Tromøy Church

Tromøy Church
Tromøy kirke
Tromøy Church
Location in Aust-Agder
Coordinates: 58°26′59″N 8°51′51″E / 58.44972°N 8.86417°E / 58.44972; 8.86417
Country Norway
Denomination Church of Norway
Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran
Architecture
Status Parish church
Functional status Active
Architect(s) Ole Nilsen Weierholt (1748)[1]
Completed 1100–1150
Specifications
Capacity 290[1]
Materials Stone
Administration
Parish Tromøy
Deanery Arendal
Diocese Diocese of Agder og Telemark

Tromøy Church (Norwegian: Tromøy kirke) is a long church (Norwegian: langkirke) on the island of Tromøy, Norway.[2] The church was built c. 1150 and was later expanded into a cruciform church in 1748.[1][3] As a medieval building, it automatically has protected cultural heritage status.[4]

Description

The church is a medieval stone church. It is the parish church of the Parish of Tromøy in the Deanery of Arendal, and can seat 290 people.[1]

The church stands between Hove and Brekka, on the outer shore of the island of Tromøy. Before afforestation took place in the late 1900s, the church was visible from the sea. The church was used as a landmark for navigation in the Skagerrak because it was an easily recognizable element in the outline of the coast seen by sailors. It is marked on all nautical charts, and until 1940 the National Office for Lighthouses and Coastal Safety (Statens fyr- og merkevesen) was responsible for painting the church's south walls white.[5]

The first priest known to have served at the church was Sira Ifvar, mentioned in a court document from 1320.[5]

As late as 1794, Tromøy Church was the parish church for Holt,[6] which covered a much larger geographic area than Tromøy itself, and many had a long journey to church that was hazardous in winter. Since 1878 they have been separate parishes; the mainland portion of the parish of Tromøy covered an area from Strømsbu (west of Arendal) to Eydehavn, at that time part of the municipality of Austre Moland.

Original church

Tromøy Church probably originally had a rectangular layout that concluded with an apse facing east. Its walls are 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) thick. Experts that have studied the church believe that the first church was built in the old style and that it may be one of the oldest churches built in Norway. The structure's style and details suggest that it is one of the oldest existing churches in Norway today. Archaeological excavations are required for more accurate dating. In Old Norwegian the church was called Thrumu kirkja (Thrumu Church).[5] The church was then extended and the choir was expanded to the east. This probably took place in the Middle Ages during the Gothic period, at some point between 1300 and 1400.

It has also been hypothesized that Tromøy Church may have had a round west tower.[3] Many of its reused stones have a slightly curved surface, which may indicate that they were used in the outer surface of a circular construction. It is known, for example, that Lunner Church had such a round tower.[7]

Tromøy Church seen from the south

Rebuilding and restoration

The church was entirely rebuilt in 1748. The medieval long church was divided in half and used as the transept for a cruciform church with a nave and choir built of wood. Ole Nilsen Weierholt was in charge of the construction. All of the walls were increased in height, and the ceiling was barrel-vaulted. The church was richly decorated with Rococo ornamentation painted by Jørgen Schultz in the 1750s. This was painted over in the 1880s, but was uncovered again during a major restoration carried out between 1926 and 1939.[8]

Preserved interior elements

The church contains a medieval baptismal font carved from soapstone. The church's altar and the pulpit date from 1725 and were created by Mogens Christian Trane.[9] The wooden chancel screen displays the monogram of King Frederick V, flanked by lions and angels; it was carved by Ole Nilsen Weierholt.[9] Weierholt probably also produced many of the other carvings in the church, the fronts of the galleries, and the confessional.

The church also has a votive ship from 1751 hanging from the ceiling. It is a model of a frigate from Copenhagen, the East Indies ship Dronningen av Danmark (Queen of Denmark).[10] Jens Boye gave the model to the church; he was a priest on board one of the ship's journeys to Guangzhou, China and later served as the parish priest in Tromøy. Boye also gave the church a book about the ship's journey to China. The ship's first officer, Zacharias Allewelt, owned the Merdø farm at the outport on neighboring Merdø island. The church also preserved an organ from c. 1750, which is now kept at the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History in Oslo.[9]

Grotesques

Pulling the beard (skjeggtrekker)
Sticking out the tongue (tungerekker)
Grotesques

The church has a reworked Romanesque portal with a pair of grotesques on the wall, one on each side. The left one is a face with a hand pulling the beard, and the other is a face sticking out its tongue. The motifs have similar parallels carved in stone at Hedrum Church in Vestfold and at Lunner Church, but are stylistically different. A tale says that the grotesques represent two severed heads that were bricked into the wall, belonging to two thieves that stole the church's silver and were then captured and executed.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Kirkesøk: Tromøy kirke.
  2. ↑ Ruud, Erlig. 1977. Kirkeliv og kirker. In Bygd og by i Norge, pp. 289–326. Oslo: Agder.
  3. 1 2 Kulturminnesøk: Tromøy kirkested.
  4. ↑ "LOV 1978-06-09 nr 50: Lov om kulturminner – § 4. Automatisk fredete kulturminner.". Lovdata. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Kristiansen, Alv. 1977. Adger (Bygd og by i Norge). Oslo: Gyldendal, pp. 293–294.
  6. ↑ Danielsen, Daniel, & Sophus Jenssen. 1958. Dypvåg; gårds- og slektshistorie. Tvedestrand, Sverre Kildahl, p. 25.
  7. ↑ Norske kirkebygg: Lunner kirke.
  8. ↑ Christensen, Sølvi Haraldstad. 2010. Månedens kulturminne desember 2010: Tromøy kirke. Arendal kommune.
  9. 1 2 3 Norske kirkebygg: Tromøy kirke.
  10. ↑ Aalholm, O. A., & Thor Bryn. 1960. Arendals forsikringsselskab A/S, 1860-1960. Arendal : P.M. Danielsens Trykkeri, pp. 43, 87.

Further reading

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