Truce of Andrusovo
The Truce of Andrusovo (Polish: Rozejm w Andruszowie, Russian: Андрусовское перемирие, Andrusovskoye Pieriemiriye, also sometimes known as Treaty of Andrusovo) established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 between Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine and Belarus.
Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (for Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (for the Commonwealth) signed the truce on 30 January/9 February 1667 in the village of Andrusovo not far from Smolensk. Representatives of the Cossack Hetmanate were not allowed.
Terms
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy) agreed on the following terms:
- A truce was signed for 13.5 years during which both states were obligated to prepare the conditions for the eternal peace.
- Russia secured the territories of the Left-bank Ukraine, Siever lands, and Smolensk.
- Poland-Lithuania was left with the Right-bank Ukraine, and the Russian-occupied Belarus with Vitebsk, Polotsk, and Dzwinsk.
- The city of Kiev, though situated on the right bank of the Dnieper River, was handed over to Russia for two years under series of conditions. The transfer, though phrased as temporary, was in fact a permanent one, cemented in 1686 in exchange for 146,000 rubles.
- The Zaporizhia was recognized as a condominium of both states.
- Both states agreed to provide a common defense against the Ottoman Empire.
- The right of a free trade was granted.
- A compensation from Russia to Poland-Lithuania of 1,000,000 zloty or 200,000 rubles was agreed on for the lands of Left-bank Ukraine.
Consequences
The transfer of Kiev to the Russian tsardom had far-reaching consequences. Kiev, situated in the Greek-orthodox part of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy before the Union of Lublin (1569) and in the Polish kingdom thereafter, was the seat of the orthodox metropolitan, who despite being formally placed under the Roman pope since the Union of Brest (1596) retained authority over the orthodox population in Poland-Lithuania's eastern territories. Prior to Andrusovo, Kiev had been an orthodox counter-weight to the Moscow patriarchate, founded in 1589, and since the metropolitanship of Petro Mohyla hosted the Mohyla Academy which opened orthodoxy to Western influence. The transfer of Kiev to Russia came only days after patriarch Nikon, who reformed the rites within the Muscovite partriarchate, had won the upper hand over his adversary Avvakum, resulting in an inner-Russian schism (raskol) between reformed orthodoxy and the Old Believers. Kiev now supplied the Russian partriarch with an academy—Mohyla's offer to found an academy in Moscow had previously been rejected—on whose scholars Nikon had relied already for his reforms. Nikon himself though, having proposed to replace the Russian simfonia (i.e. the traditional balance of ecclesiastical and secular power) by a more theocratic model, was banned upon his success, effectively shifting the power balance to the Romanov tsars ruling Russia since the end of the Great Smuta (1613). As the see of the metropolitan, Kiev furthermore granted Moscow influence on the orthodox population in Poland-Lithuania. "Protection" of the orthodox population thus became a future argument, or excuse, for Romanov interference in Poland-Lithuania.
Perspectives
In Ukraine, the treaty is often viewed as leading to the partition of the Ukrainian Hetmanate state between its more powerful neighboring states.[1]
From the Polish point of view the treaty is considered a significant mistake that tipped the balance of power in the region and replaced Poland as the dominant state by the emerging Russian Empire.[2]
See also
References
- ↑ The Cossack Palestine. Vadym Ryzhkov. The Day #33, 28 October 2008
- ↑ Europe. A History. Norman Davies. London: Pimlico 1996, p. 556, 558