Turaco

Turacos and relatives
Temporal range:
Oligocene - Holocene, 24–0 Ma
Guinea turaco, Tauraco persa, at Birds of Eden aviary, South Africa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Otidimorphae
Order: Musophagiformes
Seebohm, 1890
Family: Musophagidae
Lesson, 1828
Genera
Synonyms
  • Apopempsidae Brodkorb, 1971b
  • Veflintornithidae Kašin, 1976

The turacos make up the bird family Musophagidae (literally "banana-eaters"), which includes plantain-eaters and go-away-birds. In southern Africa both turacos and go-away-birds are commonly known as loeries. They are semi-zygodactylous – the fourth (outer) toe can be switched back and forth. The second and third toes, which always point forward, are conjoined in some species. Musophagids often have prominent crests and long tails; the turacos are noted for peculiar and unique pigments giving them their bright green and red feathers.

Traditionally, this group has been allied with the cuckoos in the order Cuculiformes, but the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy raises this group to a full order Musophagiformes. They have been proposed to link the hoatzin to the other living birds,[1] but this was later disputed.[2] Recent genetic analysis have strongly supported the order ranking of Musophagiformes.[3][4][5]

Musophagids are medium-sized arboreal birds endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, where they live in forests, woodland and savanna. Their flight is weak, but they run quickly through the tree canopy. They feed mostly on fruits and to a lesser extent on leaves, buds, and flowers, occasionally taking small insects, snails, and slugs. As their name suggests, turacos enjoy bananas and can become so tame as to be hand-fed. They are also partial to grapes and pawpaw (papaya).

They are gregarious birds that do not migrate but move in family groups of up to 10. Many species are noisy, with the go-away-birds being especially noted for their piercing alarm calls, which alert other fauna to the presence of predators or hunters; their common name is onomatopoeia of this. Musophagids build large stick nests in trees, and lay 2 or 3 eggs. The young are born with thick down and open, or nearly-open, eyes.[6]

Morphology

Female white-bellied go-away-bird, Corythaixoides leucogaster

Most turacos are medium-sized birds – an exception being the large great blue turaco – with long tails and short, rounded wings. They range in length from 40 to 75 cm (16–30 in). Their flight is weak, but they are strong climbers and are able to move nimbly on branches and through vegetation. Juveniles have claws on the wings that help them climb.[7][8][9] They have a unique foot arrangement, where the fourth toe can be brought around to the back of the foot where it almost touches the first toe, or brought around so that it is near the second and third. In spite of this flexibility the toe is actually usually held at right angles to the axis of the foot.[10]

The plumage of go-away-birds and plantain-eaters is mainly grey and white. The turacos on the other hand are brightly coloured birds, usually blue, green or purple. The green colour in turacos comes from turacoverdin, the only true green pigment in birds known to date. Other "greens" in bird colors result from a yellow pigment such as some carotenoid, combined with the prismatic physical structure of the feather itself which scatters the light in a particular way and giving a blue colour. Turaco wings contain the red pigment turacin, unlike in other birds where red colour is due to carotenoids. Both pigments are derived from porphyrins and only known from the Musophagidae at present, but especially the little-researched turacoverdin might have relatives in other birds. The incidence of turacoverdin in relation to habitat is of interest to scientists, being present in forest species but absent in savanna and acacia living species.[10]

Little is known about the longevity of wild turacos, but in captivity they are proving to be exceptionally long-lived, easily living to 30 in captivity. A bird in the Cotswold Wildlife Park collection approached its 37th year.[11]

Evolution and systematics

The fossil genus Veflintornis is known from the Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban (France). It was established as Apopempsis by Pierce Brodkorb in 1971, but this is preoccupied by Schenkling's 1903 use of the name for some beetles. "Apopempsis" africanus (Early Miocene of Kenya) might also belong there.[12]

Further fossil material of putative musophagids was found in Egypt as well as in Late Oligocene deposits at Gaimersheim (Germany) and Middle Miocene deposits at Grive-Saint-Alban[13] and Vieux-Collonges (both France).[12] While it is not entirely certain that these fossils indeed are of turacos, it nonetheless appears as if the family evolved in the Oligocene of central Europe or perhaps northern Africa, and later on shifted its distribution southwards. The climate of those European regions during the late Paleogene was not too dissimilar to that of (sub)tropical Africa today; the Saharan desert was not yet present and the distance across the Mediterranean was not much more than what it is today. Thus such a move south may well have been a very slow and gradual shifting of a large and continuous range.

Great blue turaco
Corythaeola cristata

The Early Eocene Promusophaga was initially believed to be the oldest record of the turacos; it was eventually reconsidered a distant relative of the ostrich and is now in the ratite family Lithornithidae. Filholornis from the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene of France is occasionally considered a musophagid, but its relationships have always been disputed. It is not often considered a turaco anymore in more recent times and has been synonymised with the presumed gruiform Talantatos, though it is not certain whether this will become widely accepted.[12]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on the work by John Boyd.[14]

Corythaeolinae


Corythaeola cristata (Great blue turaco)



Criniferinae


Criniferoides leucogaster (White-bellied go-away-birds)

Crinifer


C. piscator (Western gray plantain-eater)

C. zonurus (Eastern gray plantain-eater)



Corythaixoides


C. personatus (Bare-faced go-away-bird)

C. concolor (Gray go-away-bird)





Musophaginae

Gallirex


G. porphyreolophus (Purple-crested turaco)

G. johnstoni (Ruwenzori turaco)


Menelikornis leucotis (White-cheeked turaco)



Pseudopoetus macrorhynchus (Yellow-billed turaco)


Musophaga


M. violacea (Violet turaco)

M. rossae (Ross’s turaco)




Tauraco

(Proturacus)


T. (P.) bannermani (Bannerman’s turaco)


T. (P.) erythrolophus (Red-crested turaco)

T. (P.) leucolophus (White-crested turaco)




(Tauraco)



T. (T.) schuettii (Black-billed turaco)


T. (T.) schalowi (Schalow's turaco)


T. (T.) hartlaubi (Hartlaub’s/black-crested turaco)

T. (T.) ruspolii (Ruspoli’s turaco)


T. (T.) persa (Guinea/green-crested turaco)


T. (T.) corythaix (Knysna/Helmeted/South African green turaco)


T. (T.) fischeri (Fischer’s/East African red-crested turaco)

T. (T.) livingstonii (Livingstone's turaco)











Species

The species of Musophagidae, arranged in taxonomic sequence, are:[15] and Paleofile.com websites.[16][17]

Order Musophagiformes Seebohm 1890

Interaction with humans

The brilliant crimson flight feathers of turacos have been treasured as status symbols to royalty and paramount chiefs all over Africa. They are recorded as being valued by the Swazi and Zulu royal families.[18]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Hughes & Baker (1999)
  2. ↑ Sorenson et al. (2003)
  3. ↑ Ericson, P.G.P.; et al. (2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" (PDF). Biology Letters. 2 (4): 543–547. PMC 1834003 Freely accessible. PMID 17148284. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523.
  4. ↑ Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. PMID 18583609. doi:10.1126/science.1157704.
  5. ↑ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. PMC 4405904 Freely accessible. PMID 25504713. doi:10.1126/science.1253451.
  6. ↑ Marchant, S. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 125. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  7. 1 2 Fain, Matthew G. & Houde, Peter (2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds" (PDF). Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–2573. PMID 15612298. doi:10.1554/04-235. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  8. ↑ "Violaceous Touraco" (PDF). rosamondgiffordzoo.org. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  9. ↑ "TURACO TAG HUSBANDRY MANUAL" (PDF). aviansag.org. 1998-08-18. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  10. 1 2 Turner, Donald (1997), "Family Musophagidae (Turacos)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 480–508, ISBN 84-87334-22-9
  11. ↑ Originally from Nigel Hewston, discussed at the ITS AGM in spring 2012 (at the same venue)
  12. 1 2 3 Mlíkovský (2002)
  13. ↑ "TT 149", a proximal left and a distal right tibiotarsus of a bird similar in size to living Tauraco: Ballmann (1969)
  14. ↑ Boyd, John (2007). "Otidimorphae: Musophagiformes, Otidiformes, Cuculiformes". John Boyd's website. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Musophagidae - Touracos". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  16. ↑ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  17. ↑ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "05 → Oᴛɪᴅᴀᴇ: Mᴜsᴏᴘʜᴀɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Oᴛɪᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴜᴄᴜʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴀᴘʀɪᴍᴜʟɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Sᴛᴇᴀᴛᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Nʏᴄᴛɪʙɪɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Pᴏᴅᴀʀɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Aᴘᴏᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  18. ↑ ITS Magazine, autumn 2003 (20), www.turacos.org

References

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