Apollonia-Arsuf

For the modern community, see Arsuf, Hof HaSharon.
Apollonia–Arsuf
Απολλωνία
Σώζουσα
أرْسُوف

An aerial view of the Crusader fort and anchorage.
Shown within Israel
Alternate name Arsur
Location  Israel
Coordinates 32°11′42.72″N 34°48′24.48″E / 32.1952000°N 34.8068000°E / 32.1952000; 34.8068000Coordinates: 32°11′42.72″N 34°48′24.48″E / 32.1952000°N 34.8068000°E / 32.1952000; 34.8068000
Grid position 132/178 PAL
Type Lowland castle
History
Abandoned 1265
Site notes
Condition Ruin
Website Apollonia National Park - Israel Nature and Parks Authority

Apollonia (Greek Απολλωνία) was an ancient city in Hellenistic and Roman Judea, in the late Roman era renamed to Sozusa (Σώζουσα, or Sozusa in Palestina for disambiguation with Sozusa in Libya).[1] It was situated on a cliff above the Mediterranean Sea, about 34 kilometres (21 mi) south of Caesarea.

It fell to the Muslim conquest in 640 and was fortified against Byzantine attacks, now known as Arsuf (Arabic: أرْسُوف‎‎ ʾArsūf, Latinized Arsur). It was re-conquered by the kingdom of Jerusalem in 1101, and was a strategically important fortress in the Third Crusade, during which the Battle of Arsuf (1191) was fought nearby. The fortress fell to the Mamluks in 1265 and was destroyed.

The site of Arsuf (Tel Arshaf; תֵּל אַרְשָׁף, also Apollonia–Arsuf אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף) is now in Herzliya municipality, Israel (just north of Tel Aviv). The site was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002, the site was named Apollonia National Park.

Names

The city is first recorded under its Greek name Apollonia in the final decades of the Persian period (mid 4th century BC). In a long-standing suggestion, first proposed by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau in 1876, it was assumed that the Greek name was given due to the interpretatio graeca of the Canaanite deity Resheph (ršp) with Apollo (as god of the plague), suggesting that the settlement would originally have been a "Phoenician" (Canaanite) foundation. The Semitic name ršp would then have been "restored" in the medieval Arabic toponym of Arsūf. While there is no archaeological evidence for a settlement prior to the Persian period, Izre’el (1999) upholds this identification, suggesting that the Semitic name might have been preserved by the Aramaic-speaking Samaritan community. The Saramitan chronicle of Abu l-Fath (14th century, written in Arabic) record a toponym rʿšfyn (with ayin). Izre’el (1999) considers the possibility of identifying this toponym with the Arabic Arsūf, assuming that the ayin may derive from a mater lectionis used in Saramitan Aramaic orthography.[2] A tradition connecting the name with the biblical Resheph, a grandson of Ephraim, is spurious.[3]

The name of the nearby Israeli settlement of Rishpon was given in 1936, inspired by a misreading of an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III (where *rašpūna was read for kašpūna; recognition of the misreading rendered void the identification of Arsuf with a supposed Iron Age Phoenician settlement of *Rašpūna).[4]

The renaming of Apollonia "city of Apollo" to Sozusa (Σώζουσα Sōzousa) "city of the saviour" took place in the late Roman (early Byzantine) period, under the influence of Christianity as the Roman state religion, motivated by Soter (Σωτήρ) "savior" being a byname of Apollo as well as of Christ. The renaming is paralleled in at least three other cities called Apollonia: Sozusa in Cyrenaica, Sozopolis in Pisidia and Sozopolis in Thrace.[1] The identification of ancient Apollonia with Byzantine-era Sozusa is due to Stark (1852).[5]

The site is variously referred to as Appolonia, Arsin, Arsuf, Arsuph, Arsur, Arsuth, Assur, Orsuf and Sozusa in Crusader-era documents.[6]

History

Remains of the stronghold
A dry moat

Antiquity

Although some Chalcolithic and Iron Age remains were uncovered at the site, there is no evidence that there was a settlement prior to the Persian period (ca. 500 BC). While the importance of the town was overshadowed by both Jaffa and Caesarea, Apollonia developed into a regional center after the decline of its neighbour site of Tel Michal in the late Persian period, and was likely the main city and harbour in the southern Sharon Plain by the mid-4th century BC,. It is mentioned in the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.[7] During the Hellenistic period it was an harbour town, ruled by Seleucids. Under Roman rule, the town prospered and grew into the chief commercial and industrial centre of the region between the Poleg and Yarkon rivers. In AD 113, Apollonia was destroyed partially by an earthquake, but recovered quickly.

Apollonia is mentioned by Pliny, Hist. nat., V, 14, and Ptolemy, V, xv, 2, between Cæsarea and Joppa, and by other ancient authors, including Josephus, Ant. jud., XIII, xv, 4, Appianus, Hist. rom. Syr., 57. The Roman proconsul, Gabinius, found it ruined in 57 BC, and had it rebuilt (Josephus, Bel. jud., I, viii, 4). Apollonia is depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana, on the coastal highway between Joppa and Caesarea, at the distance of 22 miles from Caesarea, confirming the identification of Arsuf with Apollonia. There was no coin minting in Apollonia, confirming that the town did not have the role of a Roman provincial center but was rather considered a medium-sized coastal town like Jamnia and Azotus.

Sozusa in Palaestina was the name of the city in the late Roman province of Palaestina Prima, and its episcopal see was a suffragan of Caesarea, the provincial capital. The name had changed from Apollonia to Sozusa before 449, when Bishop Baruchius signed the acts of the Robber Council of Ephesus with this title. [8] The name Sozusa also occurs in the Byzantine geographers Hierocles and George of Cyprus. Apart from Baruchius of 449, the names of two more of its bishops, Leontius in 518, and Damianus in 553, are also known.[9] The death of patriarch Modestus in 630 in the city is recorded in both Georgian and Arabic texts, the Georgian texts using Sozos (for Sozusa) and the Arabic texts Arsuf, suggesting that both names remained in use for some time in the early medieval period.[10]

Middle Ages

In 640, the town fell to the Muslim conquest. The Arabic name Arsuf or Ursuf occurs in Arab geographers from the 10th century.[11]

In the Middle Ages, Sozusa was confused with Antipatris. The identity of medieval Arsuf with ancient Apollonia was first noted by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau in 1876.[1] The town's area decreased to about 22 acres (89,000 m2) and, for the first time, it was surrounded by a fortified wall with buttresses, to resist the constant attacks of Byzantine fleets from the sea. At the time of the Muslim conquest, Sousa was inhabited by Samaritans.[12] In 809, following the death of Harun al-Rashid, the local Samaritan community was destroyed and their synagogue ruined.

Godfrey de Bouillon attempted to capture it, but failed for want of ships (William of Tyre, IX, x). King Baldwin I took it in 1102, after a siege by land and sea, allowing the inhabitants to withdraw to Ascalon. The Crusaders, who called it Arsur, rebuilt the city's walls and created the Lordship of Arsur in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187 Arsuf was captured by the Muslims, but fell again to the Crusaders on 7 September 1191 after the Battle of Arsuf, fought between the forces of Richard I of England and Saladin.

John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut became Lord of Arsuf in 1207 when he married Melisende of Arsuf. Their son John of Arsuf (d. 1258) inherited the title. The title then passed to John of Arsuf's eldest son Balian of Arsuf (d. 1277). He built new walls, the big fortress and new harbor in 1241. In 1251 Louis IX of France re-erected its ramparts. From 1261, the city was ruled by the Knights Hospitaller.

In 1265, sultan Baibars, ruler of the Mamluks, captured Arsuf, after 40 days of siege.[13] the inhabitants were killed or sold as slaves and the town completely razed. It never recovered, and in the 14th century the geographer Abulfeda said it contained no inhabitants ("Tabula Syriæ", 82). According to Mujir al-Din (writing c. 1496), the Sidna Ali Mosque just south of Arsuf was dedicated by Baibars at the site of a saint's tomb where he prayed for victory prior to retaking Arsuf.[14]

Later history

The destruction was so complete that the site was abandoned. In 1596, Ottoman tax registers recorded a village there with 22 families and 4 bachelors[15] It appeared, just named "village" on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon's invasion of 1799.[16]

Sozusa in Palaestina is listed as a titular see in the Annuario Pontificio.[17] Due to the confusion regarding the location of the ancient city, it was also assigned under the name Antipatris. Its last titular bishop of the Latin Church was Francis Joseph McSorley, the Apostolic Vicar of Jolo (d. 1970). It has no longer been assigned since, in accordance with the practice established after the Second Vatican Council regarding all titular sees situated in what were the eastern patriarchates.[18]

The site was incorporated in Herzeliya municipality in 1924. At the time, a village called al-Haram existed adjacent to the ruins, but it was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the area south of the site was built up as the Shikun Olim (שיכון עולים "immigrant housing") district of Herzeliya in the 1950s.

Rishpon was established in 1936 to the immediate north-east of the site. Arsuf, Hof HaSharon is a modern "exclusive clifftop community" named for Arsuf, built in 1995 north of the site, in Hof HaSharon Regional Council, Central District.[19]

Archaeology

The site of Apollonia-Arsuf was excavated in the 1990s and opened for visitors as Apollonia National Park in 2002. Excavations were ongoing as of 2015. The excavation report is prepared in three volumes, of which the first was published in 1999. The second and third volume, covering the excavation seasons until 2015, were in preparation as of 2016. The remains above ground before the excavations included the medieval city wall and moat, enclosing an area of about 90 dunam, a Crusader castle with a double-wall system with an area of about 4 dunam, a port with built jetties and a sheltered anchorage, protected by a sandstone reef. Large amounts of pottery were recovered in the area surrounding the city, mostly of the Byzantine and early Islamic period, indicating that the city extended significantly beyond its old walls in the 7th century. A large Roman-era villa maritima was uncovered to the south of the site.

See also

References

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  1. 1 2 3 Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (2006), p. 234.
  2. ↑ Izre’el (1999:73)
  3. ↑ "All these elements show that the relation between Resheph, Ephraim's descendent, and the Phoenician city of Arsuf should be rejected." Maciej M. Münnich, The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East (2013), p. 244.
  4. ↑ Izre’el (1999:72). The misreading was recognized in 1951.
  5. ↑ K. B. Stark, Gaza und die Philistäische Küste, Jena (1852), p. 452, accepted by Clermont-Ganneau (1896:338): "[...] the noticeable fact remains that the town Apollonias-Arsuf, though of considerable importance, does not appear on the ecclesiastical lists, and that Sozousa is mentioned there in conjunction with Joppa, which would harmonize well enough with the geographic position of Arsuf."
  6. ↑ Otto Heinricht Schmidt, Ortsnamen Palästinas in der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Ortsnamenregister zu den Aufsätzen von Prutz, Beyer und Kob in der ZDPV 4–8, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), Bd. 86, H. 2 (1970), pp. 117-164.
  7. ↑ Edward Lipiński, Itineraria Phoenicia (2004), p. 329.
  8. ↑ "Baruchius episcopus Sozusae Palaestinae provinciae", "Baruchius episcopus Sozusenae civitatis", "Baruchius episcopus ecclesiae Sozusae" (E. Schwartz, Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum II.1.3 (1935), 183, 245, 255)
  9. ↑ Le Quien, Oriens christianus, III, 595.
  10. ↑ Roll, I. and Tal, O. (1999), introduction, citing Conybeare 1910:517; Garitte 1960:55, Peeters 1923-24:41; Garitte 1953:38, 70; 1974:131.
  11. ↑ mentioned by Al-Muqaddasi as "smaller than Yafah, but strongly fortified and populous". Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems. A description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 (1890), p. 399.
  12. ↑ Izre’el (1999:64)
  13. ↑ Gestes des Chiprois, Part III, p.117, ed. Gaston Raynaud, Genève, 1887: The year given by the chronicler known as the Templar of Tyre is 1265.
  14. ↑ Taragan, Hana (2004): The Tomb of Sayyidna Ali in Arsuf: the Story of a Holy Place In JRAS (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society), Series 4, 14, 2 (2004), pp. 83–102.
  15. ↑ Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century, Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, p. 140
  16. ↑ Karmon, 1960, p. 170
  17. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 976
  18. ↑ Sozusa in Palaestina (catholic-hierarchy.org)
  19. ↑ Harriet Sherwood, Beny Steinmetz: Israeli diamond dealer who likes to keep a low profile, The Guardian, 30 July 2013.
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