Two witnesses

The two witnesses, as depicted in the Bamberg Apocalypse, an 11th-century illuminated manuscript.

The two witnesses are two of God's prophets who are seen in a vision by John of Patmos, who appear during the Second woe in the Book of Revelation 11:1-14.

Both Barnabas & Paul were acknowledged to be apostles, and in the days of the 1st missionary travels, sought the kingdom of heaven amidst the people who dwelt upon the earth.

The two witnesses have been variously identified by theologians as two individuals, as two groups of people, or as two concepts. Dispensationalist Christians believe that the events described in the Book of Revelation will occur before and during the Second Coming of Christ and attempt to associate references in the Book of Revelation with historical or current happenings and people.

Biblical narrative

John is told that the court of God's temple would be trampled on by the nations for 42 months. During that period for 1,260 days (or 42 months, or 3½ years), two witnesses would be granted authority to prophesy. They are described as two olive trees and two lampstands who stand before the Lord of the earth. Both are able to devour their enemies with fire that flows out of their mouths. Also, they have power over the sky and waters and are able to strike the earth with plague.

After their testimony, the Beast overcomes the two witnesses and kills them. For three and a half days, the people of the earth celebrate the two witnesses' death (who have tormented them for three and a half years) and will not permit the witnesses a proper burial. After this time, God resurrects the two witnesses; their resurrection strikes fear on everyone witnessing their revival, and the two witnesses then ascend to heaven. In the next hour, a great earthquake occurs and kills 7000 men, destroying a tenth of the city.[1]

Textual analysis

These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands standing before the God of the earth. Revelation 11:4

According to the text, the two witnesses are symbolised as the "two olive trees and the two lampstands" that have the power to destroy their enemies, control the weather and cause plagues.[2] Their description as "two olive trees and two lampstands" may be symbolism, allegory, or literal.[3]

Identity

In attempting to exegete Revelation 11, commentators who hold to a premillennial eschatology generally interpret the two witnesses in one of three ways: (1) as individuals either manifested in some form of reincarnation; or "in the spirit" of biblical prophets who once appeared in Bible history; or simply as two individuals newly arrived on the earth; (2) as corporate in nature (human) standing for the Church only or for Israel only; or both Israel and the Church; or for both Jewish and Gentiles believers in Jesus; or (3) as symbolism or an expression of biblical concepts (i.e., the Old and New Testaments; the Law and the Prophets;[4] Mercy and Grace).

Literalist view

The literalist typically has a dispensationalist or futurist interpretation that the two witnesses will be actual people who will appear in the Last days.[5][6] However, there are varying views as to the identity of the two witnesses.

Early Christians, such as Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Hippolytus of Rome, have concluded that the two witnesses would be Enoch and Elijah, prophets who did not die because God "took" them according to other Biblical passages.

Others have proposed Moses as one of the witnesses, for his ability to turn water into blood and the power to plague the earth.[7]

Modern theologians, such as John Walvoord, have furthered the point of individualism by comparing the "two lampstands" and the "two olive trees" of Revelation 11 to the two golden pipes and two olive trees/branches of Zechariah 4. By the identification of the two olive branches as "two anointed ones" or "two sons of the oil", in Zechariah, this reinforces the literalist interpretation that the two witnesses are two people.[8] The personification of the two witnesses in Revelation, is so prevalent that according to theologian William Barclay, the passage seems to refer to definite persons.[9] Walvoord further pointed out that because the Revelation passage does not specifically identify who the two witnesses are, it would be safer to conclude that they are not related to any previous historical character.

Christian symbolism

The two witnesses have been interpreted as representing the Church or a similar concept. The 1599 Geneva Study Bible has asserted that the two witnesses are the exclusive purview of the church.[10] Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible gives one church interpretation as consisting of believing Jews and that of the Gentiles.[11] John Wesley in his commentary on Revelation 11 suggests a more spiritual, almost ambiguous, application.[12] John Gill's Exposition of the Bible interprets the two witnesses as the true Church in counterdistinction to the antichrist system of Roman Catholicism.[13] Ross Taylor's Verse by Verse Commentary on Revelation clearly defines the Church as the "two olive trees and the two lampstands."

Similarly, the two witnesses have been identified as Israel and the Christian Church. The number two has been associated with the witness of Israel to the Gentile nations during the 70th Week of Daniel's prophecy.[14] The olive tree in the Scripture signifies Israel. The "witness of the Church" is signified by the two lampstands, whose identity was disclosed by the seven golden lampstands (i.e., candlesticks) revealed in Revelation 2-3 as the "churches." Revelation 2:1 refers to the churches as golden lampstands.

It has also been proposed that the two witnesses are the witnessing church, because Jesus sent out his disciples "two by two",[15]

Original manuscripts

According to Codex Alexandrinus (A), Codex Vaticanus, Codex Ephraemi (C), as the oldest manuscripts, as well as early church theologians such as Arethas of Caesarea, the original Greek text of Revelation 11:8 uses the word 'body' instead of 'bodies', whereas later the text switches back to using the plural form 'bodies' in verse 9. The plural v. singular ambiguity is reinforced in Rev. 11:5 where the original Greek text of the oldest manuscripts uses the term 'mouth' in the singular instead of 'mouths' in the plural. Therefore, verse 11:5 reads: "And If any one desireth to hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies," and verse 11:8 reads "And their dead body shall be in the street of the great city."[16] Some authors have suggested that this grammar is the strongest clue to identifying who this end time prophets (or prophet) are, such as Leon G. Van Wert is his book The Jewish Popes: The Two Harbingers of the End Times,[17] who elucidates how it is possible, based on the grammatical interpretation of the text, that the two witnesses be represented by just one person who would be a Jewish Pope, since the text requires that the "two" witnesses have one common i.e. shared mouth, and one shared body, and therefore "they" have to be a single person. However, others have suggested to use the scriptural definition of the meaning of one body from Genesis 2:24, where a husband and a wife are united to form one flesh. In Mark 10:8 Jesus emphasizes that after marriage a husband and a wife "are no longer two, but one flesh." There are many Bible readers and theologians who share this view, and they have pointed out that this fact of the possibility of an end-time female prophet should be allowed to surface to greater public awareness in spite of fears due to alleged accusations of a deeply rooted misogynistic attitude at certain echelons in Church and theological organizations.

Other views

In the Seventh-day Adventist interpretation, Uriah Smith and Ellen G. White considered the two witnesses to be the Old and New Testaments.[18][19][20] They believed that the French Revolution was the time when the "two witnesses" were killed.[21][22] Other Historicists consider the Two Witnesses also in this way.[23][24]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that the two witnesses would be two prophets on a mission to the Jews in the modern nation of Israel,[25][26] possibly two members of their Quorum of the Twelve or their First Presidency,[27] who are considered to be prophets by the church. Some members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claim that Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum Smith, Assistant President from 1841-1844, are the two witnesses in Revelation 11.[28]

The Testimony of the Two Witnesses website declares that Peter the Roman will be one of the two witnesses of the Book of Revelation.[29]

The two witnesses play a central role in the supernatural drama television series Sleepy Hollow.  The first witness is Ichabod Crane (Tom Mison), a Revolutionary War soldier who, after battling with the Horseman of Death (whom he causes to be headless), awakens in Sleepy Hollow in 2013.  The second witness is Lieutenant Abbie Mills (Nicole Beharie), a contemporary woman in law enforcement who helps Crane adjust to the 21st century and aids him in battling dæmonic forces.  The two witnesses must face 'Seven Tribulations' (although other characters note that the Witnesses are only required to witness the events rather than take action themselves), the first being Moloch, the master of the Horsemen.  The second Tribulation is Pandora and her master, an ancient Sumerian god known as the Hidden One.  Although Lieutenant Mills (now Agent Mills of the F. B. I.) loses her soul, there must always be two witnesses, and the mantle passes on to Molly Thomas (Oona Yaffe) on her eleventh birthday.  Not long thereafter, Molly's older self, going by the name Lara (Seychelle Gabriel), comes from the future to aid Crane in his battles, thereby assuming the mantle of the witness from her younger self.

In the Left Behind franchise, the two witnesses prophesy at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem. They are later revealed to be Elijah and Moses, and are killed by the Antichrist Nicolae Carpathia.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Revelation 11:1-13
  2. ↑ Revelation 11:4-6
  3. ↑ "Bible Commentaries". Precept Austin. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  4. ↑ Hitchcock 1999, p. 120
  5. ↑ Walvoord 1999, p. 574
  6. ↑ Hitchcock 1999, p. 122
  7. ↑ Hitchcock 1999, pp. 121–2
  8. ↑ Hitchcock 1999, p. 121
  9. ↑ Barclay 2004, p. 80
  10. ↑ "Revelation 11". Geneva Study Bible.
  11. ↑ Matthew Henry. "Revelation 11".
  12. ↑ John Wesley. "Revelation 11".
  13. ↑ John Gill. "Revelation 11:3".
  14. ↑ Bullinger, E. W. (2001) [1921]. Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance (4th ed. rev. ed.). London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Bible Warehouse). Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  15. ↑ Taylor, R A (2000-03-17). "Revelation: A Reference Commentary" (PDF). pp. 111–112. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  16. ↑ Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (1859). The Book of Revelation translated from the ancient Greek text. London: S. Bagster and Sons. p. 20.
  17. ↑ Van Wert, Leon G. (2009). The Jewish Popes: The Two Harbingers of the End Times. United States of America: Tate Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  18. ↑ "If I Were Told the Future — Lesson 57: The Two Witnesses". Cyberspace Ministry. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  19. ↑ "GC: Chap.15". Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  20. ↑ "Revelation Chapter XI". Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  21. ↑ Smith, p.539 - "But 'the triumphing of the wicked is short;' so was it in France, for their war on the Bible and Christianity had well-nigh swallowed them all up. They set out to destroy Christ's 'two witnesses,' but they filled France with blood and horror, so that they were horror-struck at the result of their wicked deeds, and were glad to remove their impious hands from the Bible"
  22. ↑ White, p.265. "The war against the Bible, carried forward for so many centuries in France, culminated in the scenes of the Revolution."
  23. ↑ The Seventh Vial, Dr J. A. Wylie, p.105
  24. ↑ Thirteen Lectures on the Apocalypse, Robert Roberts
  25. ↑ "Doctrine and Covenants 77:15". Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  26. ↑ Orson Pratt, Journal of Discourses 16:329
  27. ↑ http://www.lds.org/manual/doctrine-and-covenants-student-manual/section-69-80/section-77-questions-and-answers-on-the-book-of-revelation?lang=eng: "No doubt they will be members of the Council of the Twelve or of the First Presidency of the Church," Bruce R. McConkie
  28. ↑ Stoddard, James F. (Excecutive Producer) (April 11, 2017). Unlocking the Mystery of the Two Prophets: Revelation 11 Part 1 (Motion picture). IMDB: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6797964/
  29. ↑ "The Two Witnesses share their Testimony with the World". Retrieved 11 October 2016.

References

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