Tom Clarke (Irish republican)

Thomas James Clarke
Tomás Séamus Ó Cléirigh
Born (1858-03-11)11 March 1858
Hurst Castle, England
Died 3 May 1916(1916-05-03) (aged 58)
Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, Ireland
Allegiance Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Citizen Army
Years of service 1913–1916
Battles/wars Easter Rising

Thomas James "Tom" Clarke (Irish: Tomás Séamus Ó Cléirigh; 11 March 1858 – 3 May 1916)[1] was an Irish republican revolutionary leader from Dungannon, County Tyrone. Clarke was arguably the person most responsible for the 1916 Easter Rising. A proponent of armed revolution for most of his life, he spent 15 years in English prisons prior to his role in the Easter Rising, and was executed after it was quashed.

Early life

Clarke was born at Hurst Castle, Milford-on-Sea, Hampshire, England opposite the Isle of Wight to Irish parents,[2] Mary Palmer and James Clarke, who was a sergeant in the British Army. In 1865, after spending some years in South Africa, Sgt. Clarke was transferred to Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland, and it was there that Tom grew up.[3]

Irish Republican Brotherhood

Wicklow granite memorial dedicated in 1987 in Manorville, New York at the site of his 60-acre farm.

In 1878, at the age of 20, he joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) following the visit to Dungannon of John Daly, and by 1880 he was centre (head) of the local IRB circle.[3] In August that year, after a member of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) had shot and killed a man during riots between the Orange Order and the Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH) in Dungannon, Clarke and other IRB members attacked some RIC men in Irish Street. They were driven back, however, and Clarke, fearing arrest, fled to the United States.[4]

In 1883 he was sent to London, under the alias of "Henry Wilson", to blow up London Bridge as part of the Fenian dynamite campaign advocated by Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, one of the IRB leaders exiled in the United States. He was arrested, and along with three others, he was tried and sentenced to penal servitude for life on 28 May 1883 at London's Old Bailey.[5] He subsequently served 15 years in Pentonville and other British prisons. In 1896, he was one of five remaining Fenian prisoners in British jails and a series of public meetings in Ireland called for their release. At one meeting, John Redmond MP, leader of the Parnellite Irish National League, said of him: "Wilson is a man of whom no words of praise could be too high. I have learned in my many visits to Portland for five years to love, honour and respect Henry Wilson. I have seen day after day how his brave spirit was keeping him alive ... I have seen year after year the fading away of his physical strength". Henry Wilson was, as historian Dermot Meleady points out, the alias of Tom Clarke.[6]

Following his release in 1898 he moved to Brooklyn in the United States where he married Kathleen Daly, 21 years his junior, whose uncle, John Daly, he had met in prison. Clarke worked for the Clan na Gael under John Devoy. In 1906 the couple moved to a 30-acre (120,000 m2) farm in Manorville, New York and bought another 30 acres (120,000 m2) in 1907 shortly before returning to Ireland the same year.[7]

In Ireland he opened a tobacconist shop in Dublin and immersed himself in the IRB which was undergoing a substantial rejuvenation under the guidance of younger men such as Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCullough. Clarke had a very close kinship with Hobson, who along with Sean MacDermott, became his protegé.

Irish Volunteers

When the Irish Volunteers were formed in 1913, Clarke took a keen interest, but took no part in the organisation, knowing that as a felon and well-known Irish nationalist he would lend discredit to the Volunteers. Nevertheless, with MacDermott, Hobson, and other IRB members such as Eamonn Ceannt taking important roles in the Volunteers, it was clear that the IRB would have substantial, if not total, control, (particularly after the co-option of Patrick Pearse, already a leading member of the Volunteers, into the IRB at the end of 1913). This proved largely to be the case until leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, John Redmond, demanded the Provisional Committee accept 25 additional members of the Party's choosing, giving IPP loyalists a majority stake. Though most of the hard-liners stood against this, Redmond's decree was accepted, partially due to the support given by Hobson. Clarke never forgave him for what he considered a treasonous act.

Planning the uprising

Following Clarke's falling out with Hobson, MacDermott and Clarke became almost inseparable. The two of them, as secretary and treasurer, respectively, de facto ran the IRB, although it was still under the nominal head of other men, James Deakin, and later McCullough. In 1915 Clarke and MacDermott established the Military Committee of the IRB to plan what later became the Easter Rising. The members were Pearse, Ceannt and Joseph Plunkett, with Clarke and MacDermott adding themselves shortly thereafter. When the old Fenian Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, died in 1915, Clarke used his funeral (and Pearse's graveside oration) to mobilise the Volunteers and heighten expectation of imminent action.[8] When an agreement was reached with James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army in January 1916, Connolly was added to the committee, with Thomas MacDonagh added at the last minute in April. These seven men were the signatories of the Proclamation of the Republic, with Clarke as the first signatory. It has been said that Clarke indeed would have been the declared President and Commander-in-chief, but he refused any military rank and such honours; these were given to Pearse, who was more well-known and respected on a national level.[9] Kathleen Clarke later claimed that her husband, and not Pearse, was first president of the Irish Republic.[10]

Easter Rising

Death Certificate of Thomas Clarke
Tom Clarke 1916 commemorative plaque at the junction of Parnell Street and O'Connell Street, Dublin

Clarke was stationed at headquarters in the General Post Office (GPO) during the events of Easter Week, where rebel forces were largely composed of Irish Citizen Army members under the command of Connolly. Though he held no formal military rank, Clarke was recognised by the garrison as one of the commanders, and was active throughout the week.[11] Late in the week, the GPO had to be evacuated due to fire. The leaders gathered in a house in Moore Street, from where Pearse ordered the surrender on 29 April. Clarke wrote on the wall of the house, "We had to evacuate the GPO. The boys put up a grand fight, and that fight will save the soul of Ireland."[12] He was arrested after the surrender. He and other rebels were taken to the Rotunda where he was stripped of his clothing in front of the other prisoners.[13] He was later held in Kilmainham Gaol. He was court-martialled and executed by firing squad, along with Pearse and MacDonagh, on 3 May 1916. Before his execution, he asked his wife Kathleen to give this message to the Irish People: "My comrades and I believe we have struck the first successful blow for freedom, and so sure as we are going out this morning so sure will freedom come as a direct result of our action...In this belief, we die happy."[14]

His widow Kathleen was elected a TD in the First and Second Dála, notably speaking against the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Works

Legacy

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Ryan, Anne-Marie (2014). 16 Dead Men (PDF). Cork: Mercier Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781781171349. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  2. ↑ "The seven signatories of the proclamation: Tom Clarke" (PDF). The 1916 Rising: personalities & perspectives. National Library of Ireland. 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  3. 1 2 Ryan (2014), p. 42
  4. ↑ Ryan (2014), p. 43
  5. ↑ Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, 27 April 2008), 28 May 1883, trial of Thomas Gallagher, Alfred Whitehead, Henry Wilson, William Ansburgh, John Curtin, Bernard Gallagher (t18830528-620).
  6. ↑ Margaret O'Callaghan, "The young Redmond". [Review of Dermot Meleady, Redmond: The Parnellite, Cork: Cork University Press, 2008], Irish Times, 26 April 2008.
  7. ↑ The Story of Thomas J. Clarke – aohdivision11.org – Retrieved 9 October 2009
  8. ↑ Sean Farrell Moran, Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption, page=186
  9. ↑ Foy, Michael T.; Barton, Brian (2011). The Easter Rising. The History Press. p. 66. ISBN 0752472720. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  10. ↑ Clarke, Kathleen (1991). Revolutionary Woman: Kathleen Clarke, 1878-1972: An Autobiography. Dublin: O'Brien Press. p. 69. ISBN 0862782457.
  11. ↑ Piaras F. Mac Lochlainn, Last Words, An Roinn Ealaíon, Oidhreachta, Gaeltachta agus Oileán, 1990
  12. ↑ O’Connor, Batt, "With Michael Collins In The Fight For Irish Independence" 2nd ed., Millstreet: Aubane Historical Society, p.75-76.
  13. ↑ "God & guns... the aftermath of 1916".
  14. ↑ Foy, Michael T. (2014). Tom Clarke: The True Leader of the Easter Rising. Dublin: The History Press Ireland. p. 241. ISBN 9781845887766. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
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