Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria

The Orange Book

Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify and select computer systems being considered for the processing, storage and retrieval of sensitive or classified information.^[1]

The TCSEC, frequently referred to as the Orange Book, is the centerpiece of the DoD Rainbow Series publications. Initially issued in 1983 by the National Computer Security Center (NCSC), an arm of the National Security Agency, and then updated in 1985. TCSEC was replaced by the Common Criteria international standard originally published in 2005.

Fundamental objectives and requirements

The Orange Book or DoDD 5200.28-STD was canceled by DoDD 8500.1 on October 24, 2002. DoDD 8500.1 reissued as DoDI 8500.02 on March 14, 2014. ^[2]

Policy

The security policy must be explicit, well-defined and enforced by the computer system. There are three basic security policies:

Mandatory Security Policy - Enforces access control rules based directly on an individual's clearance, authorization for the information and the confidentiality level of the information being sought. Other indirect factors are physical and environmental. This policy must also accurately reflect the laws, general policies and other relevant guidance from which the rules are derived.
Marking - Systems designed to enforce a mandatory security policy must store and preserve the integrity of access control labels and retain the labels if the object is exported.
Discretionary Security Policy - Enforces a consistent set of rules for controlling and limiting access based on identified individuals who have been determined to have a need-to-know for the information.

Accountability

Individual accountability regardless of policy must be enforced. A secure means must exist to ensure the access of an authorized and competent agent which can then evaluate the accountability information within a reasonable amount of time and without undue difficulty. There are three requirements under the accountability objective:

Identification - The process used to recognize an individual user.
Authentication - The verification of an individual user's authorization to specific categories of information.
Auditing - Audit information must be selectively kept and protected so that actions affecting security can be traced to the authenticated individual.

Assurance

The computer system must contain hardware/software mechanisms that can be independently evaluated to provide sufficient assurance that the system enforces the above requirements. By extension, assurance must include a guarantee that the trusted portion of the system works only as intended. To accomplish these objectives, two types of assurance are needed with their respective elements:

Assurance Mechanisms
Operational Assurance: System Architecture, System Integrity, Covert Channel Analysis, Trusted Facility Management and Trusted Recovery
Life-cycle Assurance : Security Testing, Design Specification and Verification, Configuration Management and Trusted System Distribution
Continuous Protection Assurance - The trusted mechanisms that enforce these basic requirements must be continuously protected against tampering and/or unauthorized changes.

Documentation

Within each class there is additional documentation set which addresses the development, deployment and management of the system rather than its capabilities. This documentation includes:

Security Features User's Guide, Trusted Facility Manual, Test Documentation and Design Documentation

Divisions and classes

The TCSEC defines four divisions: D, C, B and A where division A has the highest security. Each division represents a significant difference in the trust an individual or organization can place on the evaluated system. Additionally divisions C, B and A are broken into a series of hierarchical subdivisions called classes: C1, C2, B1, B2, B3 and A1.

Each division and class expands or modifies as indicated the requirements of the immediately prior division or class.

D — Minimal protection

Reserved for those systems that have been evaluated but that fail to meet the requirements for a higher division

C — Discretionary protection

C1 — Discretionary Security Protection
- Identification and authentication
- Separation of users and data
- Discretionary Access Control (DAC) capable of enforcing access limitations on an individual basis
- Required System Documentation and user manuals
C2 — Controlled Access Protection
- More finely grained DAC
- Individual accountability through login procedures
- Audit trails
- Object reuse
- Resource isolation

B — Mandatory protection

B1 — Labeled Security Protection
- Informal statement of the security policy model
- Data sensitivity labels
- Mandatory Access Control (MAC) over selected subjects and objects
- Label exportation capabilities
- Some discovered flaws must be removed or otherwise mitigated (Not Sure)
- Design specifications and verification
B2 — Structured Protection
- Security policy model clearly defined and formally documented
- DAC and MAC enforcement extended to all subjects and objects
- Covert storage channels are analyzed for occurrence and bandwidth
- Carefully structured into protection-critical and non-protection-critical elements
- Design and implementation enable more comprehensive testing and review
- Authentication mechanisms are strengthened
- Trusted facility management is provided with administrator and operator segregation
- Strict configuration management controls are imposed
- Operator and Administrator roles are separated.
B3 — Security Domains
- Satisfies reference monitor requirements
- Structured to exclude code not essential to security policy enforcement
- Significant system engineering directed toward minimizing complexity
- Security administrator role defined
- Audit security-relevant events
- Automated imminent intrusion detection, notification, and response
- Trusted system recovery procedures
- Covert timing channels are analyzed for occurrence and bandwidth
- An example of such a system is the XTS-300, a precursor to the XTS-400

A — Verified protection

A1 — Verified Design
- Functionally identical to B3
- Formal design and verification techniques including a formal top-level specification
- Formal management and distribution procedures
- Examples of A1-class systems are Honeywell's SCOMP, Aesec's GEMSOS, and Boeing's SNS Server. Two that were unevaluated were the production LOCK platform and the cancelled DEC VAX Security Kernel.
Beyond A1
- System Architecture demonstrates that the requirements of self-protection and completeness for reference monitors have been implemented in the Trusted Computing Base (TCB).
- Security Testing automatically generates test-case from the formal top-level specification or formal lower-level specifications.
- Formal Specification and Verification is where the TCB is verified down to the source code level, using formal verification methods where feasible.
- Trusted Design Environment is where the TCB is designed in a trusted facility with only trusted (cleared) personnel.

Matching classes to environmental requirements

Army Regulation 380-19 is an example of a guide to determining which system class should be used in a given situation.

References

↑ Steve Lipner, "The Birth and Death of the Orange Book," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 37 no. 2 (2015): 19-31 doi
↑ http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/850001_2014.pdf

External links

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