Transfusion associated circulatory overload
| Transfusion associated circulatory overload | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | T80.71 |
In transfusion medicine, transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO) is a transfusion reaction (an adverse effect of blood transfusion) that occurs due to a rapid transfusion of a large volume of blood.
There is still no single agreed reporting definition for TACO.[1] The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) working party on hemovigilance in collaboration with the International Haemovigilance Network (IHN) produced new draft reporting criteria in 2016.[2]
These draft criteria are: acute onset or worsening respiratory distress during or up to 12 hours after transfusion, plus two or more of the following:
- Evidence of acute or worsening pulmonary edema (by physical examination or chest imaging)
- Evidence of unanticipated cardiovascular system changes (tachycardia, hypertension, jugular venous distension, peripheral edema)
- Evidence of fluid overload (positive fluid balance, response to diuretic therapy with clinical improvement, change in the patient’s weight in the peri-transfusion period)
- Elevation in natriuretic peptide (NP) levels (e.g. brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal (NT)-pro BNP) to greater than 1.5 times the pre-transfusion value
Symptoms
The primary symptoms of TACO are dyspnea, orthopnea, peripheral edema, and rapid increase of blood pressure.[3] TACO must be suspected when there is respiratory distress with other signs, including pulmonary edema, unanticipated cardiovascular system changes, and evidence of fluid overload (including improvement after diuretic, morphine or nitrate treatment), during or up to 24 hours after transfusion.[1]
Occurrence
It is difficult to determine the incidence of TACO, but its incidence is estimated at about one in every 100 transfusions using active surveillance,[4][5] and in one in every 10000 transfusions using passive surveillance.[4] TACO is the most commonly reported cause of transfusion-related death and major morbidity in the UK,[1] and second most common cause in the USA.[6]
The risk increases with patients over the age of 60, patients with cardiac or pulmonary failure, renal impairment, hypoalbuminemia or anemia. [3][1]
Prevention
Transfusion associated circulatory overload is prevented by avoiding unnecessary transfusions, closely monitoring patients receiving transfusions, transfusing smaller volumes of blood at a slower rate, and considering the use of diuretics.[3][1] A pre-transfusion TACO checklist can be used to assess patients' risk of developing TACO.[1]
Differentiation from TRALI
TACO and TRALI are both respiratory complications following a transfusion.[1] TACO and transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) are often difficult to distinguish in the acute situation. TACO is usually associated with hypertension and responds well to diuretics, TRALI is often associated with hypotension and diuretics have a minimal effect.[7][8]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bolton-Maggs, Paula (Ed); Poles, D; et al, on behalf of the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group (2017). The 2016 Annual SHOT Report (2017) (PDF). Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT). ISBN 978-0-9558648-9-6.
- ↑ International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on Haemovigilance in collaboration with The International Haemovigilance Network. "Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) Draft revised reporting criteria" (PDF). Retrieved July 17, 2017.
- 1 2 3 Noninfectious Adverse Events of Transfusion - Transfusion Transmitted Injuries Section - Blood Safety Surveillance and Health Care Acquired Infections Division - Public Health...
- 1 2 Raval, J. S.; Mazepa, M. A.; Russell, S. L.; Immel, C. C.; Whinna, H. C.; Park, Y. A. (2015-05-01). "Passive reporting greatly underestimates the rate of transfusion-associated circulatory overload after platelet transfusion". Vox Sanguinis. 108 (4): 387–392. ISSN 1423-0410. doi:10.1111/vox.12234.
- ↑ Clifford, Leanne; Jia, Qing; Yadav, Hemang; Subramanian, Arun; Wilson, Gregory A.; Murphy, Sean P.; Pathak, Jyotishman; Schroeder, Darrell R.; Ereth, Mark H. "Characterizing the Epidemiology of Perioperative Transfusion-associated Circulatory Overload". Anesthesiology. 122 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000513.
- ↑ "Fatalities Reported to FDA Following Blood Collection and Transfusion Annual Summary for Fiscal Year 2015". FDA. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
- ↑ Transfusion-related acute lung injury and transfusion-associated circulatory overload by M. A. Popovsky.
- ↑ Skeate, Robert C; Eastlund, Ted. "Distinguishing between transfusion related acute lung injury and transfusion associated circulatory overload". Current Opinion in Hematology. 14 (6): 682–687. doi:10.1097/moh.0b013e3282ef195a.