Toronto City Council

Toronto City Council
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
Term limits
 None
History
New session started
 December 1, 2014
Leadership
John Tory
Since December 1, 2014
Frances Nunziata
Since December 1, 2010
Shelley Carroll
Since December 1, 2014
Structure
Seats 44 plus Mayor
Length of term
 4 years
Authority City of Toronto Act, 2006
Salary $184,666 (Mayor)

$109,652 (Councillor)
Elections
Last election
 October 27, 2014
(45 seats)
Next election
 October 22, 2018
(45 seats)
Meeting place
Council Chamber
Toronto City Hall
Toronto, Ontario
Website
Toronto City Hall

The Toronto City Council is the governing body of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Members represent wards throughout the city, and are known as councillors. For ease of electoral division, wards are based upon the city's federal electoral districts as of the year 2000. While the federal districts have been redistributed since then, the ward boundaries remain the same. The city council has 45 members: 44 ward councillors plus the mayor.

Structure

The current decision making framework and committee structure at the City of Toronto was established by the City of Toronto Act (2006) and came into force January 1, 2007.[1] The decision-making process at the City of Toronto involves committees that report to City Council. Committees propose, review and debate policies and recommendations before their arrival at City Council for debate. Citizens and residents can only make deputations on policy at committees, citizens cannot make public presentations to City Council.[2] Each City Councillor sits on one committee. The Mayor is a member of all committees and is entitled to one vote.

There are three types of committees at the City of Toronto: the Executive Committee, Standing Committees and other Committees of Council.[3] The City posts agendas for council and committee meetings on its website.[4]

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee is an advisory body chaired by the mayor.[5] The Executive Committee is composed of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and the chairs of the seven standing committees who are appointed by the Mayor and four "at-large" members appointed by City Council. The role of the Executive Committee is to set the City of Toronto's priorities, manage financial planning and budgeting, labour relations, human resources, and the operation of City Council.

The Executive Committee makes recommendations to city council on:

Several committees report to the Executive Committee:

Source: City of Toronto[6]

Other committees

There are eleven other committees that report to Toronto City Council. The seven standing policy committees are:

Committee Focus
Community Development & Recreation Social inclusion and undertaking work to strengthen services to communities and neighbourhoods.
Economic Development Monitors and makes recommendations to strengthen Toronto’s economy and investment climate.
Government Management Government assets and resources; monitors and makes recommendations on the administrative operations of the City.
Licensing & Standards Consumer safety and protection; monitors and makes recommendations on the licensing of business and the enforcement of property standards.
Parks & Environment Monitors, makes recommendations and undertakes work to ensure the sustainability of Toronto’s natural environment.
Planning & Growth Management Urban form and work related to good city planning; monitors and makes recommendations on the planning, growth and development of the City.
Public Works & Infrastructure Delivers and maintains Toronto’s infrastructure; monitors and makes recommendations on Toronto’s infrastructure needs and services.

There are four other committees that report to Council:

Committee Focus
Audit Committee Considers and recommends to Council the appointment of external auditors for the City and the Auditor General’s office; the annual external audits of the financial statements of the City, its agencies and the Auditor General’s office; the Auditor General’s reports, audit plan and accomplishments.
Board of Health Ensures that Toronto Public Health delivers programs and services in response to local needs; determines and sets public health policy and advises City Council on a broad range of health issues; recommendations with citywide or financial implications are forwarded to City Council for final approval.
Civic Appointments Committee Considers and recommends to Council the citizens to appoint to agencies.
Striking Committee Recommends councillor appointments to fill the positions of city boards, agencies and advisory committees; makes recommendations to Council on the meeting schedule for Council and Council Committees.

Source: City of Toronto[6]

Community councils

All members of Toronto city council serve on a community council. Community Councils report to City Council but they also have final decision-making power on certain items, such as front yard parking and appointments to local boards and Business Improvement Areas.[6] The city is divided into four community councils. Their meeting locations are as follows:

Current city council

The current council term began on December 1, 2014 and members were sworn in December 2.[7] The salary for the mayor was $177,499 for 2014. The salary for a city councillor was $105,397 for 2014.

In 2017, Councillor pay will be $111,955, and salary for the Mayor will be $188,544.

Councilor Ward # Community Council Ward Name Notes
Tory, JohnJohn Tory Mayor -
Crisanti, VincentVincent Crisanti 1 Etobicoke York Etobicoke North Deputy Mayor - Toronto West

Vice-Chair - Etobicoke-York Community Council

Michael Ford 2 Etobicoke York Etobicoke North Won by-election in 2016 following the death of councillor Rob Ford
Holyday, StephenStephen Holyday 3 Etobicoke York Etobicoke Centre
Campbell, JohnJohn Campbell 4 Etobicoke York Etobicoke Centre
Di Ciano, JustinJustin Di Ciano 5 Etobicoke York Etobicoke—Lakeshore Chair - Etobicoke-York Community Council
Grimes, MarkMark Grimes 6 Etobicoke York Etobicoke—Lakeshore
Mammoliti, GiorgioGiorgio Mammoliti 7 Etobicoke York York West
Perruzza, AnthonyAnthony Perruzza 8 North York York West
Augimeri, MariaMaria Augimeri 9 North York York Centre Chair - North York Community Council
Pasternak, JamesJames Pasternak 10 North York York Centre Chair - Community Development and Recreation Committee and

Vice-Chair - North York Community Council
Member of the Executive Committee

Nunziata, FrancesFrances Nunziata 11 Etobicoke York York South—Weston Speaker of City Council
Di Giorgio, FrankFrank Di Giorgio 12 Etobicoke York York South—Weston Executive Committee At-Large Member
Doucette, SarahSarah Doucette 13 Etobicoke York Parkdale—High Park
Perks, GordGord Perks 14 Toronto and East York Parkdale—High Park
Colle, JoshJosh Colle 15 North York Eglinton—Lawrence Chairman of the Toronto Transit Commission
Carmichael Greb, ChristinChristin Carmichael Greb 16 North York Eglinton—Lawrence
Palacio, CesarCesar Palacio 17 Etobicoke York Davenport Chair - Licensing and Standards Committee

Member of the Executive Committee

Bailão, AnaAna Bailão 18 Toronto and East York Davenport Chair - Affordable Housing Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
Layton, MikeMike Layton 19 Toronto and East York Trinity—Spadina Chair - Toronto East-York Community Council
Cressy, JoeJoe Cressy 20 Toronto and East York Trinity—Spadina
Mihevc, JoeJoe Mihevc 21 Toronto and East York St. Paul's
Matlow, JoshJosh Matlow 22 Toronto and East York St. Paul's
Filion, JohnJohn Filion 23 North York Willowdale
Shiner, DavidDavid Shiner 24 North York Willowdale Chair - Planning and Growth Management Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
Robinson, JayeJaye Robinson 25 North York Don Valley West Chair - Public Works and Infrastructure Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
Burnside, JonJon Burnside 26 North York Don Valley West
Wong-Tam, KristynKristyn Wong-Tam 27 Toronto and East York Toronto Centre—Rosedale Vice-Chair - Toronto-East York Community Council
(vacant) 28 Toronto and East York Toronto Centre—Rosedale Vacant since death of Pam McConnell on July 7, 2017.
Fragedakis, MaryMary Fragedakis 29 Toronto and East York Toronto—Danforth
Fletcher, PaulaPaula Fletcher 30 Toronto and East York Toronto—Danforth
Davis, JanetJanet Davis 31 Toronto and East York Beaches—East York
McMahon, Mary-MargaretMary-Margaret McMahon 32 Toronto and East York Beaches—East York Member of the Executive Committee
Carroll, ShelleyShelley Carroll 33 North York Don Valley East Deputy Speaker of City Council
Minnan-Wong, DenzilDenzil Minnan-Wong 34 North York Don Valley East Deputy Mayor - North and City of Toronto
Member of the Executive Committee
Holland, MichelleMichelle Holland 35 Scarborough Scarborough Southwest Chair - Parks and Environment Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
Crawford, GaryGary Crawford 36 Scarborough Scarborough Southwest Chair - Budget Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
Thompson, MichaelMichael Thompson 37 Scarborough Scarborough Centre Chair - Economic Development Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
De Baeremaeker, GlennGlenn De Baeremaeker 38 Scarborough Scarborough Centre Deputy Mayor - Toronto East
Karygiannis, JimJim Karygiannis 39 Scarborough Scarborough—Agincourt
Kelly, NormNorm Kelly 40 Scarborough Scarborough—Agincourt
Lee, ChinChin Lee 41 Scarborough Scarborough—Rouge River Chair - Scarborough Community Council
Shan, NeethanNeethan Shan 42 Scarborough Scarborough—Rouge River
Ainslie, PaulPaul Ainslie 43 Scarborough Scarborough East Chair - Government Management Committee
Member of the Executive Committee
Hart, JimJim Hart 44 Scarborough Scarborough East Appointed to council on June 28, 2017 following the death of Ron Moeser.

Office of the Mayor

The office of the Mayor is located on the second floor at Toronto City Hall. The general public and media can access it via stairs. Office staff and the Mayor can reach the office by elevator from the ground floor or the garage.

The current staff of the office consists of:[8]

As of May 30, 2013, the positions of Deputy Chief of Staff, Press Secretary and Deputy Press Secretary no longer exists. Staffing roles and hiring is directed by the Mayor and not by Council or City of Toronto.

Executive Committee

Current members of the Committee:[9]

The committee existed in the old City of Toronto beginning in 1969. Before that Toronto had a Board of Control, as did former cities North York and Etobicoke.

Vacancies

Vacancies in a council seat may be filled in one of two ways, either by the holding of a by-election or through direct appointment of an interim councillor chosen by the council in an internal vote. Normally the council is allowed to decide which process to follow in each individual case; however, if the vacancy occurs after March 31 in the year of a regularly scheduled municipal election, then the vacancy must be filled by direct appointment as provincial law prohibits the holding of a by-election in the final six months of a council term.

The process often results in public debate, however. The by-election process is widely seen as more democratic, while the appointment process is seen as less expensive for the city to undertake.

When the appointment process is followed, people who are interested in the appointment are asked to submit their names to the local community council for the area where the vacant seat is located; the community council then evaluates and interviews the applicants, and submits a recommendation to the full city council for a final vote. The full council can, however, reject the community council's recommendation and choose a different candidate instead; in 2013, for example, the city council passed over former Member of Provincial Parliament Chris Stockwell, the recommended candidate of the Etobicoke Community Council,[10] in favour of Peter Leon.

Normally, a condition of the application process is that the appointed interim councillor does not run as a candidate in the next regular election, so that he or she does not gain an unfair incumbency advantage. There have, nonetheless, been instances in which appointed interim councillors have tested the rule; most recently, Paul Ainslie did so in 2006 by running for re-election in a different ward than the one where he had been appointed.[11] Peter Leon considered registering as a candidate in the 2014 election following his appointment as an interim councillor in 2013,[12] but ultimately did not do so.

If a full byelection is pursued, however, then the winner of that byelection is not barred from running in the next regular municipal election.

Three vacancies occurred during the 2010-14 council term. Doug Holyday resigned from council in 2013 after winning election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in a byelection, and was succeeded by Peter Leon.[13] Adam Vaughan resigned from council in 2014 to contest a federal byelection for the House of Commons, and was succeeded by Ceta Ramkhalawansingh.[14] Peter Milczyn resigned in 2014 after winning election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 2014 election and was succeeded by James Maloney.

Since amalgamation there are four instances that a Councillor died while in office:

City Clerk of Toronto

The City Clerk is the senior administrative officer of the City of Toronto. The City Clerk is charged with building public trust and confidence in the city government.

There are five divisions in the Clerk's office:

City Clerk staff are seated in the horseshoe shaped table located in front of the Speakers podium in Council Chambers.

Sergeant-at-Arms

City Council has a Sergeant-at-Arms, who is present at each council and committee meeting as per Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 27-50[17] to ensure order and safety of all members. In 2014 a second post was created to have two sergeants-at-arms present during council meetings. They are posted on the floor or near the entrances beside the Speaker's desk.

History

The inaugural meeting of the newly elected Toronto City Council in January 1911.

Original ward system

City of Toronto Boundaries and Original Five Wards, 1834

Toronto was divided into a group of wards, each named after a Christian saint. In 1834, the City had five wards and the number of wards would expand to nine by 1891. While out of use for over a century, these ward names continue to appear in neighbourhood names and subway stations and, until the 1990s, provincial electoral districts.[18] The old wards and their boundaries in their final form, used from 1871 to 1891, were:

When Yorkville was annexed in 1883, it became St. Paul's Ward. When Riverdale was annexed in 1884, it became St. Matthew's Ward. Brockton was also annexed in 1884, and it became the ward of St. Mark's. When Parkdale was annexed in 1889, it became St. Alban's Ward.

20th century structure

Toronto ward system for the January 1, 1910 election, incorporating the recent annexations of Bracondale, and the City of Toronto West Junction in 1909.

In June 1891, the city approved a re-organization to Council changing the number of wards to six; each ward was known by a number.[19] Each ward elected four aldermen.[20] Over the next three decades three new wards were added, one each in the north, east, and west, as new areas were annexed to the City of Toronto. In 1896, the Board of Control executive branch of Council was established to handle all daily council business and report to Council. Mayor Robert John Fleming presided over the first Board of Control.[21]

Eventually, the numbers of aldermen was reduced to two aldermen per ward as the number of wards was increased. When a higher level of municipal government, Metro Toronto, was introduced in 1953, the alderman with the most votes of the two elected councillors from each ward was also a member of Metro Council.

Until 1955 municipal elections were held annually, either on New Year's Day or on the first Monday in December. In 1955 council moved to two-year terms, and in 1982 three-year terms were introduced. Along with the other municipalities of Ontario, Toronto moved to a four-year municipal term in 2006.

Starting in 1904 the Board of Control was elected directly. Until 1969 there was a four-person Board of Control in addition to city council. The board was elected at large across the city, and its members had considerably more power than the city councillors. In 1969, the Board of Control was abolished and the four controllers were replaced by four new councillors from two new wards. The ward map was rebalanced to give more equitable representation.

In 1985, the system of electing Metro councillors was changed so that two separate ballots were held in each ward, one for the city the other for Metro. In the next election, a separate set of wards was established for Metro councillors. Each Metro ward consisted of two city wards, each electing only one councillor.

With the amalgamation of the City of Toronto with the suburban municipalities of Metro in 1997, the councils of the six former cities were abolished. The new council for the "megacity" kept the ward map of Metro Toronto but doubled the number of councillors by adopting the system of electing two councillors from each ward. East York had only one ward and was thus greatly underrepresented. Former East York mayor Michael Prue lobbied successfully for a third councillor to be elected from that ward, and this was implemented mid-term.

This system was only used for the first megacity election. In 2000 a new ward map was devised based on the federal ridings (electoral districts) that covered Toronto. Each riding was split in half to create the current system of 44 wards.

List of ward changes 1909-1988

Changes for 2006–2010 Council

Changes were made to the council in 2007:

Political history

When the City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, a city council was created. It provided direct representation in the government of Toronto to the population. The Town of York had been governed by the then-province of Upper Canada, with electoral representation in the Upper Canada assembly.

The first councils were elected yearly. Each of the five wards elected two aldermen and two common councillors by the votes of male householders.[22] The first councils were dominated by two factions: the Family Compact and its loyalists; and the reformers under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie, Member of Parliament for York.[23] Mackenzie won election to Council and was elected by Council as the city's first mayor, but was defeated in the next election, after proposing increased taxation.[24] After the defeat of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837, the reformers were marginalized, as several were executed for treason, and others, such as Mackenzie, went into exile.

For the next century the Tories dominated Toronto municipal politics, as they did the other levels in "Tory Toronto". The Tories were associated with staunch Protestantism, shown through membership in the Orange Order,[25] and support for the Lord's Day Act.

In the 1930s, various forms of left-wing opposition arose to the Tory-dominated council. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was founded in 1932. The pro-labour social democratic party found support in various working class areas of Toronto and several of its members were elected to city council. Unaffiliated anti-poverty activists like May Birchard also were elected to Council in this era. An important faction in Toronto politics in the 1930s and 1940s were the communists. There was considerable communist support in the downtown areas covered by Ward 4 and Ward 5, especially in the heavily Jewish areas of Kensington Market and the Garment District around Spadina Avenue and further west along College and up to Christie Pits including what is now Little Italy. The peak of communist influence was in the 1946 election when leader Stewart Smith was elected to the Board of Control and three other communists won seats on city council. With the beginning of the Cold War and staunch opposition from the other political groups, the communist presence quickly disappeared. The last communist alderman lost his seat in 1950.

The first part of the 20th century was the era of the newspaper slates. Each of the daily newspapers would endorse a full slate of candidates for office. The two most influential were the right-wing Toronto Telegram and the more left-leaning Toronto Daily Star. In the early parts of the century, the duelling papers ran the communications portion of the campaign of the candidates they supported, using yellow journalism to extol those they supported and denigrate those they opposed. The newspaper slates did not have a unified ideology: all the papers claimed to be seeking a balanced council, making sure that groups such as labour and Roman Catholics had representation on council. Beyond these few exceptions, the slates of all the papers were largely made up of male, white, Conservative, Orangemen. Many candidates also appeared on the slates of several newspapers.[26] With the exception of James Simpson, who became Toronto's first socialist mayor in 1935, the city's mayors were Tories in the first half of the 20th century.

The character of Toronto politics began to change in the 1950s and 1960s as the Anglo Tory lock on power faded in the increasingly diverse city. In 1952, Orangeman Allan Lamport became the first Liberal elected mayor in over 40 years. He resigned to become TTC chair and his administration was implicated in a municipal corruption scandal.[27] In 1954, Leslie Saunders, another Orangeman became interim mayor. His staunch defence of Protestantism became an issue in the 1954 election. Nathan Phillips, a long-serving Jewish alderman, was elected mayor. He was a staunch Tory. His religion was an important issue in the election, in which his opponent proclaimed himself to be running as "Leslie Saunders, Protestant".[28] The Orange Order influence dropped sharply. Only seven of 23 councillors elected that year were members of the Orange Order.[29] Phillips was dubbed "Mayor of all the People" and governed in a non-partisan manner.[30] During his term, Phillips enraged the Order by accepting funding from O'Keefe Brewing for the new O'Keefe Centre auditorium.[31] In 1956, Phillips initiated the international architectural competition for a new City Hall.[32]

In 1966, former CCF Member of Provincial Parliament William Dennison was elected mayor. He was an Orangeman and the last member of the Orange Order to be a Toronto mayor.[30]

In the late 1960s and 1970s, a new division arose on city council between two groups that became known as the "Reformers" and the "Old Guard". Both groups crossed party lines and were divided by their approach to urban issues. The Reform faction arose in opposition to the urban renewal schemes that had been in favour in the previous decades. Two key battles were over the proposal for the Spadina Expressway and the replacement of the Trefann Court neighbourhood with a housing project.[33] The Reformers opposed the destruction of existing neighbourhoods and followed the urban theories of recent Toronto arrival Jane Jacobs. The Old Guard supported new highways and housing projects, in part because of their close ties to the development industry. The debate between the two groups became the central issue of the 1969 municipal election with mayoral candidate Margaret Campbell running on an explicitly reform platform. Campbell lost the mayoralty, but on city council six veteran members of the Old Guard were defeated.

One example of the close ties was revealed in 1971; a conflict of interest case of alderman Ben Grys, who chaired the Buildings and Development Committee. His wife Gladys, bought properties in the High Park area, then resold them to a developer. Grys then helped get rezoning for the area to allow developers to increase the number of units they could build, without disclosing his interest.[34] Alderman John Sewell learned of the Grys purchases through a resident of the area. Grys launched a lawsuit against Sewell but it was dropped. Grys was defeated in 1972, the same election that Reformer David Crombie was elected mayor. Crombie was mayor until 1978 and during his term, the city enacted a holding by-law to curb the development industry. In 1978, Crombie was succeeded by Sewell as mayor.

In 1980, Liberal Art Eggleton was elected mayor. Eggleton was mayor until 1991. During his term, Council enacted a new official plan to control redevelopment within the city. Council approved the redevelopment of the railway lands south-west of downtown. Eggleton negotiated the agreement to administer Toronto Island Airport, allowing scheduled airlines, but disallowing jets. Social housing was built and environmental programs were introduced by the city during those period.

In 1998 the Metro Toronto Council was merged with Toronto City Council. The amalgamation added the councillors from the other cities of Metro. The first mayor of the merged council was Mel Lastman, former mayor of North York. Council spent the term working on merging the departments of the various municipalities and working on funding for the increased services downloaded by the province. In 2003, David Miller became Toronto mayor. A new City of Toronto Act was enacted by the Province of Ontario and Council used the opportunity to introduce new tax measures to increase revenues for city services. A planned bridge to the Island Airport was cancelled.

In 2010, Councillor Rob Ford won the mayoralty on promises to cut taxes. During his term, Council cancelled the vehicle registration tax, made various department 'essential services' and out-sourced some garbage pickup services. Council removed some of Ford's mayoral powers following the disclosures of Ford's drug abuse, giving powers to the deputy mayor. Although Ford ran for re-election, ill-health forced him to drop out. The mayoralty was won by John Tory, former leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservatives.

Political families

Homes of City Council

See also

References

Bibliography
Notes
  1. ↑ "City of Toronto Act". www1.toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  2. ↑ "4-Step Guide to Deputations at Toronto City Hall". Witopoli. witopoli. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  3. ↑ "City Council and its Committees". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  4. ↑ "Toronto City Council and Committees : Meetings, Agenda and Minutes". Toronto.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  5. ↑ "Decision Body Profile". App.toronto.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  6. 1 2 3 City of Toronto. "City Council and its Committees". www1.toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Member Appointments for the New Term". www1.toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  8. ↑ "Office of the Mayor Staff Directory (PDF)" (PDF). www1.toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Executive Committee (2014-2018)". www1.toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Community council recommends Chris Stockwell for Ward 3 seat". CBC News. October 1, 2013.
  11. ↑ Jeff Gray. "Councillor's stand-in breaks promise not to run for office". The Globe and Mail, October 4, 2006. pg. A12.
  12. ↑ "Appointed Etobicoke councillor Peter Leon considers breaking promise not to run". Toronto Star, January 1, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Peter Leon to replace Doug Holyday in Ward 3". Toronto Star, October 10, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Former city official picked for council seat". Toronto Star, July 7, 2014.
  15. ↑ Fox, Chris. "City councillor Pam McConnell is 'gravely ill' in hospital, mayor says". CTV News. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  16. ↑ Fraser, Laura (July 7, 2017). "Veteran Toronto councillor Pam McConnell has died". CBC News.
  17. ↑ "TORONTO MUNICIPAL CODE CHAPTER 27, COUNCIL PROCEDURES" (PDF). Toronto.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  18. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  19. ↑ Carter-Edward 1971, p. 79.
  20. ↑ Russell 1982, p. 156.
  21. ↑ Russell 1982, p. 123.
  22. ↑ Middleton 1923, p. 170.
  23. ↑ Middleton 1923, p. 179.
  24. ↑ Middleton 1923, p. 196.
  25. ↑ Smyth 2015, pp. 8–10.
  26. ↑ Haggart, Ron (November 29, 1960). "Here's How the Toronto Newspapers Suggest You Vote – And Why". Toronto Star. p. 7.
  27. ↑ Smyth 2015, p. 251.
  28. ↑ Smyth 2015, p. 252.
  29. ↑ Smyth 2015, p. 255.
  30. 1 2 Smyth 2015, p. 253.
  31. ↑ Smyth 2015, pp. 253–254.
  32. ↑ Smyth 2015, p. 254.
  33. ↑ Sewell 2015, pp. 21–24.
  34. ↑ Sewell 2015, pp. 65-69.

Further reading

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