2000s caused the Iowa DOT to table some highway projects, but they were still committed to completing the six high-priority corridors.^[68] Part of the budget issues were caused by a change in federal earmark philosophy. Prior to this change, the Congress would fund projects individually, but now funding was being given to states in the form of a block grant and discretion on how the funds would be used was now up to the states.^[69] The DOT was able to achieve some savings by extending the timeline for completing the priority projects.^[70]

Construction continued on the Des Moines-to-Burlington route, though at a slower pace. Grading along the bypasses of Danville and Middletown was well underway in 2003, three years behind the original schedule.^[67][71] Paving of the bypass of Mount Pleasant was set to begin in 2004.^[72] Ottumwa's bypass opened to traffic on November 19, 2007, also behind schedule.^[69][73] The new road shifted US 63 traffic out of downtown and onto US 34 heading east from the intersection of the two highways near the city's John Deere plant. The final section of the 165-mile-long (266 km) Des Moines to Burlington route was completed in November 2008. Governor Chet Culver presided over the ribbon cutting ceremony that celebrated the opening the Fairfield bypass and the completion of the 1996 highway plan.^[21] The next year, the Des Moines to Burlington route was given a single route number, Iowa 163, which had previously extended from Des Moines to Oskaloosa. Between Oskaloosa and Burlington, the Iowa 163 number was overlaid atop the existing route numbers, US 63 and US 34.^[8]

River crossings

Upon entering and exiting the state, US 34 crosses a major river — the Missouri River in the west and the Mississippi River in the east. Historically, the highway crossed each river on narrow, two-lane truss bridges. More recently, both river crossings have been replaced with modern four-lane bridges capable of handling high-speed traffic.

The MacArthur Bridge was a cantilever truss bridge that opened in March 1917 as the Citizen's Bridge. The connection from Burlington to Illinois cost $200,000 to build (equivalent to $19.7 million in 2016 dollars^[25]). The bridge was renamed the MacArthur Bridge in 1923 after J.A. MacArthur, the president of the Citizen's Bridge company.^[74] While in service, the toll bridge collected millions in revenue.^[75] Some of that revenue was siphoned away from bridge expenses to pay for unrelated projects. That practice ended in 1983 when all tolls were directed to bridge-related expenses only, including construction of a new bridge.^[76] Starting in 1974, tollbooth attendants weighed tractor-trailers on either side as the bridge only allowed trucks to cross safely from one direction at a time.^[77]

An environmental assessment completed in 1986 suggested that the costs of rehabilitating the MacArthur Bridge far outweighed the construction of a new bridge and recommended a cable-stayed bridge design in order to provide a 660-foot-wide (200 m) navigation channel.^[78] Workers began building the new bridge, the Great River Bridge, in 1988. The Great Flood of 1993 delayed opening of the bridge. The first two lanes opened to traffic on October 4, 1993, and opened fully on August 25, 1994. The new bridge cost $53 million (equivalent to $110 million in 2016 dollars^[25]). The MacArthur Bridge was dismantled shortly after the Great River Bridge opened.^[22]

On the other side of the state, the Plattsmouth Bridge was also showing its age. The 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) steel bridge was built in 1929 at a cost of $750,000 (equivalent to $50.2 million in 2016 dollars^[25]). Since opening, the bridge was owned and operated as a toll bridge by the Plattsmouth Bridge Company.^[79] Beginning in the 1990s, the Iowa DOT and Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) began looking at ways to improve access to I-29 from the southern parts of the Omaha metropolitan area. Both agencies sought to create free flowing traffic movement between US 75 and I-29. There were two Missouri River crossings in the project area, the Plattsmouth Bridge and the Bellevue Bridge, which carried Nebraska Highway 370 (N-370) and Iowa 370, that required traffic to pass through populated areas in order to move from US 75 to I-29. Neither the Plattsmouth Bridge nor the Bellevue Bridge at 20 and 22 feet (6.1 and 6.7 m) wide, respectively, met the functional requirements of traffic projections for the year 2030. Both the Iowa DOT and NDOR had plans to replace one of the two bridges, but a change in funding forced the agencies to combine resources to build one new bridge.^[80] The collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis on August 1, 2007, brought bridge safety to the national forefront. Inspections of the Plattsmouth and Bellevue Bridges determined that both bridges were among the least safe in Iowa.^[81]

In 2007, the bridge was sold to the City of Plattsmouth for $1 (equivalent to $1.16 in 2016). The city created a commission to operate and maintain the bridge.^[82] The move from private to public ownership allowed money from the Iowa DOT and NDOR to be used to restore the bridge.^[83] The bridge closed for $3.2 million (equivalent to $3.8 million in 2016 dollars^[25]) of rehabilitation work on April 21, 2008. Work included repairing the bridge deck and piers and installing new guardrails and lighting.^[84] The bridge reopened on November 9, 2008. At the time, it was hoped that the repairs would allow 20 to 25 years of continued use.^[85] Though a new US 34 bridge would mean that heavy truck traffic could be moved off of the Plattsmouth Bridge.^[82]

Officials from the Iowa DOT and NDOR agreed that once a new bridge between Bellevue and Plattsmouth was built, the US 34 designation would be pulled from the Plattsmouth Bridge and applied to the new bridge.^[80] Construction of the new bridge began in 2010. While earthwork farther inland could take place, no work at the river could take place between February and June because the crossing was located in the spawning zone of the rare pallid sturgeon. Any vibrations from construction could disrupt breeding. Crews were also halted between June and September 2011 because major flooding inundated the work zone. When construction resumed, it was estimated that only five percent of work had been completed. The delays pushed back the projected opening of the bridge from late 2013 to late 2014.^[86] The bridge was dedicated on October 22, 2014. Governors Terry Branstad of Iowa and Dave Heineman of Nebraska, both of whom spoke at the opening ceremony, felt the bridge would be a boon to the local economy and attract jobs.^[23] The US 34 designation was applied to the new bridge in May 2014, before construction was completed.^[87] After the new bridge opened, the state highway designation (N-370 and Iowa 370) was pulled from the Bellevue Bridge. An agreement to transfer jurisdiction of the highway on the Iowa side, from the state to Mills County, was reached in 2010. The transfer was to take place upon completion of the new bridge.^[88] At the Plattsmouth Bridge, a 3-short-ton (2.7-long-ton; 2.7 t) weight limit was posted on the bridge after rusted gusset plates were found.^[89]

Major intersections

County	Location	mi[1]	km	Exit	Destinations	Notes
Missouri River		0.000	0.000		US 34 west – South Bellevue	Continuation into Nebraska
				US 34 Missouri River Bridge; Nebraska–Iowa state line
Mills	Plattville Township	3.995	6.429		I-29 / US 275 west – Council Bluffs, Kansas City	Western end of US 275 overlap
	Glenwood	7.819	12.583	8	CR L35 – Glenwood, Pacific Junction
	Center Township	12.160	19.570		US 275 south – Sidney	Eastern end of US 275 overlap
	Indian Creek Township	26.152	42.088	—	To US 59 – Emerson, Oakland	Jughandle interchange
Montgomery	Red Oak	35.106	56.498		Iowa 48 – Red Oak, Elliott
	East Township	48.785	78.512	—	US 71 – Villisca, Atlantic	Interchange
Adams	Corning	62.011	99.797		Iowa 148 (Quincy Street) – Corning, Bedford
Adams–Union county line	Grant–Platte township line	75.735	121.884		Iowa 25 south – Clearfield	Western end of Iowa 25 overlap
Union	Creston	83.381	134.189		Iowa 25 north (Summer Street) – Greenfield	Eastern end of Iowa 25 overlap
	Afton	92.800	149.347		US 169 south (Douglas Street) – Mount Ayr	Western end of US 169 overlap
	Jones Township	99.003	159.330		US 169 north – Winterset	Eastern end of US 169 overlap
Clarke	Osceola	114.124	183.665		I-35 – Des Moines, Kansas City
		115.667	186.148		US 69 (Main Street) – Indianola, Amtrak station
Lucas	Lucas	131.105	210.993		US 65 north – Indianola	Western end of US 65 overlap
		131.668	211.899		US 65 south – Humeston	Eastern end of US 65 overlap
	Chariton	138.872	223.493		US 34 Business east (Court Avenue)
		140.286	225.768	—	Iowa 14 – Chariton, Corydon	Interchange
		141.499	227.721		US 34 Business west (Albia Road)
Monroe	Albia	166.739	268.340		Iowa 5 – Centerville, Knoxville
Wapello	Ottumwa	186.747	300.540		US 34 Business east (Quincy Street)
		187.246	301.343		US 63 Business north / Iowa 149 north (Wapello Street)	Western end of US 63 Business overlap
		187.752– 188.126	302.158– 302.759	—	Vine Street, Jefferson Street (US 34 Business) – Amtrak station
		188.719	303.714		US 63 south / US 63 Business ends – Bloomfield	Roundabout; eastern end of US 63 Bus overlap; western end of US 63 overlap
		190.079	305.902		US 34 Business west (Roemer Avenue)
		191.012	307.404	191	US 63 north – Oskaloosa	Eastern end of US 63 overlap
	Agency	195.191	314.129	195	CR V37 – Agency, Hedrick
	Pleasant Township	198.812	319.957	199	Iowa 16 east / CR V43 north – Eldon
Jefferson	Batavia	202.916	326.562	203	CR H43 – Batavia
	Center Township	210.866	339.356	210	US 34 Business (Burlington Avenue)
	Fairfield	214.833	345.740	212	Iowa 1 – Fairfield, Keosauqua
	Buchanan Township	218.197	351.154	214	US 34 Business (Burlington Avenue)
Henry	Tippecanoe Township	232.677	374.457	229	US 34 Business – Mount Pleasant, Westwood	Eastbound exit and westbound entrance only
		234.554	377.478	231	CR W55 – Mount Pleasant, Westwood	Westbound exit and eastbound entrance only
	Mount Pleasant	238.181	383.315	234	US 218 north / Iowa 27 north (US 218 Business) – Mount Pleasant, Iowa City
		238.903	384.477	45	US 218 north / Iowa 27 north	Western end of US 218 / Iowa 27 overlap; westbound exit and eastbound entrance only
		241.341	388.401	42	US 218 south / Iowa 27 south / US 34 Business (US 218 Business) – Keokuk, Mount Pleasant	Eastern end of US 218 / Iowa 27 overlap
	New London	247.924	398.995	244	CR X22 – New London, Mount Union
Des Moines	Middletown	259.420	417.496	255	Danville, Middletown
	West Burlington	262.589	422.596	258	CR X40 (Beaverdale Road) / Agency Road
		263.863	424.646	259	Mount Pleasant Street
		265.125	426.677	260	Gear Avenue – Bus Depot
	Burlington	266.728	429.257	261	US 61 (Roosevelt Street) – Fort Madison
		267.520	430.532	262A	Curran Street
		268.383	431.921	262B	Central Avenue, Snake Alley
		268.996	432.907	263	CR 99 (Main Street) – Amtrak terminal
Mississippi River		269.308	433.409	Great River Bridge; Iowa–Illinois state line; Iowa 163 ends
					US 34 east – Galesburg	Continuation into Illinois
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus       Incomplete access       Tolled

See also

Special routes of U.S. Route 34

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

Route map: Google

• Myers, Frank D. "The Blue Grass Road (Part 1)". The Lucas Countyan. 
• Morrison, Jeff. "Iowa termini of US 34". Iowa Highway Ends. 
• MacArthur Bridge Crossing Mississippi River At Burlington, Iowa on YouTube

U.S. Route 34
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