Morabaraba

Morabaraba

Morabaraba gameboard. Pieces move from intersection to intersection along marked lines.
Genre(s) Board game
Abstract strategy game
Players 2
Setup time < 1 minute
Playing time < 1 hour
Random chance None
Skill(s) required Strategy, tactics
Synonym(s) Mlabalaba, Mmela [in Setswana]
Muravava, Umlabalaba
Mororova

Morabaraba is a traditional two-player strategy board game played in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. The game is also known as Mlabalaba, Mmela (in Setswana), Muravava, Umlabalaba. The game is similar to Twelve Men's Morris, a variation on the Roman board game Nine Men's Morris.

While some believe that Morabaraba was introduced to southern Africa by British settlers, Morris variants exist in many parts of the world; e.g. India (Char Bhar), Ghana (Achi), Kenya (Shisimia), Somalia (Shax), Zimbabwe (Tsoro Yemutwelve), the Philippines (Tapatan) and Mongolia (Gurgaldaj). It is claimed that Morabaraba boards carved in rock are dated to be at least 800 years old, which would exclude a European origin. However, many rock art images do not actually show Morabaraba, but the mancala game of Moruba (i.e. rows of cupules).

Morabaraba is today most popular amongst rural African youth in southern Africa. In South Africa it is also commonly known by the Xhosa form of the name Umlabalaba. In the traditional European game the counters are commonly referred to as "men", but in the South African game the counters are referred to as "cows", the game being particularly popular amongst youth who herd cattle.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "Morabaraba" is derived from the Southern Sotho moraba-raba, meaning "mill" or to "go round in a circle".

Gameplay

Morabaraba is accessible and easy to learn, and games can be played quickly, but the strategic and tactical aspects of the game run deep. While Morabaraba may be played on specially produced boards (or computer software), it is simple enough that a board can easily be scratched on a stone or into sand, with coins or pebbles (or whatever comes to hand) used as the pieces. The description below is compatible with Mind Sports South Africa's "Generally Accepted Rules".

There are three main phases to the game:

  1. Placing the cows
  2. Moving the cows
  3. Flying the cows

Placing the cows

Moving the cows

Flying the cows

Finishing the game

Morabaraba as sport

Currently the International Wargames Federation is the international controlling body for the game, and Mind Sports South Africa is the South African controlling body for the game. Mind Sports South Africa is recognised by both the South African Department of Sports and Recreation and the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) .

Mind Sports South Africa has invested a great deal of time and effort into the different versions of Morabaraba which have borne fruit by having leagues played throughout the country as well as having adopted a notation system similar to Nine Men's Morris.

The game is an official discipline of the Traditional World Games, which are held every five years. Tournaments were not just in South Africa, but also in Bangkok (Thailand), Melbourne (Australia), New Orleans (United States), Athens (Greece) and at the Epsom College in England.


The World Championships results:

Year SENIOR Winner WOMEN Winner JUNIOR Winner Location
1997Gilbert Magabotse (Mind Sports South Africa)Old Edwardian Society, Johannesburg, South Africa
1999Amos Mavuso (Mind Sports South Africa)The Castle, Cape Town, South Africa
2000David Hlophe (Mind Sports South Africa)Epsom College, Epsom, United Kingdom
2001David Hlophe (Mind Sports South Africa)Epsom College, Epsom, United Kingdom
2002Simon Skhosana (Mind Sports South Africa)Innocent Kubheka (Mind Sports South Africa)Blue Waters Hotel, Durban, South Africa
2003Simphiwe Maphumulo (Mind Sports South Africa)New Orleans, United States of America
2004Simphiwe Maphumulo (Mind Sports South Africa)Rome, Italy
2005Medupe Sekao (Botswana Wargames Federation)Teresa Chen (Mind Sports South Africa)Teresa Chen (Mind Sports South Africa)University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
2006Thanos Taktikos (Hellenic Wargames Federation)Gazza, Athens, Greece
2007Moses Rannyadi (Mind Sports South Africa)Ledile Tshwane (Mind Sports South Africa)Innocent Kubheka (Mind Sports South Africa)Marine Hotel, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
2008Hanna Melkko (Finnish Historical Wargames Association)Hanna Melkko (Finnish Historical Wargames Association)Helsinki, Finland
2012Simphiwe Maphumulo (Mind Sports South Africa)Zama Latha (Mind Sports South Africa)Blue Waters Hotel, Durban, South Africa
2013Simphiwe Maphumulo (Mind Sports South Africa)Pretoria Boys High, Pretoria, South Africa
2014Lejone Malikoe (Lesotho Mind Sports Association)Victoria Hotel, Maseru, Lesotho
2015Senane Gadlela (Swaziland Mind Sports Association)Nipho Sipnepho (Swaziland Mind Sports Association)Lugogo Sun, Mbabane, Swaziland

Variations

The board used for Sesotho variation of Morabaraba

Sesotho Morabaraba

This is the variation typically played by Sesotho speaking children in South Africa. It differs from the standard form in that the board does not have diagonals between the center points of its sides and there is an additional intersection in the center of the board to prevent a draw.

Eleven Men's Morris

This is a European variation that uses the same board as Morabaraba but is played with eleven counters. This prevents a situation where the game can end in a draw in the placement phase.

Standard notation

The standard Welt-Mühlespiel-Dachverband notation for Nine Men's Morris works well for Morabaraba (see diagram). It is very similar to algebraic notation in chess. The board is laid out on a grid, with the columns in the grid being labelled a–g (from left to right), and rows in the grid being labelled from 1–7 (bottom to top). Each point is then referred to by its coordinate; for example, the top-left point in the middle (not inner) square is labelled b6. Moves are then formatted as in chess or draughts: placing a piece is denoted simply by the square where it is placed; moving a piece by the from and to squares (e.g. c5-d5); capturing by appending the captured piece to the move (e.g. c5-b6xe5 or c4xa1).

References

  • Davie, K., The Little Golden Rhino. Peace Parks Foundation, Stellenbosch (South Africa) April 4, 2004.
  • Dunton, C. Ntaote, B & Bulane, N., A Game for Two: Morabaraba. In: Sethlala (Lesotho) 1990; Issue March/April, 30–31.
  • Futhwa, F., Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa, Alberton (South Africa) 2011, 66
  • Hamann, H., Herdboys' Game Moves into the Big Time. In: The Sunday Times (South Africa) February 13, 2000
  • Hess, S., Playing the African Game. In: 1999 Guide to South African Arts, Culture and Heritage. 1999.
  • Lehihi, M., The African Game. In: Sunday Times (South Africa) April 6, 2003.
  • Mathys, C., Kids Learn to Be Game for Traditional Sports. In: Cape Argus, Independent News and Media April 26, 2005.
  • Mosimege, M. D., Exploration of the Games of Malepa and Morabaraba in South African Secondary School Mathematics Education. University of the Western Cape, Cape Town (South Africa) 2000.
  • Nkopodi, N. & Mosimege M. S., Incorporating the Indigenous Game of Morabaraba in the Learning of Mathematics. In: South African Journal of Education 2009; 29(3), 377–392.
  • Russouw, S., Getting Morabaraba back on Board. In: Johannesburg News Agency September 20, 2002.
  • Thokozile Mkonto, K., Indigenous Games Rule Book. Sport Recreation South Africa, Pretoria (South Africa) 2006: 22–23.
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