Mithila (region)
Mithila | |
---|---|
Region in Asia | |
Continent | Asia |
Countries | |
Largest cities | |
Population (2011) | |
• Total | 40 million |
Mithila (IAST: mithilā), also known as Tirhut and Tirabhukti, is a geographical and cultural region located in the Indian state of Bihar. This region is bounded by the Mahananda River in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in the west and by the foothills of the Himalayas in the north.[1][2] It extends into the southeastern Terai of Nepal.[3][4]
The native language in Mithila is Maithili, and its speakers are referred to as Maithils.[1]
The name Mithila is commonly used to refer to the Videha Kingdom, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Videha.[4] In the 18th century, when Mithila was still ruled by the Raj Darbhanga, the British Raj annexed the region without recognizing it as a princely state.[5][6] Today, Mithila comprises the West Champaran, East Champaran, Sheohar, Sitamarhi, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur, Begusarai, Munger, Khagaria, Saharsa, Madhepura, Supaul, Purnia, Araria, Katihar, Kishanganj, Bhagalpur, Godda, Deoghar and Banka districts.[1][7]
Etymology
The name Mithila is derived after mythical King 'Miti' which in Dhatki language means "Soil". He was supposed to have been created from the body of his father King Nimi. He established the capital of his kingdom at Mithilapuri and hence the region came to be called Mithila. Since he was born out of body of his father, he took the title Janaka. After this, the Kings of Mithila were called Janaka.
Another name of the region was Tirabhukti meaning "bound by rivers". This was later abbreviated to Tirhut.[8]
History
Vedic period
Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan peoples who established the Videha kingdom.[9] During the late Vedic period (c. 1100-500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The Kings of the Videha Kingdom where called Janakas.[10]
The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajji confederacy, which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.[11]
Medieval period
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas who were of Parmar Rajput origin, the Oinwar dynasty who were Maithil Brahmins and the Khandavalas of Raj Darbhanga who were also Maithil Brahmins.[12] It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.[13][14]
Geography
Mithila is distinct geographical region with natural boundaries like rivers and hills. It is largely a flat and fertile alluvial plain criss-crossed by numerous rivers which originate from the Himalayas. The flat plains and fertile land have meant that Mithila has a rich variety of biotic resources; however, frequent floods have restricted the people from taking advantage of these.[15]
Rivers and floods
Mithila has seven major rivers, Mahananda, Gandak, Kosi, Bagmati, Kamala, Balan, and the Budhi Gandak.[16] They flow from the Himalaya mountains in the north to the Ganges river in the south. These rivers regularly flood, depositing silt onto the farmlands and sometimes causing death or hardship.
People
Maithili language speakers are referred to as Maithils and they are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. There are an estimated 35 million Maithils in India alone. The vast majority of them are Hindu but there is a small Muslim minority.[17]
The people of Mithila can be split into various caste/clan affiliations such as Brahmins, Rajputs, Kayasthas, Ahirs, Kurmis, Koeris, Baniyas and many more.[18]
Notable people from Mithila region
The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region.
- Vidyapati, also known by the sobriquet Maithil Kavi Kokil (the poet cuckoo of Maithili) was a Maithili poet and a Sanskrit writer. He was born in the village Bisfi in Madhubani district of Mithila region of present-day Bihar, India.[19]
- Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' was an Indian Hindi poet, essayist, patriot and academic.[20][21] He was born in present-day Begusarai district of Mithila region of Bihar, India. He has been hailed as a Rashtrakavi ("National poet") on account of his inspiring patriotic compositions.[22]
- Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal was an Indian parliamentarian and social reformer who served as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission (popularly known as the Mandal Commission). B.P. Mandal was a big and rich Zamindar (landlord)[23][24] from Saharsa district of Mithila region of Bihar, India.[25][26]
- Phanishwar Nath 'Renu'[27] was one of the most successful and influential writers of modern Hindi literature in the post-Premchand era. He is the author of Maila Anchal, which after Premchand's Godaan, is regarded as the most significant Hindi novel. He was born in present-day Araria district of Mithila region of Bihar, India.[28] By origin, he was a bengali and his real name was Fanindranath Mukhopadhaya.[29]
- Ram Vilas Paswan is an Indian politician, from Mithila region of Bihar, India and the current Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Paswan is also the president of the Lok Janshakti Party, eight time Lok Sabha member and former Rajya Sabha MP.[30]
- Syed Shahnawaz Hussain is an Indian Politician and the current Spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a former Union Cabinet Minister. He was born in Supaul in the Mithila region of Bihar, India.[31][32][33]
- Lalit Narayan Mishra - Former union Railway Minister of India.
- Jagannath Mishra - Former Chief Minister of Bihar.[34]
- Bhola Paswan Shastri was an Indian freedom fighter[35] and on three occasions between 1968-71 was the Chief Minister of Bihar state of India. He was born in Purnia district of Mithila region of Bihar, India.[36][37]
- Bhagwat Jha Azad was the Chief Minister of Bihar, India and a member of Lok Sabha. He was born in Godda district of Mithila region of present-day Jharkhand, India.[38]
- Udit Narayan - Bollywood playback singer
- Mridula Sinha - Governor of Goa[39]
- Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, The first President of Nepal was born in Dhanusa District of Mithila region in Nepal. He was elected in July 2008 and was the country's first President. He previously served as Minister of Health and as General Secretary of the Nepali Congress party.[40]
- Parmanand Jha was born in the Darbhanga District of Mithila region of India but settled in Nepal. He is the current Vice President of Nepal and a former Supreme Court judge.
- Madhav Kumar Nepal, was born in the Saptari District of Mithila region of Nepal. He is a Nepali politician who was Prime Minister of Nepal from 25 May 2009 until 6 February 2011.[41] Nepal announced his resignation as Prime Minister on 30 June 2010.[42] He was previously the General Secretary of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) for 15 years.[43]
Culture
Madhubani art
Madhubani painting/Mithila painting was traditionally created by the women of the Brahman, Dusadh and Kayastha communities in Mithila region in India and it is named after Madhubani district of Bihar which is where it originated.[44] This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments that may correctly be referred to as Madhubani art.[45]
Mithila Madhuri
Mithila Madhuri is a YouTube Channel of Maithili (Mithila Region) songs which provides historical, cultural and wedding ceremony songs to the viewers.
Proposed States
There is an ongoing movement in the Maithili speaking region of Bihar for a separate Indian state of Mithila. What will be the capital of the state has yet to be decided however Darbhanga is the most likely candidate. Other potential capitals include Muzaffarpur, Purnia and Begusarai.[46] There was also a movement in the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal for a separate state which ended only after promulgation of Constitution of Nepal 2015 guaranteed it in form of province two and transforming the country into Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal with total seven provinces.[47]
Jainism
According to Jain Agamas, 21st Tirthankara Naminatha was born in Mithila[48] to King Vijaya and Queen Vapra.[49] Mithila was ruled by King Vijaya of Ikshvaku dynasty and after him, by Lord Naminatha.[50]
See more
References
- 1 2 3 Jha, M. (1997). "Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level". Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 27–42.
- ↑ Mishra, V. (1979). Cultural Heritage of Mithila. Allahabad: Mithila Prakasana. p. 13. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ Ishii, H. (1993). "Seasons, Rituals and Society: the culture and society of Mithila, the Parbate Hindus and the Newars as seen through a comparison of their annual rites". Senri Ethnological Studies 36: 35–84.
- 1 2 Kumar, D. (2000). "Mithila after the Janakas". The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 60: 51–59.
- ↑ Singh, U. N. (1986). "The Maithili Language Movement: Successes and Failures". Language Planning: Proceedings of an Institute: 174–201.
- ↑ Jha, M. (1997). "Hindu Kingdoms at textual level". Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.
- ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&dq=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false
- ↑ Cust, R.N. (1901). "The Indian Hero". Linguistic and oriental essays: written from the year 1840 to 1903. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 144–158. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ↑ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116-124, 141-143
- ↑ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141-143
- ↑ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.85-6
- ↑ "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ↑ "Wetlands management in North Bihar". Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ↑ "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ↑ "City, Society, and Planning: Society". p. 424. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- ↑ "Rivers of Bihar | Bihar Articles". Bihar.ws. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ↑ James B. Minahan. "Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia". Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ Makhan Jha. "Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective". pp. 33–40. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "The birth place of Vidyapati is Known to be Madhubani in Present day Bihar, India".
- ↑ Biography and Works anubhuti-hindi.org.
- ↑ Sahitya Akademi Award Citation
- ↑ "Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ↑ Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar. Penguin Books India. 2011-01-01. ISBN 9780670084593.
- ↑ Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar By Arun Sinha page 53
- ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010-01-01). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. ISBN 9789380607047.
- ↑ Religion, Caste, and Politics in India By Christophe Jaffrelot page 475
- ↑ Padma Awards Official listings Govt. of India portal.
- ↑ Phanishwar Nath 'Renu' Profile Seasoninindia.
- ↑ Edited by S.Sengupta & Anjali Basu (2002). Sansad Bengali Charitavidhan (Bengali). kolkata: Sahitya Sansad. pp. 324, 325. ISBN 81-85626-65-0.
- ↑ "Bihar elections: Ram Vilas Paswan remained a facilitator, never the face".
- ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html
- ↑ http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095
- ↑ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece
- ↑ Chief Minister list, cm.bih.nic.in, accessed March 2009
- ↑ "Dalit Freedom Fighters". Google Books. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ↑ Jha, Dhirendra K (7 October 2015). "How Bihar chief minister Manjhi revived Dalit politics in the Hindi belt". Scroll.in. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ↑ "Chief Ministers of Bihar Since 1947". BiharJagran.com. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
- ↑ http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm
- ↑ "PRESS COMMUNIQUE". Press Information Bureau. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ↑ Ram Baran Yadav
- ↑ "Nepal parliament elects new PM". AFP via Google News.
- ↑ "Nepal PM quits in live TV address". BBC News. 30 June 2010.
- ↑ Madhav Kumar Nepal
- ↑ "Madhubani Painting". p. 96. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ↑ Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33
- ↑ "Small States Syndrome in India". p. 146. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ↑ Burkert, C. (2012). "Defining Maithil Identity". In Gellner, D.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.; Whelpton, J. Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 241–273. ISBN 9781136649561.
- ↑ Tukol 1980, p. 31.
- ↑ Jain 2009, p. 87-88.
- ↑ Shah 1987, p. 163-164.
Bibliography
- Tukol, T. K. (1980). Compendium of Jainism. Dharwad: University of Karnataka.
- Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987). Jaina-Rupa Mandana: Jaina Iconography:, Volume 1. India: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-208-X.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mithila. |