Twelve-step program

A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles outlining a course of action for recovery from addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems. Originally proposed by Bill Wilson[1] to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as a method of recovery from alcoholism,[2] the Twelve Steps were first published in the 1939 book Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism.[3] The method was adapted and became the foundation of other twelve-step programs.

As summarized by the American Psychological Association, the process involves the following:[2]

Twelve-step groups involve 5 million people annually in a variety of addictions and psychological disorders. The programs have been criticized for being "non-medical", having "bad science" in their views and treatment, and for insistence on tying "blind faith" in "God" or “higher power” to treatment.[4] The original twelve-step program, Alcoholics Anonymous with about 60,000 groups, maintains that it is a spiritual program "not allied with any sect, denomination, politics, organization or institution" including religion.[5] Peer reviewed studies of AA claim a five to 10 percent success rate for newcomers, while AA reports that 68 percent of members were sober for more than a year. In 1951 AA was given an award by the American Public Health Association without any scientific claim to prove it was successful.[6]


Overview

Twelve-step methods have been adapted to address a wide range of alcoholism, substance-abuse and dependency problems. Over 200 self-help organizations—often known as fellowships—with a worldwide membership of millions—now employ twelve-step principles for recovery. Narcotics Anonymous was formed by addicts who did not relate to the specifics of alcohol dependency.[7]

Demographic preferences related to the addicts' drug of choice has led to the creation of Cocaine Anonymous, Crystal Meth Anonymous and Marijuana Anonymous. Behavioral issues such as compulsion for, and/or addiction to, gambling, crime, food, sex, hoarding, debting and work are addressed in fellowships such as Gamblers Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, Sexaholics Anonymous and Debtors Anonymous.

Auxiliary groups such as Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for friends and family members of alcoholics and addicts, respectively, are part of a response to treating addiction as a disease that is enabled by family systems.[8] Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACA or ACOA) addresses the effects of growing up in an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family. Co-Dependents Anonymous (CoDA) addresses compulsions related to relationships, referred to as codependency.

History

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), the first twelve-step fellowship, was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Robert Holbrook Smith, known to AA members as "Bill W." and "Dr. Bob", in Akron, Ohio. They established the tradition within the "anonymous" twelve-step programs of using only first names "at the level of press, radio and film."[9]

As AA chapters were increasing in number during the 1930s and 1940s, the guiding principles were gradually defined as the Twelve Traditions. A singleness of purpose emerged as Tradition Five: "Each group has but one primary purpose—to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers".[10] Consequently, drug addicts who do not suffer from the specifics of alcoholism involved in AA hoping for recovery technically are not welcome in "closed" meetings unless they have a desire to stop drinking alcohol.[11] The reason for such emphasis on alcoholism as the problem is to overcome denial and distraction.

The principles of AA have been used to form many numbers of other fellowships specifically designed for those recovering from various pathologies; each emphasizes recovery from the specific malady which brought the sufferer into the fellowship.[12]

In 1953, AA gave permission for Narcotics Anonymous to use its Steps and Traditions.[13]

Twelve Steps

The following are the original twelve steps as published by Alcoholics Anonymous:[14]

  1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable.
  2. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.
  3. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.
  4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
  5. Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.
  6. Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.
  7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.
  8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.
  9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.
  10. Continued to take personal inventory, and when we were wrong, promptly admitted it.
  11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out.
  12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.

In some cases, where other twelve-step groups have adapted the AA steps as guiding principles, step one is uniquely different for each organization, these are sometimes altered to emphasize principles important to those particular fellowships, or to remove gender-biased language.[15][16][17][18]

Most of the alternate wordings are in Step 1 and Step 12, see List of Twelve Step alternate wordings.

Twelve Traditions

The Twelve Traditions accompany the Twelve Steps. The Traditions provide guidelines for group governance. They were developed in AA in order to help resolve conflicts in the areas of publicity, religion and finances.[19] Alcoholics Anonymous' Twelve Traditions are:[9]

  1. Our common welfare should come first; personal recovery depends upon AA unity.
  2. For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority—a loving God as He may express Himself in our group conscience. Our leaders are but trusted servants; they do not govern.
  3. The only requirement for AA membership is a desire to stop drinking.
  4. Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole.
  5. Each group has but one primary purpose—to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers.
  6. An AA group ought never endorse, finance, or lend the AA name to any related facility or outside enterprise, lest problems of money, property, and prestige divert us from our primary purpose.
  7. Every AA group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions.
  8. Alcoholics Anonymous should remain forever non-professional, but our service centers may employ special workers.
  9. AA, as such, ought never be organized; but we may create service boards or committees directly responsible to those they serve.
  10. Alcoholics Anonymous has no opinion on outside issues; hence the AA name ought never be drawn into public controversy.
  11. Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always to maintain personal anonymity at the level of press, radio, and films.
  12. Anonymity is the spiritual foundation of all our traditions, ever reminding us to place principles before personalities.

Process

Recovery is sought in several areas, which may include physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual.[20][21][22]

For addicts and alcoholics, the physical dimension is best described by the allergy-like bodily reaction, which results in the compulsion to continue using substances after the initial use. For groups not related to substance abuse, this physical manifestation could be more varied including, but not limited to: compulsive hoarding, distractibility, eating disorders, dysfunctional enabling, hyperactivity, hypomania, insomnia, irritability, lack of motivation, laziness, mania, panic attacks, psychosomatic illnesses, poor impulse control, procrastination, self-injury and suicide attempts.[23][24]

The statement in the First Step that the individual is "powerless" over the substance-abuse related behavior at issue refers to the lack of control over this compulsion. Twelve-step groups claim that an addict can never be completely cured of their addiction and will be an addict for life, but through the program can learn to control it and have power over it.[25]

The emotional obsession is the cognitive processes that cause the individual to repeat the compulsive behavior after some period of abstinence, either knowing that the result will be an inability to stop or operating under the delusion that the result will be different. The description in the First Step of the life of the alcoholic or addict as "unmanageable" refers to the lack of choice that the mind of the addict or alcoholic affords concerning whether to drink or use again.[26]

Twelve-step programs often refer to the "spiritual malady" whose symptoms are described in the Original 1938 Multilith Manuscript of Alcoholics Anonymous:[27]

  1. being restless, irritable, and discontented (page xxvi),
  2. having trouble with personal relationships,
  3. not being able to control our emotional natures,
  4. being a prey to (or suffering from) misery and depression,
  5. not being able to make a living (or a happy and successful life),
  6. having feelings of uselessness,
  7. being full of fear,
  8. unhappiness,
  9. inability to be of real help to other people (page 52),
  10. being like "the actor who wants to run the whole show" (pages 60–61),
  11. being "driven by a hundred forms of fear, self-delusion, self-seeking, and self-pity" (page 62),
  12. self-will run riot (page 62),
  13. leading a double life (page 73),
  14. living like a tornado running through the lives of others (page 82), and
  15. exhibiting selfish and inconsiderate habits.

These maladies are identified by a common identifier of self-centeredness which is believed to be the root of the troubles in addiction.[27] It is this perspective that some twelve-step organizations have found useful.[23][24] Participating in a twelve-step program is intended to replace self-centeredness with a growing moral consciousness and a willingness for self-sacrifice and unselfish constructive action.[24] In twelve-step groups, this is known as a spiritual awakening or religious experience.[28]

In accordance with the First Step, twelve-step groups emphasize self-admission by members of the problem they are recovering from. It is in this spirit that members often identify themselves along with an admission of their problem, often as "Hi, I’m [first name only], and I’m an alcoholic".[29]

Sponsorship

A sponsor is a more experienced person in recovery who guides the less-experienced aspirant ("sponsee") through the program's twelve steps. New members in twelve-step programs are encouraged to secure a relationship with at least one sponsor who both has a sponsor and has taken the twelves steps themselves.[30] Publications from twelve-step fellowships emphasize that sponsorship is a "one on one" nonhierarchical relationship of shared experiences focused on working the Twelve Steps.[31][32][33] According to Narcotics Anonymous:

Sponsors share their experience, strength, and hope with their sponsees... A sponsor's role is not that of a legal adviser, a banker, a parent, a marriage counselor, or a social worker. Nor is a sponsor a therapist offering some sort of professional advice. A sponsor is simply another addict in recovery who is willing to share his or her journey through the Twelve Steps.[34]

Sponsors and sponsees participate in activities that lead to spiritual growth. Experiences in the program are often shared by outgoing members with incoming members. This rotation of experience is often considered to have a great spiritual reward.[35] These may include practices such as literature discussion and study, meditation, and writing. Completing the program usually implies competency to guide newcomers which is often encouraged.[36] Sponsees typically do their Fifth Step, review their moral inventory written as part of the Fourth Step, with their sponsor. The Fifth Step, as well as the Ninth Step, have been compared to confession and penitence.[37] Michel Foucault, a French philosopher, noted such practices produce intrinsic modifications in the person—exonerating, redeeming and purifying them; relieves them of their burden of wrong, liberating them and promising salvation.[37][38]

The personal nature of the behavioral issues that lead to seeking help in twelve-step fellowships results in a strong relationship between sponsee and sponsor. As the relationship is based on spiritual principles, it is unique and not generally characterized as "friendship". Fundamentally, the sponsor has the single purpose of helping the sponsee recover from the behavioral problem that brought the sufferer into twelve-step work, which reflexively helps the sponsor recover.[30]

A study of sponsorship as practiced in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous found that providing direction and support to other alcoholics and addicts is associated with sustained abstinence for the sponsor, but suggested that there were few short-term benefits for the sponsee's one-year sustained abstinence rate.[39][40]

Effectiveness

Alcoholics Anonymous is the largest of all the twelve-step programs (from which all other twelve-steps programs are derived), followed by Narcotics Anonymous; the majority of twelve-step members are recovering from addiction to alcohol or other drugs. The majority of twelve-step programs, however, address illnesses other than substance addiction. For example, the third-largest twelve-step program, Al-Anon, assists family members and friends of people who have alcoholism and other addictions. About twenty percent of twelve-step programs are for substance addiction recovery, the other eighty percent address a variety of problems from debt to depression.[41] It would be an error to assume the effectiveness of twelve-step methods at treating problems in one domain translates to all or to another domain,[42] therefore readers are directed to relevant sections in each group's article.

The belief in a higher power suggested in them, are common criticisms of twelve-step programs universal applicability and efficacy.[43] Only about 3 percent of people suffering from alcoholism and attending Alcoholic Anonymous involved in a study found recovery results without relapse from the 12-step program's treatment, results which were in the same range as Cognitive behavioral therapy and Motivation Enhancement Therapy.[44]

Many addiction treatment programs encourage participation in a 12-step support group. There is evidence that 12-step based addiction treatment programs have better abstinence outcomes than cognitive behavioral based programs. [45]

Confidentiality

The Twelve Traditions encourage members to practice the spiritual principle of anonymity in the public media and members are also asked to respect each other's confidentiality.[46] This is a group norm,[46] however, and not legally mandated; there are no legal consequences to discourage those attending twelve-step groups from revealing information disclosed during meetings.[47] Statutes on group therapy do not encompass those associations that lack a professional therapist or clergyman to whom confidentiality and privilege might apply. Professionals and paraprofessionals who refer patients to these groups, to avoid both civil liability and licensure problems, have been advised that they should alert their patients that, at any time, their statements made in meetings may be disclosed.[47]

Cultural identity

One review warned of detrimental iatrogenic effects of twelve-step philosophy and labeled the organizations as cults,[48] while another review asserts that these programs bore little semblance to religious cults and that the techniques used appeared beneficial to some.[49] Another study found that a twelve-step program's focus on self-admission of having a problem increases deviant stigma and strips members of their previous cultural identity, replacing it with the deviant identity.[50] Another study asserts that the prior cultural identity may not be replaced entirely, but rather members found adapted a bicultural identity.[51]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age aa.org
  2. 1 2 VandenBos, Gary R. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 1-59147-380-2. OCLC 65407150.
  3. ↑ Bill W. (June 2001). Alcoholics Anonymous (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN 1-893007-16-2. OCLC 32014950.
  4. ↑ Flanagin, Jake. "The Surprising Failures of 12 Steps". The Atlantic. The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Alcoholics Anonymous (Fall 2003). "The A.A. Program — Spiritual But Never ‘Religious’" (PDF). About AA: A Newsletter for Professionals.
  6. ↑ Flanagin, Jake. "The Surprising Failures of 12 Steps". The Atlantic. The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  7. ↑ Narcotics Anonymous (1987). "Chapter 8: We Do Recover". Narcotics Anonymous (4th ed.). Van Nuys, CA: Narcotics Anonymous World Service Office. ISBN 0-912075-02-3. OCLC 14377415.
  8. ↑ Crnkovic, A. Elaine; DelCampo, Robert L. (March 1998). "A Systems Approach to the Treatment of Chemical Addiction". Contemporary Family Therapy. Springer Science + Business Media. 20 (1): 25–36. ISSN 1573-3335. doi:10.1023/A:1025084516633.
  9. 1 2 "The Twelve Traditions". The A.A. Grapevine. Alcoholics Anonymous. 6 (6). November 1949. ISSN 0362-2584. OCLC 50379271.
  10. ↑ Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. Hazelden. February 2002. ISBN 0-916856-01-1. OCLC 13572433.
  11. ↑ "For Anyone New Coming to A.A.; For Anyone Referring People to A.A.". Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved June 15, 2006.
  12. ↑ Vaillant, George E. (2002). "Singleness of Purpose" (PDF). About AA: A Newsletter for Professionals (Fall/Winter).
  13. ↑ "The Founding of Narcotics Anonymous in California in 1953". January 13, 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  14. ↑ Bill W. (June 2001). "Chapter 5: How It Works". Alcoholics Anonymous (PDF) (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. ISBN 1-893007-16-2. OCLC 32014950.
  15. ↑ "World Service Board of Trustees Bulletin #13: Some thoughts regarding our relationship to Alcoholics Anonymous". Narcotics Anonymous World Services. February 23, 2007. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
  16. ↑ "NA History Chronology". January 13, 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2007. 1953: ... this committee met regularly ... From the beginning ... 12 Steps ... 12 Traditions ... All Steps had ‘We’
  17. ↑ "The 12 Steps of Recovery". Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  18. ↑ "The Twelve Steps of Marijuana Anonymous". Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  19. ↑ Bill W. (April 1946). "Our A.A. Experience Has Taught Us That:". The A.A. Grapevine. Alcoholics Anonymous. 2 (11). ISSN 0362-2584. OCLC 50379271.
  20. ↑ "Alcoholics Anonymous : Alcoholics Anonymous".
  21. ↑ Overeaters Anonymous
  22. ↑ Hartigan, Francis (2001). "Niacin". Bill W.: A Biography of Alcoholics Anonymous Cofounder Bill Wilson. St. Martin’s Press. pp. 205–208. ISBN 978-0-312-28391-9.
  23. 1 2 Kurtz LF, Chambon A (1987). "Comparison of self-help groups for mental health". Health & Social Work. 12 (4): 275–83. PMID 3679015.
  24. 1 2 3 Ronel, Natti (2000). "From Self-Help to Professional Care: An Enhanced Application of the 12-Step Program". The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 36 (1): 108–122. ISSN 1552-6879. OCLC 1783135. doi:10.1177/0021886300361006.
  25. ↑ "A GUIDE to the TWELVE STEPS of ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  26. ↑ Alcoholics Anonymous (June 2001). "Chapter 2: There Is a Solution". Alcoholics Anonymous (PDF) (4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. p. 21. ISBN 1-893007-16-2. OCLC 32014950. These observations would be academic and pointless if [he] never took the first drink, thereby setting the terrible cycle in motion. Therefore, the main problem.... centers in his mind.... The fact is that most alcoholics ... have lost the power of choice in drink ... unable, at certain times, to bring into [his] consciousness with sufficient force the memory of the suffering and humiliation of a month or even a week ago. [He] is without defense against the first drink.
  27. 1 2 "AA History -- The Original 1938 Multilith AA Manuscript". www.barefootsworld.net. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
  28. ↑ Roehe, Marcelo V. (September–December 2004). "Religious Experience in Self-Help Groups: the neurotics anonymous example". Psicologia em Estudo (in Portuguese). 9 (3): 399–407. ISSN 1413-7372. doi:10.1590/S1413-73722004000300008.
  29. ↑ Hayes, Terrell (February 2000). "Stigmatizing Indebtedness: Implications for Labeling Theory". Symbolic Interaction. 23 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1525/si.2000.23.1.29.
  30. 1 2 "Sponsorship Q&A (pamphlet)" (PDF). New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.
  31. ↑ "NYCMA: What is a Sponsor?". New York Crystal Meth Anonymous Intergroup. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
  32. ↑ "#SLAA Online Group of Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous: Sponsorship Online". February 5, 2007. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Overeaters Anonymous Unity Intergroup Website: Sponsorship". September 19, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
  34. ↑ Narcotics Anonymous (2004). "Sponsorship, Revised (pamphlet): What does a sponsor do?" (PDF). Van Nuys, CA: Narcotics Anonymous. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-17.
  35. ↑ "The A.A. Group…Where it all begins How a group Functions How to get started" (PDF). P-16 The A.A. Group ... where it all begins. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  36. ↑ "Questions & Answers on Sponsorship" (PDF). P-15 Questions & Answers on Sponsorship. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  37. 1 2 Kriz, Kerri-Lynn Murphy (May 2002). The Efficacy of Overeaters Anonymous in Fostering Abstinence in Binge-Easting Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  38. ↑ Morenberg, Adam (July 2004). Governing Wayward Consumers: Self-Change and Recovery in Debtors Anonymous (PDF) (Master of Arts, Sociology). Tampa, Florida: University of South Florida. OCLC 56564118. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  39. ↑ Crape, Byron L.; Latkin, Carl A.; Laris, Alexandra S.; Knowlton, Amy R. (February 2002). "The effects of sponsorship in 12-step treatment of injection drug users". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 65 (3): 291–301. PMID 11841900. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00175-2.
  40. ↑ "NCJRS Abstract: National Criminal Justice Reference Service". Ncjrs.gov. February 1, 2002. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  41. ↑ Makela, Klaus (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous as a Mutual-help Movement: A Study in Eight Societies. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-15004-6.
  42. ↑ Saulnier, Christine (Winter 1996). "Images of The Twelve-step model, and Sex and Love Addiction in an Alcohol Intervention Group for Black Women". Journal of Drug Issues. 26 (1): 95.
  43. ↑ Brandsma, Jeffrey M. (1976). "Toward a More Rational Alcoholics Anonymous". Rational Living. 11 (1): 35–37. ISSN 0034-0049. OCLC 1763461.
  44. ↑ Robert B. Cutler "Are alcoholism treatments effective? The Project MATCH data" BMC Public Health. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  45. ↑ Humphreys, Keith; Moos, Rudolf (May 2001). "Can Encouraging Substance Abuse Patients to Participate in Self-Help Groups Reduce Demand for Health Care? A Quasi-Experimental Study". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 25 (5): 711–716. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02271.x. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  46. 1 2 Levine, Betsy; Kellen, Bonnie (2000). "Chapter 18: Debtors Anonymous and Psychotherapy". In Benson, April Lane. I shop, therefore I am: compulsive buying and search for shelf. pp. 431–454. ISBN 0-7657-0242-8. OCLC 301650820.
  47. 1 2 Coleman P (December 2005). "Privilege and confidentiality in 12-step self-help programs. Believing the promises could be hazardous to an addict's freedom". The Journal of Legal Medicine. 26 (4): 435–74. PMID 16303734. doi:10.1080/01947640500364713.
  48. ↑ Alexander, F.; Rollins, M. (1985). "Alcoholics Anonymous: the unseen cult". California Sociologist. Los Angeles: California State University. 17 (1): 33–48. ISSN 0162-8712. OCLC 4025459.
  49. ↑ Wright, Kevin B. (1997). "Shared ideology in Alcoholics Anonymous: a grounded theory approach". Journal of Health Communication. 2 (2): 83–99. PMID 10977242. doi:10.1080/108107397127806.
  50. ↑ Levinson, David (1983). "Current status of the field: an anthropological perspective on the behavior modification treatment of alcoholism". Recent Developments in Alcoholism. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 1: 255–61. ISBN 978-1-4613-3619-8. PMID 6680227. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3617-4_14.
  51. ↑ Wilcox, D.M. (1998). "Chapter 7: Language, Culture, and Belief". Alcoholic thinking: Language, culture, and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 109–124. ISBN 0-275-96049-8.

Further reading

Scholarly publications

  • Borman, P. D., & Dixon, D. N. (Fall 1998). "Spirituality and the 12 steps of substance abuse recovery". Journal of Psychology & Theology. 26 (3): 287–291. 
  • Freimuth, M. (199). "Psychotherapists' beliefs about the benefits of 12-step groups". Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 14 (3): 95–102. doi:10.1300/J020V14N03_08. 
  • Freimuth, M. (July 2000). "Integrating group psychotherapy and 12-step work: A collaborative approach". International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 50 (3): 297–314. PMID 10883547. 
  • Harris, J., Best, D., Gossop, M., Marshall, J., Man, L.-H., Manning, V.; et al. (March 2003). "Prior alcoholics anonymous (AA) affiliation and the acceptability of the twelve steps to patients entering UK statutory addiction treatment". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 64 (2): 257–261. PMID 12713200. 
  • Humphreys, K. (May 2006). "The trials of Alcoholics Anonymous". Addiction. 101 (5): 617–618. PMID 16669879. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01447.x. 
  • Kurtz, L. F., & Fisher, M. (May 2003). "Twelve-step recovery and community service". Health & Social Work. 28 (2): 137–145. doi:10.1093/hsw/28.2.137. 
  • Lile, B. (2003). "Twelve step programs: An update". Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2 (1): 19–24. 
  • Morgenstern, J., Bux, D., Labouvie, E., Blanchard, K. A., & Morgan, T. J. (November 2002). "Examining mechanisms of action in 12-step treatment: The role of 12-step cognitions". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 63 (6): 665–672. PMID 12529066. 
  • Sheehan, T. (2004). "Twelve Step Facilitation: A Necessary Treatment for Offenders". Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice. 4 (3): 71–81. doi:10.1300/J158v04n03_05. 
  • Sias, S. M., & Goodwin, L. R., Jr. (Apr 2007). "Students' reactions to attending 12-step meetings: Implications for counselor education". Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling. 27 (2): 113–126. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1874.2007.tb00025.x. 
  • Simkin, D. R. (January 1996). "Twelve-step treatment from a development perspective". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 5 (1): 165–175. 

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