Tosk Albanian
| Tosk | |
|---|---|
| toskë, toskërisht | |
| Region | Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Turkey |
Native speakers | 1.8 million (2011 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
als |
| Glottolog |
tosk1239[2] |
| Linguasphere |
55-AAA-aca to 55-AAA-ace |
|
A map showing Tosk speakers in Red and Orange (19th century) | |
Tosk (Albanian: toskë/toskërisht) is the southern dialect group of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks. The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg (the northern dialect) is the Shkumbin River. Tosk is the basis of the standard Albanian language.
Major Tosk-speaking groups include the Myzeqars of Myzeqe, Labs of Labëria and Chams of Çamëria. The Arvanites of Greece and Arbëreshë of Italy are descendants of Tosk-speaking settlers, as are the original inhabitants of Mandritsa in Bulgaria. In the Republic of Macedonia, there were approximately 3000 speakers in the early 1980s.[3]
Tosk features
- Rhotacism: Proto-Albanian *-n- becomes -r- (e.g. rëra "sand")
- Proto-Albanian *ō becomes va.
- Nasal vowels: There is a lack of nasal vowels in Tosk (e.g. sy "eye") and Late Proto-Albanian *â plus a nasal becomes ë (e.g. nëntë "nine").
- e-vowel: The e becomes ë in some dialects in some words qën for qen in Vjosë.
- ë-vowel: The ë may have several pronunciations depending on dialect: the ë is more backed in Labërisht dialects like that of Vuno, where mëz "foal" is [mʌz]). Final -ë drops in many Tosk dialects and lengthens the preceding vowel.
- y-vowel: The y vowel often derounds to i in Labërisht, Çam, Arvanitika and Arbëresh (e.g. dy "two" becomes di).
- Dh and Ll: These sounds may interchange in some words in some dialects.
- H: This may drop in any position in some dialects.
- Gl/Kl: Some dialects such as Çam, Arberësh, and Arvanitika retain kl and gl in place of q and gj (e.g. gjuhë "tongue" is gluhë in Çam, gluhë in Arberësh, and gljuhë in Arvanitika; "klumësh" for "qumësht" "milk" in Arbëresh).
- Rr: Rr becomes r in some dialects.
See also
References
| a. | ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 111 out of 193 United Nations member states. |
- ↑ Tosk at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Tosk Albanian". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Language Contact - Language Conflict. p. 36.
Thus, for example, even the small numbers of Tosk Albanians of southern Macedonia (only approximately 3,000 in the early 1980s)
External links
 |
Tosk Albanian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
This article is issued from
Wikipedia.
The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike.
Additional terms may apply for the media files.