Tokelau

Tokelau
Motto: "Tokelau mo te Atua" (Tokelauan)
"Tokelau for the Almighty"
Status Country and dependent territory of New Zealand
Capital Undetermined[a]
Largest city Fakaofo[b]
Official languages
Demonym Tokelauan
Government Constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
 Elizabeth II
David Nicholson
Siopili Perez[1]
New Zealand territory
1948
Area
• Total
 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) (233rd)
• Water (%)
 negligible
Population
• October 2016 census
 1,499[b] (237th)
• Density
 115/km2 (297.8/sq mi) (86th)
GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate
• Total
 US$10 million [2]
• Per capita
 US$6,275 (not ranked)
Currency New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Time zone (UTC+13[3])
Drives on the left
Calling code +690
ISO 3166 code TK
Internet TLD .tk
  1. ^ Each atoll has its own administrative centre.
  2. ^ Final population counts: 2016 Tokelau Census, Statistics New Zealand. The Census population figure of 1,499 includes 302 usual residents of Tokelau who were absent on census night.
Some data from the World Factbook (2004).
Map of all Tokelau Islands. Swains Island is shown to the south.
Atafu atoll
Nukunonu atoll
Fakaofo atoll
Fakaofo islanders, drawn in 1841 by the United States Exploring Expedition.

Tokelau (English: /ˈtoʊkəlaʊ/) is an island country in the southern Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls (from the northwest, Atafu, Nukunonu and Fakaofo), with a combined land area of 10 km2 (4 sq mi) and a population of approximately 1,500. Its capital rotates yearly between the three atolls.[4] Tokelau lies north of the Samoan Islands, Swains Island being the nearest, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands, and northwest of the Cook Islands. Until 1976, the official name was Tokelau Islands.[5]

With the fourth smallest population of any sovereign state or dependency on Earth, Tokelau is able to be a leader in renewable energy, being the first 100% solar powered nation in the world.[6] Tokelau is a free and democratic nation with elections every three years. All run as independents; there are no political parties in Tokelau.

The most spoken language in Tokelau is Tokelauan, at 93.5%. A dependent territory of New Zealand,[7] it is sometimes referred to by its older colonial name, the Union Islands. In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly designated Tokelau a non-self-governing territory.[8] However, Tokelau is officially referred to as a nation by both the New Zealand government and the Tokelauan government.[6][9][10]

The basis of Tokelau's legislative, administrative and judicial systems is the Tokelau Islands Act 1948 and its amendments. In 1992, the head of government was established, who is elected every three years. Before this, the Administrator of Tokelau was the highest official in the government; in November 1974 the administration of Tokelau was transferred from the Maori and Island Affairs Department to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and from then until September 1980, when the Tokelau administration regulations were amended, the New Zealand Secretary of Foreign Affairs was the administrator of Tokelau; and regulations then came into force whereby the Minister of Foreign Affairs was empowered to appoint a suitable person to be the Administrator.

At 25.4% as of 2015, Tokelau is relatively high in immigrant percentage; a percentage more than two times higher than France's immigrant percentage, and even higher than Canada (18.76%), making it nearly on par with countries such as Israel (at 26.5%) and Montserrat (at 25.9%).[11] Tokelau had a small increase in Census population from 2011 to 2016: about 6 percent. The largest settlement in Tokelau is Fale. Tokelau has the smallest economy in the world and has a life expectancy of 69, comparable with other Oceanian island nations.

Etymology

The name Tokelau is a Polynesian word meaning "north wind". The islands were named the Union Islands and Union Group by European explorers at an unknown time. Tokelau Islands was adopted as the name in 1946, and was contracted to Tokelau on 9 December 1976.

Geography

Tokelau includes three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean between longitudes 171° and 173° W and between latitudes 8° and 10° S, about midway between Hawaii and New Zealand. They lie about 500 kilometres (311 miles) north of Samoa. The atolls are Atafu, Nukunonu, both in a group of islands once called the Duke of Clarence Group, and Fakaofo, once Bowditch Island. Their combined land area is 10.8 km2 (4.2 sq mi). The atolls each have a number of coral islands, where the villages are situated. The highest point of Tokelau is just 5 metres (16 feet) above sea level.[12] There are no ports or harbours for large vessels, however, all three atolls have a jetty to and from which supplies and passengers are shipped.[13][14][15] Tokelau lies in the Pacific tropical cyclone belt. A fourth island that is culturally, historically, and geographically, but not politically, part of the Tokelau chain is Swains Island (Olohega), under United States control since about 1900 and administered as part of American Samoa since 1925.[16]

Swains Island was claimed by the United States pursuant to the Guano Islands Act, as were the other three islands of Tokelau, which claims were ceded to Tokelau by treaty in 1979. In the draft constitution of Tokelau subject to the Tokelauan self-determination referendum in 2006, Olohega was also claimed as a part of Tokelau, though the claim was surrendered in the same 1979 treaty. This established a clearly defined boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau.

Tokelau's claim to Swains is generally comparable to the Marshall Islands' claim to US-administered Wake Island, but the re-emergence of this somewhat dormant issue has been an unintended result of the United Nations' recent efforts to promote decolonisation in Tokelau. Tokelauans have proved somewhat reluctant to push their national identity in the political realm: recent decolonisation moves have mainly been driven from outside for ideological reasons. But at the same time, Tokelauans are reluctant to disown their common cultural identity with Swains Islanders who speak their language.

Geographic locations of Tokelau's atolls
Atoll Coordinates
Atafu 8°33′6″S 172°30′3″W / 8.55167°S 172.50083°W / -8.55167; -172.50083 (Atafu)
Nukunonu 9°10′6″S 171°48′35″W / 9.16833°S 171.80972°W / -9.16833; -171.80972 (Nukunonu)
Fakaofo 9°21′55″S 171°12′54″W / 9.36528°S 171.21500°W / -9.36528; -171.21500 (Fakaofo)

Environment

Tokelau is located in the Western Polynesian tropical moist forests ecoregion. Most of the original vegetation has been replaced by coconut plantations some of which have been abandoned and became scrubby forests. The atolls of Tokelau provide habitat for 38 indigenous plant species, over 150 insect species and 10 land crab species. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is posed by introduced mammalian predators such as the Polynesian Rat.[17]

In 2011 Tokelau declared its entire exclusive economic zone of 319,031 km2 (123,179 sq mi) a shark sanctuary.[18]

History

Archaeological evidence indicates that the atolls of Tokelau – Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo – were settled about 1,000 years ago and may have been a "nexus" into Eastern Polynesia.[19] Inhabitants followed Polynesian mythology with the local god Tui Tokelau; and developed forms of music (see Music of Tokelau) and art. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly clans, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and wars as well as inter-marriage. Fakaofo, the "chiefly island",[20] held some dominance over Atafu and Nukunonu after the dispersal of Atafu. Life on the atolls was subsistence-based, with reliance on fish and coconut.[21]

European discovery and contact

Commodore John Byron discovered Atafu on 24 June 1765 and named it "Duke of York's Island". Parties onshore reported that there were no signs of current or previous inhabitants.[22][23] Captain Edward Edwards, knowing of Byron's discovery, visited Atafu on 6 June 1791 in search of the Bounty mutineers. There were no permanent inhabitants, but houses contained canoes and fishing gear, suggesting the island was used as a temporary residence by fishing parties.[23] On 12 June 1791, Edwards sailed southward and discovered Nukunonu, naming it "Duke of Clarence's Island".[24] A landing party could not make contact with the people but saw "morais", burying places, and canoes with "stages in their middle" sailing across the lagoons.[23]

On 29 October 1825 August R. Strong of the USS Dolphin (1821) ship wrote of his crew's arrival at the atoll Nukunonu:

Upon examination, we found they had removed all the women and children from the settlement, which was quite small, and put them in canoes lying off a rock in the lagoon. They would frequently come near the shore, but when we approached they would pull off with great noise and precipitation.[25]

On 14 February 1835 Captain Smith of the United States whaler General Jackson records discovering Fakaofo, calling it "D'Wolf's Island".[26][27] On 25 January 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition visited Atafu and discovered a small population living on the island. The residents appeared to be temporary, evidenced by the lack of a chief and the possession of double canoes (used for inter-island travel). They desired to barter, and possessed blue beads and a plane-iron, indicating previous interaction with foreigners. The expedition reached Nukunonu on 28 January 1841 but did not record any information about inhabitants. On 29 January 1841, the expedition discovered Fakaofo and named it "Bowditch".[28] The islanders were found to be similar in appearance and nature to those in Atafu.[29]

Missionaries preached Christianity in Tokelau from 1845 to the 1860s. French Catholic missionaries on Wallis Island (also known as 'Uvea) and missionaries of the Protestant London Missionary Society in Samoa used native teachers to convert the Tokelauans. Atafu was converted to Protestantism by the London Missionary Society, Nukunonu was converted to Catholicism and Fakaofo was converted to both denominations.[30]

Peruvian slave traders arrived in 1863 and kidnapped nearly all (253) of the able-bodied men to work as labourers. The men died of dysentery and smallpox, and very few returned to Tokelau. With this loss, the system of governance became based on the "Taupulega", or "Councils of Elders", where individual families on each atoll were represented.[21][27] During this time, Polynesian immigrants and American, Scottish, French, Portuguese and German beachcombers settled, marrying local women and repopulating the atolls.[27]

Time zone

Until December 2011, Tokelau was 11 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[31] At midnight 29 December 2011 Tokelau shifted to UTC+13:00 in response to Samoa's decision to switch sides of the International Dateline.[32] This brought Tokelau closer to New Zealand time (and in the process omitted 30 December).[33]

Many sources claim that Tokelau is 14 hours ahead of UTC (UTC −10 before the 2011 date switch), but the correct time zone offset is UTC+13:00.[34]

Government

In 1877, the islands were included under the protection of the United Kingdom by an Order in Council that claimed jurisdiction over all unclaimed Pacific Islands. Commander C. F. Oldham on HMS Egeria landed at each of the three atolls in June 1889[35] and officially raised the Union Flag, declaring the group a British protectorate.[36] In conformity with desire expressed by "the Native government" they were annexed by the United Kingdom and included in the Gilbert Islands by the Tokelau Islands (Union Islands) Order in Council, 1916.[36][37] The annexation took place on 29 February 1916.[38] From the point in time that the islands were annexed, their people had the status of British subjects. Tokelau was removed from the Gilbert and Elllice Islands Colony and placed under the jurisdiction of the Governor-General of New Zealand in 1925, two Orders in Council being made for the purpose on the same day.[36][39] This step meant that New Zealand took over administration of Tokelau from the British on 11 February 1926.[40] At this point, Tokelau was still a territory under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom but administered by New Zealand.[40]

The Union Islands (Revocation) Order in Council, 1948[41] after reciting the agreement by the governments of the United Kingdom and New Zealand that the islands should become part of New Zealand, revoked the Union Islands (No. 2) Order in Council, 1925, with effect from a date fixed by the Governor-General of New Zealand after he was satisfied that the New Zealand Parliament had provided for the incorporation of the islands with New Zealand—as it did by the Tokelau Islands Act 1948.[42] Tokelau formally became part of New Zealand on 1 January 1949.[40]

The Dominion of New Zealand, of which Tokelau formerly was a part, has since been superseded by the Realm of New Zealand, of which Tokelau remains a part. Defence is the responsibility of New Zealand. When the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 1 January 1949, Tokelauans who were British subjects gained New Zealand citizenship—a status they still hold.[43]

Villages are entitled to enact their own laws regulating their daily lives and New Zealand law only applies where it has been extended by specific enactment. Serious crime is rare and there are no prisons—offenders are publicly rebuked, fined or made to work.[44]

Politics

The head of state is Elizabeth II, the Queen in right of New Zealand, who also reigns over Australia, the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen is represented in the territory by acting Administrator Linda Te Puni (as of 2016). The current head of government is Foua Toloa (as of 2011-02-21), who presides over the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau, which functions as a cabinet. The Council consists of the faipule (leader) and pulenuku (village mayor) of each of the three atolls.[45] The Administrator is appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand, and the office of Head of Government rotates between the three faipule for a one-year term.[45]

The Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono, a unicameral body. The number of seats each atoll receives in the Fono is determined by population – at present, Fakaofo and Atafu each have seven and Nukunonu has six.[45] Faipule and pulenuku also sit in the Fono.[45]

On 11 November 2004, Tokelau and New Zealand took steps to formulate a treaty that would turn Tokelau from a non-self-governing territory to a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. Besides the treaty, a United Nations-sponsored referendum on self-determination took place, with the three islands voting on successive days starting 13 February 2006. (Tokelauans in Apia, Samoa, voted on 11 February.)[46] Out of 581 votes cast, 349 were for Free Association, being short of the two-thirds majority required for the measure to pass.[47] The referendum was profiled (somewhat light-heartedly) in the 1 May 2006 issue of The New Yorker magazine.[48] A repeat referendum took place on 20–24 October 2007, again narrowly failing to approve self-government. This time the vote was short by just 16 votes or 3%.[49]

In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories", including Tokelau.[50] This led The New Zealand Herald to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence".[51] In April 2008, speaking as leader of the National Party, future New Zealand Prime Minister John Key stated that New Zealand had "imposed two referenda on the people of the Tokelau Islands", and questioned "the accepted wisdom that small states should undergo a de-colonisation process".[52]

Economy

Nukunonu Lagoon in Tokelau.
Atafu street at dawn

According to the US Central Intelligence Agency's list of countries by GDP (PPP) Tokelau has the smallest economy of any country in the world. Tokelau has an annual purchasing power of about US$1,000 (€674) per capita. The government is almost entirely dependent on subsidies from New Zealand. It has annual revenues of less than US$500,000 (€336,995) against expenditures of some US$2.8 million (€1.9 million). The deficit is made up by aid from New Zealand.

Tokelau annually exports around US$100,000 (€67,000) of stamps, copra and woven and carved handicrafts and imports over US$300,000 (€202,000) of foodstuffs, building materials, and fuel to, and from, New Zealand. New Zealand also pays directly for the cost of medical and education services. Local industries include small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins, and fishing. Agriculture and livestock produces coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas, figs, pigs, poultry and a few goats. Many Tokelauans live in New Zealand and support their families in Tokelau through remittances.

Tokelau is currently the world's only country to only use renewable sources of energy in the production and consumption of electricity. [53] Tokelau's electricity is 93% generated by photovoltaics, with the remainder generated from coconut oil.[54] The goal of 100 % renewable energy was met on 7 November 2012, according to the Foreign Affairs Minister of New Zealand, Murray McCully.[55]

Internet domain names

Tokelau has increased its GDP by more than 10% through registrations of domain names under its top-level domain, .tk.[56] Registrations can be either free, in which case the user owns only usage rights and not the domain itself, or paid, which grants full rights. Free domains are pointed to Tokelau name servers, which redirects the domain via HTML frames to a specified address or to a specified A or NS record, and the redirection of up to 250 email addresses to an external address (not at a .tk domain).

In September 2003 Fakaofo became the first part of Tokelau with a high-speed Internet connection. Foundation Tokelau financed the project. Tokelau gives most domain names under its authority away to anyone for free to gain publicity for the territory. This has allowed the nation to gain enhanced telecommunications technologies, such as more computers and Internet access for Tokelauan residents. By 2012, there were about 120 computers, mostly laptops, and 1/6th of the economy consists of income from .tk domain names.[57]

According to a 2016 analysis of domain name registration performed by the .uk registrar Nominet using data from ZookNIC,.[58] tk domains are the "world's largest country-code domain ... almost as large as second and third place holders China (.cn) and Germany (.de) combined" [59]

Solar power

Three solar power stations provide 100% of current electrical demand from photovoltaics, with battery backup. The first power station was completed in August 2012. In total, 4,032 solar panels are used and 1,344 batteries weighing 250 kilograms (550 lb) each, making Tokelau the first nation in the world to be 100% powered by solar power. The systems are designed to withstand winds of 230 km/h (143 mph). Previously electricity was generated using diesel generators, and was only available about 16 hours/day.[60][61]

Demographics

The back of the Catholic Church on Nukunonu in Tokelau. The arch goes over the main street of the village.

According to the 2016 Tokelau Census, Tokelau has a de jure usually resident population of 1,499 people. The census shows a 6.2% increase in the de jure usually resident population between 2011 and 2016.[62]

The nationals of Tokelau are called Tokelauans, and the major ethnic group is Polynesian. The country has no minorities. The major religion is the Congregational Christian Church and the main language is Tokelauan, but English is also spoken.

Tokelau has fewer than 1,500 Polynesian inhabitants in three villages. Their isolation and lack of resources greatly limits economic development and confines agriculture to the subsistence level. The very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand and Samoa. Depletion of tuna has made fishing for food more difficult.

On the island of Atafu almost all inhabitants are members of the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa. On Nukunonu almost all are Roman Catholic. On Fakaofo both denominations are present with the Congregational Christian Church predominant. The total proportions are: Congregational Christian Church 62%, Roman Catholic 34%, other 5%.[63]

While slightly more females than males live on Atafu and Fakaofo, males make up 57% of Nukunonu residents.[64] Only 9% of Tokelauans aged 40 or more have never been married.[65] One-quarter of the population were born overseas; almost all the rest live on the same atoll they were born on.[66] Most households own five or more pigs.[67]

Despite its low income, Tokelau has a life expectancy of 69 years, comparable with other Oceania islands.[68]

Statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook.[69][to be updated from 2016 Census report: Profile of Tokelau] [70]

Population

Nationality

Religions

Languages

Sport

Due to its small size, Tokelau is unaffiliated to most international sports organisations, and rarely takes part in international events. The only significant international competition the country takes part in is the Pacific Games. Tokelau won its first ever gold medals at the 2007 Pacific Games in Apia, winning a total of five medals (three gold, a silver and a bronze), all in lawn bowls, and finishing twelfth (out of twenty-two) on the overall medal table. This included two gold medals for Violina Linda Pedro (in the women's pairs and the women's singles), making her Tokelau's most successful individual athlete to date.[71]

In October 2010, table tennis became "the first sport in Tokelau to be granted membership at a Continental or World level", when the Tokelau Table Tennis Association was formally established and became the 23rd member of the Oceania Table Tennis Federation.[72]

Tokelau was due to take part, for the first time, in the 2010 Commonwealth Games, in Delhi,[73] but, for unknown reasons, ultimately did not do so.[74]

Tokelau does have a National Sports Federation, and the most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tokelau Games which are held yearly. When they are held, "all of Tokelau virtually stands still", as "[i]n excess of 50% of the population take part and all work and school stops at the time". The 2010 Games included competitions in rugby sevens, netball and kilikiti, alongside "a cultural evening [...] where each atoll showcases their traditional songs and dances".[72]

Netball is thought to have been introduced to Tokelau by the British, but became more popular when New Zealand's government took over the territory. The sport is often played during inter-island sport competitions, alongside other sports like rugby league and volleyball.[75]

In Tokelau, there are two levels to the soccer league. From Fale, Fakaofo, two of the best clubs are Hakava Club and Matalele Club.[76]

Healthcare and education

Each atoll has a school and hospital. The health services have a Director of Health in Apia and a Chief Clinical Advisor who moves from atoll to atoll as required to assist the doctors attached to each hospital. In 2007 there was not always a doctor on each island and locums were appointed to fill the gaps. Upcoming Tokelaun medical graduates should alleviate this shortage in the coming years.

Many Tokelauan youth travel to New Zealand to further their education and the country is closer to full around Christmas time with students returning home and then heading off for another year of study.

Communications and transportation

A barge leaves the landing ramp in Nukunono to collect cargo and passengers from the MV Tokelau

Tokelau has a radio telephone service between the islands and to Samoa. In 1997, a government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok) with three satellite earth stations was established. Each atoll has a radio-broadcast station that broadcasts shipping and weather reports and every household has a radio or access to one. News is disseminated through the government newsletter "Te Vakai".

Tokelau has the International calling code of 690, and has had five-digit telephone numbers from November 2015 (the existing four-digit numbers were prefixed by the digit "2")[77]

Tokelau is served by the MV Tokelau, owned by the country, with the trip from Apia in Samoa taking a little over a day. Ships load and unload cargo by motoring up to the down-wind (leeward) side of the islet where the people live and maintaining station, by intermittent use of engines, close to the reef edge so that a landing barge can be motored out to transfer cargo to or from the shore. On returning to shore, the barge negotiates a narrow channel through the reef to the beach. Usually this landing is subject to ocean swell and beaching requires considerable skill and, often, coral abrasions to bodies.

When bad weather prevents the barge making the trip, the ship stands off to wait for suitable weather or goes off to one of the other atolls to attempt to load or unload its passengers or cargo, or both.

There is no airport in Tokelau, so boats are the main means of travel and transport. Some seaplanes and amphibious aircraft are able to land in the island's lagoons.[78] An airstrip was considered by the New Zealand Government in 2010.[79]

Cyclone Percy

Cyclone Percy struck and severely damaged Tokelau in late February and early March 2005. Forecasters underestimated the cyclone's strength and the length of time it would be in vicinity to Tokelau. It coincided with a spring tide which put most of the area of the two villages on Fakaofo and Nukunonu under a metre of seawater. The cyclone also caused major erosion on several islets of all three atolls, damaging roads and bridges and disrupting electric power and telecommunications systems. The cyclone did significant and widespread damage to food crops including bananas, coconuts and pandanus. It did not seriously injure anyone but villagers lost significant amounts of property. The geographic future of Tokelau depends on the height of sea level. No significant land is more than two metres (6.6 feet) above high water of ordinary tides. This means Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to any possible sea level rises.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wordstatesmen.org.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Tokelau: Wrong local time for over 100 years Archived 2 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ "Welcome to sunny Tokelau, an untouched Pacific Paradise". Archived from the original on 17 January 2010.
  5. ↑ Tokelau Amendment Act 1976
  6. 1 2 "Tokelau, world first solar power nation | New Zealand Trade and Enterprise". Nzte.govt.nz. 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  7. ↑ "Pacific Islands and New Zealand – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  8. ↑ "Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government". Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
  9. ↑ "Government of Tokelau". Tokelau.org.nz. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  10. ↑ "Tokelauans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  11. ↑ "United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". Un.org. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  12. ↑ Tokelau High Point, Tokelau
  13. ↑ "Port of Atafu". MarineTraffic.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  14. ↑ "WPS – Nukunonu Harbor". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  15. ↑ "Port of Fakaofo". MarineTraffic.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  16. ↑ United States Code, Title 48, section 1662: Mar. 4, 1925, ch. 563, 43 Stat. 1357 as referred to in Tokelau: A history of Government - The constitutional history and legal development of Tokelau; Compiled and recorded for the Tokelau Law Team by Tony Angelo and Talei Pasikale, 2008
  17. ↑ "Western Polynesian tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  18. ↑ PEW: Tokelau Declares Shark Sanctuary, 7 September 2011 Archived 26 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ "Archeology of Atafu, Tokelau: Some Initial Results 2008". Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  20. ↑ Fakaofo Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. 1 2 "Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  22. ↑ Byron, John; Wallis, John Samuel; Carteret, Philip; Cook, James; Banks, Sir Joseph (1773). An Account of the Voyages Undertaken. W. Strahan. pp. 132–133.
  23. 1 2 3 MacGregor, 30
  24. ↑ Sharp, Andrew (1960). The Discovery of the Pacific Islands. Clarendon Press. p. 164.
  25. ↑ The Journal of the South Pacific, 110 (3), p. 296
  26. ↑ Polynesian Society (N. Z.) (1961). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Polynesian Society. p. 102.
  27. 1 2 3 "Information Bulletin on Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  28. ↑ Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838) was an American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation.
  29. ↑ Wilkes, Charles (1849). Voyage Round the World. Geo. W. Gorton. p. 538.
  30. ↑ People Archived 6 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ "UTC offset for years 2000–2009 in Fakaofo, Tokelau". Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "UTC offset for years 2010–2019 in Fakaofo, Tokelau". Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  33. ↑ "Tokelau to join Samoa and leap forward over dateline". BBC News. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  34. ↑ "Tokelau: Wrong local time for over 100 years". Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  35. ↑ Lister, J.J. (1892). "Notes on the Natives of Fakaofu". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 21: 43–63. JSTOR 2842209.
  36. 1 2 3 Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 894
  37. ↑ S.R.O. 1916 No. 167; S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. IX, 661—made under the Colonial Boundaries Act, 1895
  38. ↑ Tokelau Act 1948 (Preamble)
  39. ↑ The Union Islands Order in Council Nos. 1 and 2, S.R.O. 1925, pp. 511 and 1768; No. 1 Order in S.R.O. % S.I. Rev. IX, 663.
  40. 1 2 3 Tokelau: A history of Government – The constitutional history and legal development of Tokelau; Compiled and recorded for the Tokelau Law Team by Tony Angelo and Talei Pasikale, 2008
  41. ↑ S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XVI, 866
  42. ↑ Act. No. 24 of 1948
  43. ↑ Green, David (13 July 2012). "Citizenship – Aliens and citizens". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  44. ↑ "Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government". Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2007. The legislation and judicial systems are based on the Tokelau Act, 1948, and its amendments. A major law reform project is continuing; its purpose is to ensure that Tokelau has a coherent body of law which responds to current needs and gives due recognition to local custom. Unless it is expressly extended to Tokelau, New Zealand statute law does not apply to the territory. In practice, no New Zealand legislation is extended to Tokelau without Tokelauan consent. The villages have the statutory power to enact their own laws covering village affairs. International covenants on economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, ratified by New Zealand in December 1978, apply in Tokelau. Civil and criminal jurisdiction is exercised by commissioners and the New Zealand high court.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "How Tokelau is Governed". Tokelauan Council of Ongoing Governance. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  46. ↑ "Fono decisions". Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  47. ↑ "Tokelau rejects self-rule". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  48. ↑ Parker, Ian (1 May 2006). "Letter from Polynesia: Birth of a nation?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  49. ↑ "Tokelau stays as NZ's last colony". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  50. ↑ "Colonialism has no place in today's world," says Secretary General in message to Decolonization Seminar in Indonesia", United Nations press release, 14 May 2008 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ "Tokelau decolonisation high on agenda". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 17 May 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  52. ↑ John Key's speech to the NZ Institute of International Affairs, 8 April 2008 Archived 30 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ↑ "ABC Pacific News reports Tokelau target of 100% renewable energy". Abcasiapacificnews.com. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  54. ↑ Coconuts and sunshine will power South Pacific islands New Scientist, published 2011-09-13, accessed 14 September 2011 Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ BBC Archived 20 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ "Net gains for tiny Pacific nation". BBC News. 14 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  57. ↑ Andres, Tommy. "The tiny island with a huge Web presence." CNN. 13 June 2012. Retrieved on 15 June 2012. Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  58. ↑ "Zooknic Internet Geography Project". Zooknic.com. 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  59. ↑ byRussell Haworth Chief Executive Officer (2016-03-09). "Mapping the online world - Nominet". Nominet.uk. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  60. ↑ NZ company turns on first Tokelau solar system
  61. ↑ Tokelau, bringing solar power to a nation: Dean Parchomchuk and Charlotte Yates at TEDxTauranga
  62. ↑ "Final count for 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings". 2011 Tokelau Census. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  63. ↑ "2006 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings" (PDF). 20 December 2006. pp. Table 2.5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  64. ↑ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.3.1.
  65. ↑ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.5.
  66. ↑ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 3.2.
  67. ↑ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 6.13.
  68. ↑ "Regions and territories: Tokelau". BBC News. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  69. ↑ "Australia-Oceania :: TOKELAU". CIA The World Factbook.
  70. ↑ "Profile of Tokelau" (PDF). Tokelau.org.nz. 2 May 2017.
  71. ↑ Medals at the 2007 Pacific Games, official website Archived 24 August 2011 at WebCite
  72. 1 2 "Tokelau, a Speck in the Ocean but an Important New Member for Oceania", International Table Tennis Federation, 7 October 2010 Archived 3 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  73. ↑ "SPORT: OUR QUEST FOR GOLD", Islands Business Archived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  74. ↑ Participants, website of the 2010 Commonwealth Games Archived 6 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ↑ McQuarrie, Peter (2007). Tokelau People, Atolls and History. Wellington, New Zealand: Publications Committee of MacMillan Browne Centre for Pacific Studies. ISBN 978-1-877449-41-3.
  76. ↑ "Tokelau", Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, 29 July 2010.
  77. ↑ "Pacific Islands Telecommunications Association". PITA. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  78. ↑ "Tokelau". Southseas.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
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Further reading

Governance

Atolls

Coordinates: 09°10′S 171°50′W / 9.167°S 171.833°W / -9.167; -171.833

Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand
Sovereign states  New Zealand      Cook Islands  Niue
Regions 11 non-unitary regions 5 unitary regions Chatham Islands   Outlying islands outside any regional authority
(the Kermadec Islands, Three Kings Islands, and Subantarctic Islands)		 Ross Dependency  Tokelau 15 islands 14 villages
Territorial authorities 13 cities and 53 districts
Notes Some districts lie in more than one region These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one Special territorial authority The outlying Solander Islands form part of the Southland Region New Zealand's Antarctic territory Non-self-governing territory of New Zealand States in free association with New Zealand
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