Tommy Suharto

Tommy Suharto
Born (1962-07-15) 15 July 1962
Indonesia
Political party Golkar
Criminal charge Murder, illegal weapons possession, fleeing justice
Criminal penalty 15 years(reduced to 4 years after remissions and cuts)
Spouse(s) Ardhia Pramesti Regita Cahyani (1997-2006)
Children

Dharma Mangkuluhur

Gayanti Hutami

Parent(s) Soeharto and Siti Hartinah

Tommy Suharto (born Hutomo Mandala Putra) (15 July 1962) is an Indonesian businessman, convicted murderer, politician and the youngest son of Suharto, the former President of Indonesia. He has long had a reputation for being a playboy and gained notoriety for commissioning the murder of a judge who convicted him of corruption.[1]

Early life

Tommy was born in Jakarta on 15 July 1962, the fifth child of Major-General Suharto and Siti Hartinah, better known as Ibu (Mrs) Tien. His siblings are Siti Hardiyanti Astuti 'Tutut' Rukmana, Sigit Harjojudanto, Bambang Trihatmodjo, Siti 'Titiek' Hediati and Siti Hutami 'Mamiek' Endang Adiningsih.

His middle name comes from the Indonesian military's Mandala Command for the Liberation of West Irian (Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat), which was formed in January 1962 and led by Major-General Suharto with the aim of removing the Dutch from the territory of Netherlands New Guinea (West Papua). Suharto wrote in his autobiography the name was chosen as a reminder of the Mandala assignment.[2]

On 27 September 1965, when three years old, Tommy suffered scalding to his face and body. He had been playing with his younger sister Mamiek in the family's house on Jalan Haji Agus Salim in Central Jakarta when he ran into his mother, who was carrying into the dining room a pot of boiling hot oxtail soup, which spilled over Tommy. His mother immediately applied a cod liver salve to his scalded and blistered skin.[3] He was rushed to the 'Gatot Soebroto' Army Hospital in nearby Senen neighborhood.[4] For the next three nights, Suharto visited Tommy at the hospital. The timing is significant in Indonesia's history because on the night of 30 September 1965, an abortive coup attempt was launched by elements of the military, shooting dead six generals at about 4am on 1 October. Before the killings took place, Suharto was still at the hospital. At about midnight, Tien urged Suharto to return home to check on Mamiek, who had been left with a servant. He went home about 12.15am and went to bed and was awoken at about 4.30am by news of the shootings. Tommy and his mother left the hospital on the afternoon of October 1, accompanied by Suharto's half-brother Probosutedjo and aide-de-camp (ADC) Wahyudi. Tommy and his siblings were then moved to the ADC’s residence in Kebayoran Baru, as it was considered safer.[5]

After completing junior high school in Jakarta, Tommy studied at the Civil Aviation Academy. He then went to the United States to study agriculture but did not complete his studies. He returned to Indonesia to start his business career.[6]

It has often been said that Tommy was his parents’ favorite son.[7] Tien’s 1992 authorized biography states, “What sets Tommy apart from his elder brothers Sigit and Bambang, is that he has a more agile disposition. Tommy, who sports a mustache, is never without his RayBan sunglasses. At 28 years of age, he is the splitting image [sic] of his father. Deep in his heart, he cherishes great admiration for his mother.”[8]

As a young man, Tommy was known for his fondness for actresses, nightclubs and casinos. Time magazine in 1999 alleged that Tommy loved gambling and thought nothing of losing $1 million in a single sitting.[9]

Criminal convictions

In April 1999, Tommy and his business partner Ricardo Gelael went on trial over an $11 million land scam.[10] They were acquitted in October 1999 by South Jakarta District Court. In September 2000, a panel of three Supreme Court judges, led by Syafiuddin Kartasasmita, overturned the ruling and sentenced Tommy and Gelael each to 18 months in jail for corruption. Tommy refused to go to jail and went into hiding.[11] Kartasasmita's wife later alleged her husband had refused a $20,000 bribe from Tommy.[12]

In July 2001, Tommy paid 100 million rupiah to two hitmen to murder Kartasasmita, who was subsequently shot dead while on his way to work.[13] Indonesia's notoriously corrupt Supreme Court[14] responded to the assassination by overturning Tommy's corruption conviction in October 2001, in a move that was viewed as part of a deal to make him come out of hiding. The Jakarta Post newspaper noted the ruling "destroyed what little credibility was left on what is supposed to be the last bastion of justice in this country".[15]

Tommy was on 26 July 2002 sentenced to 15 years jail for murder, illegal weapons possession and fleeing justice. The murder charge alone had carried the death penalty, but prosecutors sought only a 15 year sentence.[16] Tommy rarely showed up for his trial, claiming to be ill, and was absent when his verdict was announced. Instead, his paid supporters were present outside the court.[17]

He served the first three weeks of his sentence in the Block H luxury wing of Cipinang jail, Jatinegara, East Jakarta, before being transferred to Nusa Kambangan Island prison off the southern coast of Central Java. His luxury 8 x 3 meter cell was carpeted and contained a sofa, a sideboard, a television, a refrigerator, cooking utensils, an air-conditioner, a water purifier, a laptop computer, and two mobile phones.[18] He was often allowed to travel to Jakarta on the grounds of medical parole and was seen at an exclusive golf course.[19] In April 2006 he was transferred back to Cipinang.[20] His sentence was reduced to 10 years on appeal, and he was given conditional release on 30 October 2006.[21] He spent a total of four years in detainment. Critics said Tommy was released solely because of his wealth and his family's enduring power.[22]

Business and nepotism

As one of Suharto's children, Tommy was entitled to nepotistic privileges that allowed him to amass great wealth.[23] In 1984, at age 22, he founded his Humpuss Group, which achieved success not through talent or professionalism but because of patronage.[24] Within 10 weeks of its founding, the group had 20 subsidiaries, which soon grew to 60.

Oil

In 1985, Tommy acquired a 65% stake in Perta Oil Marketing, a subsidiary of state oil and gas company Pertamina. The acquisition allowed him to become a crude oil broker and transporter, receiving commissions of $0.30 to $0.35 a barrel.[25] Perta brought in profits of $1 million per month.[26]

Tommy and his brother Bambang Trihatmodjo were also alleged to have imposed unofficial markups on oil exports and imports, reaping up to $200 million a year in the 1980s, prompting claims, "They milked Pertamina like a cow."[27]

Sempati Air

In 1989, Tommy and Suharto crony Bob Hasan bought PT Sempati Air Transport from a military company.[28] In the 1990s, Sempati Air (as it was renamed) flew wealthy Indonesians to a popular gambling resort on Australia's Christmas Island. The resort's main investor, Robby Sumanpow, was also the marketing director of Tommy's notorious clove monopoly.[29] Sempati Air folded due to bankruptcy in 1998 after Suharto resigned as Indonesian president. When Suharto was charged in 2000 with corruption over the misuse of funds from charitable foundations, the indictment stated that Sempati Air had received Rp 17.91 billion from Dakab foundation, Rp 13.17 billion from Supersemar foundation and Rp 11.168 billion from Dharmais foundation.[30]

Merak Toll Road

In 1987, Suharto issued a presidential decree allowing state-owned toll road company Jasa Marga to engage national and foreign private investors in tollway projects. In 1989, Tommy formed a consortium, Marga Mandala Sakti (MMS), which lost a bid to his sister Tutut’s company to build Jakarta’s north harbor toll road, the North-South Link. MMS was however awarded the right to extend the Jakarta-Tangerang expressway another 73 km to the busy seaport of Merak. Humpuss constructed the toll road over 1992 to 1996. Tommy’s concession was in 1996 extended by 10 years to 2011. A consortium of foreign investors in late 1996 or early 1997 paid about Rp 425 billion ($181 million) for a majority stake in MMS.[31]

Clove monopoly

In December 1990, Tommy established a clove trading monopoly, the Clove Support and Trading Board (BPPC), despite strong opposition from clove cigarette manufacturers.[32] Under a Trade Ministry regulation, all local cigarette manufacturers were forced to buy from BPPC, which also controlled clove imports from other countries.[33] A subsequent investigation found that Tommy forced clove farmers to sell at immensely reduced prices and then sold the cloves to the cigarette industry at inflated prices. While Tommy profited, many clove farmers went bankrupt.[34] The clove monopoly became a symbol of the nepotism and state-sanctioned skimming that brought down the Indonesian economy and Suharto's 32-year regime in 1998.[35] The monopoly was dismantled in 1998 as part of the International Monetary Fund's package to bail out the Indonesian economy.[36] In July 2007, Tommy was named a suspect in a 175 billion rupiah corruption case involving BPPC. Then-attorney general Hendarman Supandji said Tommy misused loan money given to the agency to buy cloves from farmers.[37] Tommy denied any wrongdoing.[38] In 2008, the Attorney General's Office dropped the case on the grounds that Tommy had repaid the money.[39]

Golden Key Scandal

In the early 1990s, Tommy acquired shares in one of three petrochemical plants proposed by Golden Key, a little-known Jakarta-based company headed by businessman Eddy Tansil. The state-owned Indonesian Development Bank (Bapindo) was pressured to provide 16 loans totalling $430 million to Tansil to build the plants, even though he had no experience in petrochemicals and provided no collateral. Bapindo did not check his creditworthiness. The plants were never built and Bapindo was left with bad loans.[40] According to a June 1994 article by the Far Eastern Economic Review, Tommy was the alleged go-between, who introduced Tansil to Bapindo officials.[41] Before the scandal broke in 1994, Tommy had the previous year sold his shares back to other owners of the company. Tommy was not summoned as a witness at the trial of Tansil, who was in August 1994 sentenced to 17 years in jail and then "escaped" in 1996 and left Indonesia. The fact that Tommy had been a co-owner of the company when it obtained the loans and then sold his stake after part of the loans had been drawn upon in cash was not mentioned during the trials of Tansil and Bapindo officials.[42]

Lamborghini

In 1994, Tommy's Bermuda-registered company Megatech, which is co-owned by Malaysian firm Mycom Setdco, purchased Italian sports car maker Lamborghini from Chrysler Corp. for $40 million.[43] Megatech sold Lamborghini to Audi AG for $110 million during Indonesia's 1998 financial crisis.[44]

Timor National Car

In February 1996, president Suharto announced Indonesia's "National Car" policy, in which a company intending to produce a national car would be exempted from duties, luxury tax and tariffs on imported spare parts. The only company allowed to benefit from the policy was Tommy's newly created PT Timor Putra Nasional. Japan, the US and the European Union all complained to the World Trade Organization that Indonesia had violated WTO rules on equal treatment. Tommy was allowed to import 45,000 fully built Kia cars from South Korea and simply rebadged them as Timor cars. Richard Borsuk and Nancy Chng, in their 2013 book on Liem Sioe Liong, noted "the fiasco did more than any other act to galvanize enmity to Suharto and his family".[45]

In July 1997, state and private banks were encouraged by the government to provide a $650 million loan to Tommy to build a national car factory. On 23 September 1997, in response to the Asian financial crisis battering the Indonesian economy, Finance Minister Mar’ie Muhammad halted fifteen “mega” projects, but the Timor national car was glaringly absent from the list[46], prompting claims it was "untouchable". In January 1998, Suharto ended the Timor's tax breaks in line with reforms imposed by the IMF.[24] Timor showrooms were subsequently targeted in the 13-15 May 1998 riots that preceded Suharto's resignation.[47]

On 28 August 2008, Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati stated that Bank Mandiri had been directed to transfer 1.23 trillion rupiah (US$134 million) of funds owned by Timor Putra Nasional to a government account.

The Finance Ministry filed a graft case alleging Tommy illegally sold assets from Timor to five of his companies. Tommy responded by filing a US$21.8 million countersuit against the ministry. He won a separate US$61 million civil corruption case in February 2008, receiving US$550,000 in a countersuit.[48][49][50]

1997-98 financial crisis and debt

After the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) stated that Humpuss Group was the third largest debtor of irrecoverable loans from domestic banks, mostly from state banks, with a total debt of Rp 5.7 trillion in 2001. This was is 2.5 times Humpuss Group’s annual sales in 1996. Of the total irrecoverable debt, more than half had been borrowed by PT Timor Putra Nasional.[51] The debt was partly repaid to IBRA in assets, and some was later settled through debt restructuring schemes and debt-to-equity swaps.[52]

Mangkuluhur City

Among Tommy's recent business projects is Mangkuluhur City, which he is developing with businessman Harry Gunawan.[53] The project comprises four skyscrapers and a high-rise building on Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto in Jakarta, Indonesia. The tallest of the towers will be 80 stories. Two of the towers are for office space, while the other two are for residential and serviced apartments. The existing Crowne Plaza hotel is part of the development.

Wealth

Time magazine in 1999 put Tommy's wealth at $800 million.[54] In 2016, Tommy was listed 56th on GlobeAsia magazine's list of 150 richest Indonesians, with wealth of $655 million.[55]

In September 2016, Tommy joined the government's tax amnesty program[56], in which tax cheats were rewarded with a tax rate of just 2-4% on assets previously hidden from authorities.[57] Tommy declined to reveal how much tax he paid or the amount of assets he declared, but noted that most of them are abroad.

Bali land scandal

In 1996, Tommy's company PT Pecatu Graha forced villagers off their land in Bali to build a 650-hectare resort. The brutal evictions were backed by military personnel and police using tear gas.[58] Landowners were offered compensation of only 2.5 million rupiah per 100 square meters, well below the prevailing market price of 20 million to 30 million rupiah per 100 square meters.[59] Time magazine reported that residents who refused to sell their land were intimidated, beaten and sometimes put in water up to their necks. Two were jailed for six months.[60]

Garuda lawsuit

In May 2011, Tommy won a lawsuit against Garuda Indonesia for Rp.12.51 billion ($1.46 million) in damages. The case concerned a sponsored article titled "A New Destination to Enjoy in Bali" in the December 2009 issue of Garuda's in-flight magazine. The feature was supposed to be promoting Tommy's Pecatu resort, but a footnote at the end of the article, added by the translator, mentioned Tommy was a convicted murderer.[61] Presiding Judge Tahsin said the article had ruined Tommy’s reputation "as a national and international businessman". He said Tommy's past should not have been mentioned because he had completed his prison term.[62]

Rolls-Royce bribery case

In 2012, former Rolls-Royce employee Dick Taylor alleged the company gave a $20 million bribe and a blue Rolls–Royce car to Tommy in the early 1990s for his help in persuading Garuda Indonesia to buy Rolls’ Trent 700 engine for Airbus A330 aircraft.[63] Tommy's lawyers in 2013 issued a statement denying their client had ever accepted any money or a car, or that he had recommended Rolls-Royce engines to Garuda.[64]

Britain's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) in 2017 entered into a Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA) with Rolls-Royce over the bribery and corruption scandal. Rolls-Royce was required to pay a total of £671 million for its criminal conduct in deals that covered Indonesia, Thailand, India, Russia, Nigeria, China and Malaysia. A summary by the SFO stated that bribes were paid by Rolls-Royce to two Indonesian intermediaries.[65]

Political career

On 11 March 1988, Tommy (then 25 years old) and his siblings for the first time attended the oath-taking ceremony of their father, for his fifth consecutive term, as president. Their presence prompted speculation the children would be groomed for political positions.[66] Sure enough, Tommy, Tutut and Bambang joined Golkar, the dominant political entity of the Suharto regime, and in 1992 were installed as members of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).[67] Following Suharto's fall in May 1998, Golkar in July announced it had recalled Tommy, Tutut and Bambang (and Bambang's wife Halimah) from the MPR.[68] Golkar officials in 2008 said they would not object to Suharto's children rejoining the party's board, provided they were not involved in any outstanding legal cases.[69]

In May 2016, it was announced that Tommy would run for the chairmanship of the Golkar, but he opted not to register for the race.[70]

In July 2016, Tommy formed Berkarya Party, a merger of Beringin Karya Party and Nasional Republik Party.[71] The new party was legalized by the government in October 2016. Controversially, Berkarya Party uses Golkar's distinctive banyan tree logo and yellow color.

In March 2017, Berkarya and another small party, Swara Rakyat Indonesia (Parsindo), announced they were supporting Tommy to run for the presidency in 2019. Parsindo secretary general Ahmad Hadari predicted the 2019 presidential election "will be a war" between the Sukarno dynasty and the Suharto dynasty.[72]

Motorsport

Tommy had a motor racing career in various disciplines, competing in Rally Indonesia in 1997 against WRC's top drivers. He also funded the development of Sentul International Circuit. Tommy was chairman of Ikatan Motor Indonesia (the Indonesian Motoring Association) from 1991-1995.[73] After being released from jail in 2006, Tommy returned to motor racing by competing in the SS-12 National Championship Rally, held in Pecatu, Bali. Tommy drove a Subaru Impreza WRX, which he rolled at a corner, putting him out of the race.[74] He is presently on IMI's Board of Advisers for the 2016-2020 period.[75] His son, Darma Mangkuluhur Hutomo, is also a race car driver.

Personal life

In the early 1990s, Tommy was in a relationship with singer Maya Rumantir and there was speculation they would be married.[76] Tommy’s mother reportedly objected to the relationship because Maya is a Christian of Chinese-Manado heritage, whereas Tommy is a Javanese Muslim, so his parents preferred him to marry someone of Javanese royal lineage.[77][78]. In 2001, police questioned Maya during their search for Tommy when he was a fugitive. She denied hiding him.[79]

On 28 April 1996, Tommy's mother died after a heart attack following a family dinner. Jakarta’s rumor mill speculated that Tommy and his brother Bambang had been arguing over the national car policy, and one of them fired a shot that hit their mother. The persistent rumor was denied by former National Police chief Sutanto (a presidential aide in 1996) in the 2011 book Pak Harto The Untold Stories.[80] Bambang also dismissed the rumor as "communist slander".[81]

Tommy married Ardhia Pramesti Regita Cahyani, also known as 'Tata', in 1997. Tata is from royal lineage of Mangkunegaran principality of Surakarta.[82] They have two children: Dharma Mangkuluhur and Radhyana Gayanti Hutami. On 15 May 2006, Tata filed for divorce and moved to Singapore.

While on the run from the law in 2001, Tommy spent some of his time living with former model Lani Banjaranti.[83] Lani in 2003 announced she had a 13-month-old son, Syalif Putrawan, fathered by Tommy.[84]

When Tommy was jailed on Nusakambangan Island prison for murder, he received overnight visits from his girlfriend Sandy Harun. She later gave birth to a son fathered by Tommy, Marimbi Djodi Putri.[85]

References

  1. ↑ Shubert, Atika (26 July 2002). "Tommy Suharto jailed for murder". CNN. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  2. ↑ Soeharto (1989). Soeharto, My Thoughts, Words, and Deeds: An Autobiography (First ed.). Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. p. 89. ISBN 9798085019.
  3. ↑ Gafur, Abdul (1992). Siti Hartinah Soeharto, first lady of Indonesia (First ed.). Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. p. 202. ISBN 9798085124.
  4. ↑ Probosutedjo (H.); Alberthiene Endah (2010). Saya dan Mas Harto: memoar romantika Probosutedjo. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 250. ISBN 978-979-22-5749-6.
  5. ↑ Gafur, Abdul (1992). Siti Hartinah Soeharto, first lady of Indonesia (First ed.). Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. p. 209. ISBN 9798085124.
  6. ↑ Robert Edward Elson (13 November 2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-0-521-77326-3.
  7. ↑ "FACTBOX-Five facts on Suharto's son Tommy". Reuters. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  8. ↑ Gafur, Abdul (1992). Siti Hartinah Soeharto, first lady of Indonesia (First ed.). Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. p. 491. ISBN 9798085124.
  9. ↑ "Suharto Inc.". CNN.com. Time Magazine. 24 May 1999. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "Hari-hari Penting Tommy Soeharto". Tempo. 28 November 2001. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  11. ↑ "Tommy Suharto’s Brazen Libel Verdict". Asia Sentinel. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
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  13. ↑ "Tommy Suharto guilty of murder". BBC News. 26 July 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  14. ↑ "Money Can’t Buy Him Love". Asia Sentinel. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
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  16. ↑ "Tommy Suharto jailed for 15 years". ABC Radio Australia. 27 July 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  17. ↑ "Soeharto sick in cell as judge reads verdict". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 July 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  18. ↑ "Kisah Sel Mewah 3 Pesohor Lapas Cipinang: Tommy, Ricardo, Freddy". Tempo.co. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
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  21. ↑ BBC
  22. ↑ The Economist "Lucky Tommy," The Economist Nov. 2, 2006.
  23. ↑ Stefan Eklöf (1999). Indonesian Politics in Crisis: The Long Fall of Suharto, 1996-1998. NIAS Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-87-87062-69-5.
  24. 1 2 Donald K. Emmerson (20 May 2015). Indonesia Beyond Suharto. Routledge. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-1-317-46808-0.
  25. ↑ Colmey, John (24 May 1999). "The Family Firm". Time. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  26. ↑ Jeffrey A. Winters (18 April 2011). Oligarchy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-1-139-49564-6.
  27. ↑ Colmey, John (24 May 1999). "The Family Firm". Time. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  28. ↑ Pisani, Elizabeth (9 April 1991). "PRESIDENT'S SON BRINGS EFFICIENCY TO INDONESIAN SKIES". Reuter. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  29. ↑ Murdoch, Lindsay (18 November 1993). "Indonesians Gamble on Christmas Casino". The Age. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  30. ↑ "Dana Yayasan Mengalir ke Perusahaan Cendana". hukumonline.com. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  31. ↑ Jamie S. Davidson (22 January 2015). Indonesia's Changing Political Economy: Governing the Roads. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-1-107-08688-3.
  32. ↑ Pisani, Elizabeth (31 December 1990). "Indonesia Establishes a Controversial Clove Monopoly". Reuter. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  33. ↑ Thomas B. Pepinsky (17 August 2009). Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-0-521-76793-4.
  34. ↑ Aglionby, John (20 July 2007). "Suharto's son is named in clove corruption case". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  35. ↑ Farley, Maggie (21 March 1998). "A Familiar Scent of Monopoly". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  36. ↑ Vedi Hadiz; Richard Robison (31 July 2004). Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. Routledge. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-134-32028-8.
  37. ↑ "Suharto son named suspect in graft case". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  38. ↑ "Suharto's son denies corruption". Los Angeles Times. 17 August 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  39. ↑ Kuswandini, Dian (8 November 2008). "Tommy cleared in one graft case, two more to go". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  40. ↑ Borsuk, Richard. Liem Sioe Liong's Salim Group: The Business Pillar of Suharto's Indonesia (Fourth Reprint 2016 ed.). ISEAS Publishing. p. 330. ISBN 978-981-4459-57-0. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  41. ↑ Walter Hatch; Kozo Yamamura (28 June 1996). Asia in Japan's Embrace: Building a Regional Production Alliance. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-0-521-56515-8.
  42. ↑ David Cole; David C. Cole; Betty F. Slade (13 January 1999). Building a Modern Financial System: The Indonesian Experience. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-521-65088-5.
  43. ↑ Neher, Jacques (9 February 1994). "Toy or Supercar for Asia?". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  44. ↑ Lamm, John (19 April 2013). "A Long Way From Tractors". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  45. ↑ Borsuk, Richard. Liem Sioe Liong's Salim Group: The Business Pillar of Suharto's Indonesia (Fourth Reprint 2016 ed.). ISEAS Publishing. p. 343. ISBN 978-981-4459-57-0. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  46. ↑ Shalendra D. Sharma (19 July 2013). The Asian Financial Crisis: Crisis, Reform and Recovery. Manchester University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-84779-057-6.
  47. ↑ Chalmers, Ian. "Tommy's toys trashed" (Edition 56: Oct-Dec 1998). Inside Indonesia. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  48. ↑ afp.google.com, Indonesia seizes 134 million dollars from Suharto son: report
  49. ↑ mysinchew, Indonesia: Indonesia Recovers $133M From Suharto's Son
  50. ↑ radioaustralia.net.au, Indonesian court seizes assets linked to Suharto family
  51. ↑ Yasutami Shimomura; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2003). The Role of Governance in Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-981-230-197-0.
  52. ↑ Lubis, Anggi (15 November 2014). "Humpuss pays debt with stake in shipping arm". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  53. ↑ Alexander, Hilda B (9 September 2016). "Mangkuluhur City, Perkawinan Bisnis Tommy dan Harry". Kompas Cyber Media. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  54. ↑ "Suharto Inc.". CNN. TIME Asia. 24 May 1999. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  55. ↑ "GlobeAsia: 150 Richest Indonesians (June 2016)". Jakarta Globe. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  56. ↑ Diela, Tabita (16 September 2016). "Tommy Suharto Urges His Family to Join Tax Amnesty Program". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  57. ↑ "Indonesia’s tax amnesty passes its deadline". The Economist. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  58. ↑ England, Vaudine (8 August 2001). "Bali monuments to a man's greed". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  59. ↑ Henk Schulte Nordholt (2007). Bali: An Open Fortress, 1995-2005 : Regional Autonomy, Electoral Democracy and Entrenched Identities. NUS Press. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-9971-69-375-6.
  60. ↑ Colmey, John (24 May 1999). "The Family Firm". Time. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  61. ↑ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/25/tommy-wins-rp-1251b-lawsuit-against-garuda.html
  62. ↑ "Tommy Suharto’s Brazen Libel Verdict". Asia Sentinel. 25 May 2011.
  63. ↑ Milmo, Dan (9 December 2012). "Rolls-Royce faces bribery claim inquiry". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  64. ↑ Osborne, Alistair (25 November 2013). "Tommy Suharto denies he took $20m Rolls-Royce bribe". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  65. ↑ "SFO Case Information Rolls-Royce PLC". Serious Fraud Office. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  66. ↑ Gafur, Abdul (1992). Siti Hartinah Soeharto, first lady of Indonesia (First ed.). Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. p. 491. ISBN 9798085124.
  67. ↑ Azhar, M. "Kebangkitan Politik Keluarga Cendana". Unisosdem. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  68. ↑ "Suharto's relatives recalled from people's assembly". July 17, 1998.
  69. ↑ "Golkar Siap Tampung Tutut". February 8, 2008.
  70. ↑ Ihsanuddin (13 May 2016). "Tommy Ungkap Alasannya Batal Jadi Calon Ketua Umum Partai Golkar". Kompas. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  71. ↑ "Tommy Jadi Wanbin Partai Bau Kencur". Rakyat Merdeka Online. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  72. ↑ "Small parties throw support behind Tommy Soeharto". The Jakarta Post. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  73. ↑ "Ketua Umum". Ikatan Motor Indonesia. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  74. ↑ "Tommy: Masih Perlu Belajar Lagi". detikcom. detikSport. 17 December 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  75. ↑ "Susunan Pengurus IMI Pusat" (PDF). Ikatan Motor Indonesia. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  76. ↑ John Richard Bowen (29 May 2003). Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-521-53189-4.
  77. ↑ Dewi, Andi Rosita (16 May 2016). "8 Artis ini pernah menjalin cinta dengan keluarga Cendana, siapa saja?". Brilio.net. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  78. ↑ Wisonggeni, Durjono. "Mantan Selingkuhan Tommy Soeharto Calonkan Diri Gubernur Sulut". Kompasiana. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  79. ↑ "Maya Rumantir Sudah 9 Tahun Tidak Berhubungan dengan Tommy". Tempo.co. 20 August 2001. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  80. ↑ "Benarkah Ibu Tien Soeharto Meninggal Diterjang Peluru?". TRIBUNnews.com. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  81. ↑ Mulyana, Ade (26 April 2015). "Bambang Trihatmodjo: Ibu Tien Soeharto Meninggal Bukan Karena Pertengkaran Saya dan Tommy". Rakyat Merdeka Online. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  82. ↑ "Tata returns to Jakarta to walk the runway". The Jakarta Post. April 30, 2011.
  83. ↑ Indra, Sigit (4 December 2001). "Wanita Penjaga Rahasia Tommy". Gatra. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  84. ↑ "Anak Tommy Soeharto dari Lani Banjaranti". Liputan6. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  85. ↑ "Shandy Harun Pertanyakan Status Anak ke Tommy". Liputan6. 31 October 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
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