Treaty of Wanghia

Treaty of Wanghia
Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire.
Type	Bilateral / Unequal
Signed	3 July 1844 (1844-07-03)
Location	Kun Iam Temple in Macau, China
Parties	China United States
Languages	English and Chinese
Treaty of Wanghia at Wikisource

Façade of the Kun Iam Temple, where the treaty was signed.

The Treaty of Wanghia (also Treaty of Wangxia, Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce, with tariff of duties, traditional Chinese: 望廈條約; simplified Chinese: 望厦条约; pinyin: Wàngxià tiáoyuē; Cantonese Yale: Mohng Hah) was a diplomatic agreement between Qing-dynasty China and the United States, signed on July 3, 1844 in the Kun Iam Temple. Its official title name is the Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire.^[1] Following passage by the U.S. Congress, it was ratified by President John Tyler on January 17, 1845.^[2] It is considered an unequal treaty by many sources.

Name of the Treaty

The treaty was named after a village in northern Macau where the temple is located, called Mong Ha or Wang Hia (traditional Chinese: 望廈; simplified Chinese: 望厦; pinyin: Wàngxià; Cantonese Yale: Mohng Hah). It is now a part of the territory's Our Lady of Fátima Parish.

Contents of the Treaty

The United States was represented by Caleb Cushing, a Massachusetts lawyer dispatched by President John Tyler under pressure from American merchants concerned about the British dominance in Chinese trade. A physician and missionary, Peter Parker, served as Cushing's Chinese interpreter. The Qing Empire was represented by Keying, the Viceroy of Liangguang, who held responsibility for the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.

The treaty was modeled after the Treaties of Nanking and the Bogue between the UK and China, but differed in being more detailed. Among other things, it contained:

Extraterritoriality, which meant that U.S. citizens could only be tried by U.S. consular officers
Fixed tariffs on trade in the treaty ports
The right to buy land in the five treaty ports and erect churches and hospitals there
The right to learn Chinese by abolishing a law which thitherto forbade foreigners to do so^[3]
The U.S. received most favoured nation status, resulting in the U.S. receiving the same beneficial treatment China gave to other powers such as Britain, and received the right to modify the treaty after 12 years

As a gesture of goodwill towards the Qing Empire, the opium trade was declared illegal, and the U.S. agreed to hand over any offenders to China.

When the news of the China-British Nanjing treaty being signed reached Washington in December 1842, Congress asked President John Tyler to send representatives to China to establish new economic relations. In May 1843, President Tyler sent Caleb Cushing as a special envoy to China; his mission was to urge China to give the United States and Britain equal trading conditions. Cushing arrived in Macao in February 1844. On June 18th, the Qing imperial envoy, viceroy Qiying (Tsiyeng), and Cushing negotiated in Macao near the village of Wanghia. Qiying largely accepted the treaty as drafted by the United States. On July 3rd, 1844, both sides signed the China-US trade association and tariff agreement. As it was signed in Macao's Wang Village, the treaty became known as the "Treaty of Wanghia".

The "Treaty of Wanghia" included 34 articles, all of which dealt with assuring the rights of US ships, traders, and citizens in China. Reciprocal rights of Chinese traders and citizens in the United States were not covered. The main interests of the United States were in customs rates and port procedures, and in the treatment of its citizens in civil or criminal judicial cases. The treaty gave the US "most favored nation" trading status with China, and gave US Navy ships the right to enter Chinese ports of trade.

Footnotes

↑ http://lccn.loc.gov/12033773 Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America ..., Library of Congress
↑ Library of Congress, Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America ...
↑ Article 18 says: "It shall be lawful for the officers or citizens of the United States to employ scholars and peoples of any part of China…to teach any of the languages of the Empire, and to assist in literary labors...it shall in like manner be lawful for citizens of the United States to purchase all manner of books in China."

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Treaty of Wanghia

Kuo, Ping Chia. "Caleb Cushing and the Treaty of Wanghia, 1844". The Journal of Modern History 5, no. 1 (1933): 34-54. Available through JSTOR.
Swisher, Earl, ed. China's Management of the American Barbarians; a Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861, with Documents. New Haven, CT: Published for the Far Eastern Association by Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1953.

External links

On the negotiations of the treaty, 1844

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