Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)
स्वच्छ भारत अभियान

India + Cleanliness
Slogan

एक कदम स्वच्छता की ओर

One step towards cleanliness
Country India
Prime Minister(s) Narendra Modi
Launched Raj Ghat, 2 October 2014 (2014-10-02)
Website swachhbharat.mygov.in
Status: Unknown

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (English: Clean India Mission) is a campaign by the Government of India to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country's 4,041 statutory cities and towns.[1][2][3] It includes ambassadors and activities such as run, national real-time monitoring or spread of updated NGOs practices.

The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest ever cleanliness drive with 3 million government employees, and especially school and college students from all parts of India, participating in the campaign.

The objectives of Swachh Bharat are to reduce or eliminate open defecation through the construction of individual, cluster and community toilets. The Swachh Bharat mission will also make an initiative of establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring latrine use.The government is aiming to achieve an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 million toilets in rural India, at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$30 billion).[4]

Background

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign which was launched on 2 October 2014, and aims to eradicate open defecation by 2019,[5] and is a national campaign, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns.[6][7] Its predecessors were the "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" and before that the "Total Sanitation Campaign", see history section below.

Times of India reported that the idea was developed and initiated in March 2014 after a sanitation conference was organised by Unicef India and the Indian Institute of Technology as part of the larger Total Sanitation Campaign, which the Indian government launched in 1999.[8]

The government is aiming to achieve an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 million toilets in rural India, at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$31 billion).[4][9] Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke of the need for toilets in his 2014 Independence Day speech stating:

Has it ever pained us that our mothers and sisters have to defecate in open? Poor womenfolk of the village wait for the night; until darkness descends, they can`t go out to defecate. What bodily torture they must be feeling, how many diseases that act might engender. Can't we just make arrangements for toilets for the dignity of our mothers and sisters?

Modi also spoke of the need for toilets in schools during the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir state elections campaign stating:

When the girl student reaches the age where she realises this lack of female toilets in the school she leaves her education midway. As they leave their education midway they remain uneducated. Our daughters must also get equal chance to quality education. After 60 years of independence there should have been separate toilets for girl students in every school. But for the past 60 years they could not provide separate toilets to girls and as result the female students had to leave their education midway.[10]

As of May 2015, 14 companies including Tata Consulting Services, Mahindra Group and Rotary International have pledged to construct 3,195 new toilets. As of the same month, 71 public sector undertakings in India supported the construction of 86,781 new toilets.[11]

Most of these toilets are a type of pit latrine, mostly the twin pit pour flush type.

Hundreds of thousands of Indian people are still employed as manual scavengers in emptying buckets and pit latrines.[12][13][14]

Finance

The programme has also received funds and technical support from the World Bank, corporations as part of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and by state governments under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.[9] Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over ₹620 billion (US$9.7 billion).[3][15] The government provides an incentive of ₹15,000 (US$230) for each toilet constructed by a BPL family.[4] Total fund mobilised under Swachh Bharat Kosh (SBK) as of 31 January 2016 stood at ₹3.69 billion (US$58 million).[16] An amount of ₹90 billion (US$1.4 billion) was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.[6]

Government and the International Monetary Fund signed a US$1.5 billion loan agreement on 30 March 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitation initiative. The International Monetary Funds will also provide a parallel $25 million in technical assistance to build the capacity of select states in implementing community-led behavioural change programmes targeting social norms to help ensure widespread usage of toilets by rural households.[5]

Ambassadors

Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014

Selected public figures

Modi selected 11 public figures to propagate this campaign.[17][18] They are:

Urban Development Minister M. Venkaiah Naidu picked up a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign.[19][20]

Brand ambassadors

Venkaiah Naidu listed brand ambassadors in various fields:[21][22]

On 2 October 2014, Prime Minister Modi nominated nine people, including:

He also nominated a number of organisations, including the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to lakhs of people in the city.More than 3 million government employees and school and college students participated in the drive on the occasion.[25][26]

On 8 November 2014, Modi carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state.[27][28]

Shilpa Shetty was made a part of the mission from February 2017.

Performance

A door-to-door garbage collection van in the city of Indore

Between April 2014 and January 2015, 3,183,000 toilets were built. Karnataka led all States in construction of toilets under the programme.[9] As of August 2015, 8 million toilets have been constructed under the program.[29] As of 27 October 2016, 56 districts in India were ODF.[4] In January 2017, Indore city as well as rural areas were announced open defecation free by the central government.[30][31]

Toilet Ranking

August 2017 independent verification survey by Quality Council of India put overall national rural "household access to toilet" coverage and actual usage at 62.45% and 91.29% respectively, with Haryana being the cleanest state in the country with 99% of households in rural areas covered and usage of 100 per cent.[32]


As per an independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, overall national rural "household access to toilet" coverage increased to 62.45 per cent and usage of 91.29 per cent, with Hayana topping the national ranking with 99 per cent of households in rural areas covered and usage of 100 per cent.[32]

Plans

The Ministry of Railways is planning to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches.[33] The Centre may use its Digital India project in conjunction with the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to have solar-powered trash cans, such as those in many US cities, which send alerts to sanitation crew once they are full.[34]

The Government has appointed PWD with the responsibility to dispose off waste from Government offices.[35]

Other activities

Run

A Swachh Bharat Run was organized at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official home of the President of India, located Rajpath, New Delhi, on 2 October 2014. According to a statement from the Rashtrapati Bhavan around 1500 people participated and the event was flagged off by President Pranab Mukherjee. Participants in the run included officers and their families.[36]

Real-time monitoring

The government will be launching a nationwide real-time monitoring system for toilets constructed under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advertisements. With this system, the government aims to attain a fully open defecation free India by 2019.[38]

As of 30 November 2016, Total Sanitation Coverage throughout India has risen to 57.56% up from 42.02% in 2 October 2014, the day Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched.[39]

Updates from NGOs

With growing interest in the progress of the mission, both private companies as well as government started releasing progress reports. The Swachh Bharat app Tumblr feed[40] provides updates from individual groups, corporations and Twitter users in general about group cleaning events, the status of cleanliness across India, and opinions on the objectives of the Clean India mission. A recent study by the Public Affairs Centre finds that participation of beneficiaries in their toilet construction ensures better usage.[41]

List of cities

2016

The Government of India released a Cleanliness Ranking on 15 February 2016.[42][43][44]

The Swachh Sarvekshan-2016 ranks 73 cities on cleanliness and sanitation. Cities with over 10 lakh population were surveyed to check how clean or filthy they were.

Cleanest ten cities:

  1. Mysore (Karnataka)
  2. Chandigarh
  3. Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu)
  4. New Delhi
  5. Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
  6. Surat (Gujarat)
  7. Rajkot (Gujarat)
  8. Gangtok (Sikkim)
  9. Pimpri-Chinchwad (Maharashtra)
  10. Greater Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Ten least clean cities (at the bottom of the list):

  1. 64. Kalyan Dombivili (Maharashtra)
  2. 65. Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
  3. 66. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)
  4. 67. Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)
  5. 68. Raipur (Chhattisgarh)
  6. 69. Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)
  7. 70. Patna (Bihar)
  8. 71. Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh)
  9. 72. Asansol (West Bengal)
  10. 73. Dhanbad (Jharkhand)

2017

Swachh Sarvekshan 2017 was conducted between 4 January 2017 and 7 February 2017.[45] The results of top 25 cities are as follows:

Swachh Sarvekshan
Rank 		City State/Union Territory
1 Indore Madhya Pradesh
2 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
3 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
4 Surat Gujarat
5 Mysore Karnataka
6 Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu
7 New Delhi Municipal Council New Delhi
8 Navi Mumbai Maharashtra
9 Tirupati Andhra Pradesh
10 Vadodara Gujarat
11 Chandigarh Chandigarh
12 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
13 Pune Maharashtra
14 Ahmedabad Gujarat
15 Ambikapur Chattisgarh
16 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
17 Khargone Madhya Pradesh
18 Rajkot Gujarat
19 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh
20 Gandhinagar Gujarat
21 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
22 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Telangana
23 Sagar Madhya Pradesh
24 Murwara Madhya Pradesh
25 Navsari Gujarat
Source: Ministry of Urban Development[46]

Similar campaigns

The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by Smriti Irani, of the Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India by participating in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students.[47][48]

History

Previous sanitation campaigns

Officially starting as of 1 April 1999, The Government of India restructured the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which was later (on 1 April 2012) renamed "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan", or NBA (Hindi: निर्मल भारत अभियान, Nirmal Bhārat Abhiyān) by then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[49][50] It was a programme following - to some extent - the principles of community-led total sanitation (CLTS). Villages that achieved this status received monetary rewards and high publicity under a program called Nirmal Gram Puraskar.[51][52][53]

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[7]

Major activities covered under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan were:[54][50]

A randomized study of eighty villages in rural (Madhya Pradesh) was conducted to determine if India's Total Sanitation Campaign's (TSC) effort to eliminate open defecation was effective in reducing diarrhea and other gastrointestinal diseases in children. Results showed that the TSC programme did modestly increase the number of households with latrines, and had a small effect in reducing open defecation. However, there was no improvement in the health of children. Although the authors point out that their results are limited as to place (rural Madhya Pradesh), type of intervention (TSC), and type of measures (self-reported open defecation and child health), they conclude: "these findings highlight the challenges associated with achieving large enough improvement in access to sanitation and correspondingly large reductions in the practice of open defecation to deliver health benefits within large-scale rural sanitation programs."[55] However, this study may not be used to judge the effectiveness of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) overall, as the presence of subsidies may fundamentally change the effectiveness of the process.[56]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Swachh Bharat campaign should become mass movement: Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "PM reviews preparations for launch of Mission Swachh Bharat". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Swachh Bharat: PM Narendra Modi launches 'Clean India' mission". Zee News. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "MDWS Intensifies Efforts with States to Implement Swachh Bharat Mission", Business Standard, 18 March 2016
  5. 1 2 "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission", The Economic Times, 30 March 2016
  6. 1 2 "Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore", The Economic Times, 29 February 2016
  7. 1 2 "Restructuring of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan into Swachh Bharat Mission". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
  8. ↑ Poo2Loo to break open defecation taboo
  9. 1 2 3 "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January". timesofindia-economictimes.
  10. ↑ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: PM Modi govt builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January". Firstpost.
  11. ↑ "Saffron Agenda for Green Capitalism? - Swarajya". Swarajya.
  12. ↑ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging".
  13. ↑ Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  14. ↑ "Manual scavenging still a reality". The Hindu. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  15. ↑ "PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event". Zee News.
  16. ↑ "Modi government mobilises Rs 370 crore under Swachh Bharat Kosh", The Economic Times, 11 March 2016
  17. ↑ "PM Modi's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Anil Ambani dedicates himself to the movement". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  18. ↑ "PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  19. ↑ "Venkaiah Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam - indtoday.com - indtoday.com". indtoday.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam
  21. ↑ "18 Telugu icons named ambassadors for Swachh Bharat". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  22. ↑ "18 Telugu People as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors | 9 people each in AP and Telangana as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors". Andhra Pradesh Political News, Telugu Cinema News - APToday. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  23. 1 2 admin. "swachh bharat brand ambassador List". Telangana State Portal - Latest News Updates.
  24. ↑ "Lakshmi Manchu Is Telangana Swachh Bharat's Brand Ambassador" MovieNewz.in, Retrieved 04.09.2015
  25. ↑ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: PM Narendra Modi to wield broom to give India a new image". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  26. ↑ "Swachh Bharat campaign is beyond politics, PM Narendra Modi says". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  27. ↑ "PM India". Prime Minister's Office. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  28. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  29. ↑ "PM Modi fulfils promise of 80 lakh toilets, but not many takers in rural India".
  30. ↑ "Indore city declared open defecation free: Mayor". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  31. ↑ "After rural areas, Indore city declared open defecation free". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  32. 1 2 "Kerala, Haryana top sanitation survey.", The Hindu, 9 August 2017.
  33. ↑ "'Railway Budget Aligned to PM Modi's Vision for Digital India'", The New Indian Express, 5 March 2016
  34. ↑ "When Swachh Bharat met Digital India: Now solar-powered trash cans to send alerts when full", The Economic Times, 18 March 2016
  35. ↑ "Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting ‘zero-value goods’ from government offices and buildings", The Economic Times, 17 May 2016
  36. ↑ "Swachh Bharat Run organized at Rashtrapati Bhavan". The Times of India.
  37. ↑ "Desi companies beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race". The Times of India.
  38. ↑ "Swachh Bharat goes hi-tech, govt to track toilet use with iPads". The Hindu. 31 December 2014.
  39. ↑ Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats, 18 November 2016
  40. ↑ "Swachh Bharat App - News, Videos, Songs & Opinions on Clean India".
  41. ↑ "PAC • Benchmarking Citizen Report Card On NBA/SBM". pacindia.org. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  42. ↑ "Cleanliness ranking for 73 cities is out. Mysuru cleanest, Modi's Varanasi among dirtiest", India Today, 15 February 2016
  43. ↑ "Chandigarh Declared Second Cleanest City of India in 2016 Swachh Bharat Survey", Chandigarh Metro
  44. ↑ Nagaon topped 8th cleanest city in India
  45. ↑ "State-wise assessment schedule - Swachh Sarvekshan 2017" (PDF). 10 Jan 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  46. ↑ "Swachh Survekshan -2017 – ranks of 434 cities" (PDF).
  47. ↑ Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya
  48. ↑ Swachh Bharat-Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign
  49. ↑ "Time to clean up your act", Hindustan Times
  50. 1 2 "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets: CAG jdjgjfi", Mint, 16 December 2015
  51. ↑ IRC:India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme, 1 June 2007
  52. ↑ Institute of Development Studies:Community-led total sanitation:India
  53. ↑ Benny George:Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India, International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009
  54. ↑ "Salient Features of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan". Biharprabha News. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  55. ↑ Patil, Sumeet; Arnold, Benjamin; Salvatore, Alicia; Briceno, Bertha; Ganguly, Sandipan; Colford Jr., John; Gertler, Paul (26 August 2014). "The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial". PLOS Medicine. 11: e1001709. PMC 4144850 Freely accessible. PMID 25157929. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709.
  56. ↑ "An Open Letter in response to the World Development Report 2015". Retrieved 23 March 2015.

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