Tom Shires

G. Tom Shires
Born November 22, 1925
Waco, Texas, USA
Died October 18, 2007
Henderson, Nevada, USA
Nationality United States
Fields Surgery
Institutions University of Texas, Dallas; University of Washington, Seattle; Cornell University, New York; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock; University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Alma mater University of Texas, Dallas, USA
Known for Shock

George Thomas Shires (November 22, 1925 – October 18, 2007) was an American trauma surgeon. He is known for his research on shock, which initiated the current practice of giving saline to trauma and surgical patients. He operated on John Connally and Lee Harvey Oswald after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Biography

Born in Waco, Texas Shires was brought up in Dallas.[1][2] He graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas) in 1942 and thereafter gained a B.S. degree from the University of Texas (1944), and an M.D. degree from the Southwestern Medical School, a school that opened five years earlier and is now called the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (1948).[1][3]

During his time as an undergraduate at Texas, Shires was initiated into the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity.[4]

He was married to Robbie Jo Shires (Martin); the couple had a son and two daughters. Shires died of gastrointestinal cancer at Henderson, Nevada in 2007.[1][2]

Career

Shires served his residency at the Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas.[1][2] He worked at the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda (1949–1950) and as a surgeon in the U.S. Navy on the hospital ship USS Haven (1953–55).[3] In 1957, he joined the faculty of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas, becoming chair of surgery in 1961.[1][2] During his time in Dallas, he worked with the Dallas Fire Department to initiate one of the country's earliest paramedic systems.[1]

In 1974, he briefly served as chair of surgery at the University of Washington in Seattle.[1][3] Shires then became chair of surgery at Cornell University Medical College in New York in 1975, where he also served as dean and provost of medicine (1987–91).[1][2][3] At Cornell, he was instrumental in establishing a trauma centre and, in 1976, a burns centre. Now part of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, the burns centre has become an internationally recognised facility which is among the busiest in the USA, treating a thousand patients annually.[1][2] He was also involved in reorganising New York's emergency services.[2]

From 1991 to 1995, Shires chaired the surgery department at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock.[1][2] He then served as director of the Trauma Institute at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, a post he held until his death.[1][3]

Assassination of John F. Kennedy

After President John F. Kennedy was shot in 1963, he was brought to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where Shires was then chief of surgery, and it was Shires who issued the statement that the president had been dead on arrival at the hospital. Shires successfully operated on John Connally, the Governor of Texas, who was also wounded in the assassination.[1][2] He later also operated unsuccessfully on gunman Lee Harvey Oswald after he was shot by Jack Ruby.[1][5]

Research and writing

Shires' research in the 1960s on the physiology of shock showed that, contrary to the practice of the time, surgical patients and patients with trauma require intravenous saline solution.[1][2] According to Philip Barie (critical care and trauma chief at Cornell), this discovery "changed the practice of medicine" and was responsible for current medical practice.[1]

His other research areas included the treatment of burns;[6] management of the severe exfoliating disorders, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome;[7] physiology of haemorrhage;[8] responses to endotoxin;[9][10] and the epidemiology of suicide.[11]

He co-authored several books on surgery and trauma, including the well-known textbook Principles of Surgery, which was first published in 1969 and is currently in its seventh edition.[1][2]

Awards and honours

In 1985, Shires was ranked the top academic surgeon in the USA by Claude Organ, then president of the American College of Surgeons.[1] He was among the first to receive a MERIT (Method to Extend Research in Time) grant from the NIH/National Institute of General Medical Sciences in 1986, for his work on saline solutions in shock.[1][12]

His awards include the Surgeon's Award for Service to Safety (1984), Curtis P. Artz Memorial Award of the American Trauma Society (1984), Dr Rodman E. Sheen and Thomas G. Sheen Award (1985), Harvey Stuart Allen Distinguished Service Award of the American Burn Association (1988) and the Robert Danis Prize of the International Surgical Society (1993).[3]

He served as president of the American Surgical Association (1979–80), American College of Surgeons (1981–82), the US chapter of the International Surgical Society (1984–85) and the James IV Association of Surgeons (1987–91).[3][12] Shires was the editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons (1982–92)[1] and editor of Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics (1982–94).[3] He also served on the editorial boards of many medical and surgical journals, including Annals of Surgery, Annual Review of Medicine, Archives of Surgery, American Journal of Surgery, Journal of Clinical Surgery and Journal of Trauma.[12]

Shires was inducted into the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame in 1989 when it was created as part of the celebration of the school's 60th Anniversary.

Selected publications

Books

Research articles

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Oransky I. (2008) G Tom Shires. Lancet 371: 200
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dicke W. G. Tom Shires, 81, Trauma Expert, Dies. New York Times (22 October 2007) (accessed 4 February 2008)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 University of Nevada School of Medicine: G. Tom Shires, M.D.: Director, Trauma Institute (accessed 4 February 2008)
  4. ↑ Cactus Yearbook. Austin, TX: University of Texas. 1944. p. 432.
  5. ↑ Huffaker R. When the News Went Live: Dallas 1963, pp. 61–2, (Taylor; 2004) (ISBN 1589791398) (text) (accessed 4 February 2008)
  6. ↑ Hefton JM, Madden MR, Finkelstein JL, Shires GT. (1983) Grafting of burn patients with allografts of cultured epidermal cells. Lancet 2(8347): 428–430 (PMID 6135914)
  7. ↑ Halebian PH, Shires GT. (1989) Burn unit treatment of acute, severe exfoliating disorders. Annu Rev Med 40: 137–147 (PMID 2658743)
  8. ↑ Shires GT, Cunningham JN, Backer CR et al.. (1972) Alterations in cellular membrane function during hemorrhagic shock in primates. Ann Surg 176: 288–295 (PMID 4627396) (full text)
  9. ↑ Fong YM, Marano MA, Barber A et al.. (1989) Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Ann Surg 210: 449–456 (PMID 2508583) (full text)
  10. ↑ Fong YM, Marano MA, Moldawer LL et al.. (1990) The acute splanchnic and peripheral tissue metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. J Clin Invest 85: 1896–1904 (PMID 2347917) (full-text)
  11. ↑ Steljes TP, Fullerton-Gleason L, Kuhls D et al.. (2005) Epidemiology of suicide and the impact on Western trauma centers. J Trauma 58: 772–777 (PMID 15824654)
  12. 1 2 3 University of Nevada School of Medicine: Curriculum Vitae: G. Tom Shires, M.D. (accessed 4 February 2008)
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