Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War
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The Croat–Bosniak War was a conflict between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, that lasted from 19 June 1992 – 23 February 1994. The Croat-Bosniak War is often referred to as a "war within a war" because it was part of the larger Bosnian War.
1991
March
- March 1991: Karađorđevo meeting - Franjo Tuđman and Slobodan Milošević met in Karađorđevo. The meeting became controversial due to claims that they discussed the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia.[1][2]
November
- 12 November 1991: Croatian political leaders in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mate Boban and Dario Kordić signed a document about a common Croatian state: "the Croatian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina must finally embrace a determined and active policy which will realise our eternal dream – a common Croatian state".[3]
- 18 November 1991: The Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina, proclaimed the existence of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole," on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[4]
1992
April
- 8 April 1992: The Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane, HVO) was established in Grude as the official military formation of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia.[5]
- 10 April 1992: Mate Boban decreed that the Bosnian Territorial Defence (TO), which had been created the day before, was illegal on territory of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia.[6]
- 15 April 1992: The Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, ARBiH) was established by the Bosnian leadership.[7]
- 21 April 1992: Croatian Crisis Staff took over the powers of the Kiseljak Municipal Assembly, although under the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, only the Municipal Assembly is entitled to exercise those powers, which led to many discriminatory measures against the Bosnian Muslim authorities and population in Kiseljak.[8]
May
- 6 May 1992: The Graz agreement between Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić and Bosnian Croat leader Mate Boban. It was meant to stop the conflict between Serb and Croat forces. The two sides ultimately parted ways, without signing any agreement.[9]
- 9 May 1992: Blaž Kraljević, commander of the Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) armed group in Herzegovina, publicly opposed the Graz agreement and stood up to the Croat leadership in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[10]
- 10 May 1992: Croats issued an ultimatum to all Bosnian military units in Busovača calling on them to surrender their weapons and to place themselves under Croat command.[11]
- 11 May 1992: Tihomir Blaškić declared the Bosnian Territorial Defence (TO) illegal on the territory of the Kiseljak municipality.[3]
- 22 May 1992: Bosnian state organs in the Busovača municipality were abolished. Bosniaks were forced to sign an act of allegiance to the Croat authorities, fell victim to numerous attacks on shops and businesses and, gradually, left the area out of fear that they would be the victims of mass crimes.[11]
June
- June 1992: Croat military formations took over the headquarters in Vitez and the Municipal Assembly building and raised the flags of Herzeg-Bosnia and of Croatia.[12]
- 15 June 1992: Croatian Crisis Staff imposed the Croatian dinar "on the territory of the Kiseljak municipality as the currency of account" and ordered that "all commercial service companies [were] obliged to display the prices of products and services in Croatian dinars".[8]
- 19 June 1992: Short armed confrontation between the ARBiH and HVO occurred in Novi Travnik.[13]
July
- 1 July 1992: The Croatian Defence Council (HVO) took over all civilian and military power in Vareš and prohibited all Territorial Defence (TO) activities.[14]
- 3 July 1992: The Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia was formally declared in an amendment to the original decision from November 1991.[15]
- 21 July 1992: The Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia was signed by Alija Izetbegović and Franjo Tuđman.
August
- August 1992: The HVO launched attacks on the villages of Duhri, Potkraj, Radanovići and Topole in the municipality of Kiseljak, which involved more violent incidents, including setting fire to homes where Bosnian Muslims lived and vandalising their businesses.[16]
- 9 August 1992: HOS Commander Blaž Kraljević was killed at a checkpoint in the village of Kruševo by the HVO.[17]
- 23 August 1992: HVO and HOS leaders in Herzegovina agreed to incorporate the HOS into the HVO.[17]
- August 1992: In Travnik, Dario Kordić and Ignac Koštroman addressed Croat troops with the message that those who do not wish to live in the Croatian provinces of Herzeg-Bosnia are all enemies and must be fought with both political and military means.[18]
- August 1992: In Vitez, the gist of Kordić’s speech was a statement to the Muslims of the Lašva Valley that this was Croat land and that they had to accept it.[18]
September
- 5 September 1992: Presidency of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in Travnik stated that the Croats in the municipality refused unitary State of Bosnia and Herzegovina and accepted only the HVO government.[18]
- 18 September 1992: Decrees relating to the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (including that to establish it on 18 November 1991) were annulled by the Bosnia and Herzegovina Constitutional Court.[19]
- 30 September 1992: Croat leadership in Kakanj municipality met with Dario Kordić, as Vice-President of Herzeg-Bosnia, who stated that they would not take Kakanj by force but it would be given to them because Muslims were losing morale and they wouldn't be strong enough to confront realisation of the Croatian political platform.[20]
- September 1992: Heliodrom camp, located in Herzegovina, established on the orders of Bruno Stojić, Minister of Defence of Herzeg-Bosnia and Valentin Ćorić, Commander of the HVO Military Police.[4]
October
- 19 October 1992: The Croatian flag was raised on the police station in Prozor, located in the northern part of Herzegovina.[4]
- 19–26 October 1992: The conflict between Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and Bosnian Army (ARBiH) broke out again in Novi Travnik when the HVO attacked a Bosnian Army unit in the fire brigade building. It is assumed that the cause of the conflict was a demand by the HVO to be allowed to take over the Bratstvo ammunition factory which the Bosnian Army refused.[21]
- 19 October 1992: During the early part of the conflict in Novi Travnik, the local TO, on orders from their superiors, put up a barricade in Ahmići in the Vitez municipality on the main road through the Lašva Valley in order to prevent HVO reinforcements reaching Novi Travnik.[22]
- 20 October 1992: Early in the morning the HVO attacked the Ahmići barricade. The houses were set on fire, the minaret of the mosque was hit and a 16-year-old boy was killed. The attack lasted all morning until the people manning the barricade ran out of ammunition and the checkpoint was then removed.[22]
- 20 October 1992: The HVO took over Vitez police station and expelled the Bosnian Muslim police officers.[23]
- 22 October 1992: A general cease-fire for the Vitez municipality was signed.[22]
- 23 October 1992: Croat forces attacked Bosnian Muslims in Prozor town and started ethnic cleansing which included different form of violence.[24][25]
- 24 October 1992: Croat forces attacked Paljike, a predominantly Bosniak village approximately one kilometer south of Prozor town, deliberately destroyed houses and property, killed some of the villagers, and the next day transferred the others to the Ripci primary school where Bosnian Muslims from Prozor were detained.[4]
- 24 October 1992: On the evening, an area HVO commander reported that Prozor town was "ethnically pure" and "the Muslim population having been detained or having fled".[4]
- 24–25 October 1992: Shortly after Croat forces attacked Bosnian Muslims in neighbouring Prozor municipality, the HVO and Bosnian Army engaged in fighting in Gornji Vakuf town, and the HVO seized control of several factories and the Ministry of Interior building.[4]
- 26 October 1992: Bruno Stojić, Milivoj Petković, Janko Bobetko and others were informed that the Croat forces had taken control of Prozor on 25 October, with many casualties on the Muslim side.[4]
November
- 4 November 1992: Jajce, a town north-east of Travnik, which had been under siege by the Serb forces and which was defended by a combined Bosniak and Croat force, had fallen, releasing a flood of refugees into the area of Travnik and Zenica.[23]
December
- December 1992: The Croat forces had taken control of the municipalities of the Lašva Valley and had only met significant opposition in Novi Travnik and Ahmići. Much of Central Bosnia therefore was in the hands of the Croat forces.[23]
1993
January
- 2 January 1993: The Vance–Owen peace plan was proposed in Geneva.[26]
- 11 January 1993: Clashes between the HVO and the ARBiH started in Gornji Vakuf.
- 18 January 1993: Duša killings, 7 Bosniak civilians killed during the HVO shelling of village Duša.[27]
- 24 January 1993: 2 HVO soldiers killed in an ambush by the ARBiH.[28]
- 26 January 1993: The ARBiH killed 6 Croats and a Serb civilian in the village of Dusina near Zenica.[29]
March
- 28 March 1993: Tuđman and Izetbegović sign an agreement to establish a joint Croat-Bosniak military in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[30]
April
- 13 April 1993: Four HVO soldiers were kidnapped by the mujahideen outside Novi Travnik.[31]
- 14 April 1993: Conflict between ARBiH and HVO escalates in Konjic and Jablanica.[32]
- 15 April 1993: The mujahideen kidnapped HVO commander Živko Totić in Zenica and killed his escort. A joint ARBiH-HVO commission was formed to investigate the case.[33]
- 16 April 1993: Ahmići massacre, HVO troops killed at least 103 Bosniak civilians.[34]
- 16 April 1993: Trusina killings, ARBiH troops killed 15 Croat civilians and 7 POWs in the village of Trusina.[35]
- 24 April 1993: Four Croat civilians killed by the mujahideen upon taking the village of Miletići near Travnik.[29]
May
- 6 May 1993: Bosnian Serbs reject the Vance–Owen plan on a referendum.[36]
- 9 May 1993: Fierce fighting escalates in Mostar.[37]
- 10 May 1993: HVO captures the Vranica building in Mostar, 10 Bosniak POWs were killed.
June
- 4 June 1993: ARBiH troops attack HVO positions in Travnik.[38]
- 8 June 1993: Mujahideen forces killed at least 24 Croat civilians and POWs near the village of Bikoši.[39]
- 10 June 1993: Eight children were killed in a playground during the ARBiH shelling of Vitez.[40]
- 10 June 1993: Convoy of Joy incident, Croat refugees block an aid convoy heading for Tuzla. Eight drivers and two HVO soldiers were killed.[41]
- 12 June 1993: HVO Kiseljak and the Serb forces from Ilidža in village Grahovci (between Kiseljak and Ilidža) kill 37 Bosniak civilians.
- 13 June 1993: ARBiH had taken control of Travnik and the surrounding villages.
- 16 June 1993: The ARBiH takes control over Kakanj.[42]
- 30 June 1993: Battle of Žepče ends with HVO securing the town of Žepče, while ARBiH secures nearby Zavidovići.[43]
July
- 2 July 1993: ARBiH attacks and captures Fojnica.[44]
- 25 July 1993: Battle of Bugojno ends, ARBiH takes control of the city.[45]
August
- 1 August 1993: ARBiH takes control over most of Gornji Vakuf, HVO remains in the southwestern part of the town.[46]
September
- 7 September 1993: the Parliament of Croatia recognized Herzeg-Bosnia as a possible form of sovereignty for Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[47]
- 8–9 September 1993: Massacre in Grabovica, at least 13, and as many as 35 Croats were killed in the village of Grabovica by members of the ARBiH.
- 14 September 1993: ARBiH attacked the village of Uzdol, 29 Croat civilians and one HVO prisoner were killed by the Prozor Independent Battalion.[48]
October
- 22 October 1993: Tuđman instructed Šušak and Bobetko to continue to support Herzeg-Bosnia, believing that "the future borders of the Croatian state are being resolved there."[49]
- 23 October 1993: Stupni Do massacre, 36 Bosniaks were killed by the HVO in the village of Stupni Do.
November
- 9 November 1993: Old Bridge in Mostar was destroyed by the HVO.
December
- 22–22 December 1993: Križančevo Selo killings, dozens of Croats were killed during the attack by the Bosnian Army.
1994
February
- 23 February 1994: The Croat-Bosniak war officially ended when the Commander of HVO, general Ante Roso and commander of Bosnian Army, general Rasim Delić, signed a ceasefire agreement in Zagreb. In March 1994 a peace agreement mediated by the USA between the warring Croats (represented by Republic of Croatia) and Bosnia and Herzegovina was signed in Washington and Vienna which is known as the Washington Agreement. Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Croat and Bosnian government forces was divided into ten autonomous cantons, establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Notes
- ↑ "ICTY: Naletilić and Martinović verdict - A. Historical background" (PDF).
- ↑ Ramet 2010, p. 264.
- 1 2 "ICTY Blaškić verdict - III. FACTS AND DISCUSSION - A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - Page 123" (PDF).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "ICTY: Prlić et al. (IT-04-74)".
- ↑ Shrader 2003, p. 25.
- ↑ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict - A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993" (PDF).
- ↑ Ramet 2010, p. 127.
- 1 2 "ICTY: Blaškić verdict - A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 c) The municipality of Kiseljak" (PDF).
- ↑ Prlic et al. judgement vol.1 2013, p. 155.
- ↑ Lukic, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). Europe From the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Oxford University Press. p. 215.
- 1 2 "ICTY: Blaškić verdict - A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - b) The municipality of Busovača" (PDF).
- ↑ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict - A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - a) The municipality of Vitez" (PDF).
- ↑ Kordic & Cerkez Judgement 2001, p. 153-154.
- ↑ ICTY - Kordic and Cerkez judgment - II. PERSECUTION: THE HVO TAKE-OVERS C. The HVO Take-Over in Other Municipalities -
- ↑ Malcolm 1995, p. 318.
- ↑ ICTY - Blaskic Judgement - A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - c) The municipality of Kiseljak
- 1 2 Shrader 2003, p. 46.
- 1 2 3 ICTY: Kordic and Cerkez Judgement - III. EVENTS LEADING TO THE CONFLICT - A. July – September 1992 - 1. The Role of Dario Kordic -
- ↑ ICTY - Kordic and Cerkez Judgement - 2. Ruling of the BiH Constitutional Court
- ↑ "ICTY: Kordic and Cerkez Judgement - III. EVENTS LEADING TO THE CONFLICT - A. July – September 1992 - 1. The Role of Dario Kordic" (PDF).
On 30 September 1992 Kordic, as Vice-President of HZ H-B, was present at a meeting of the Presidency of the Kakanj HVO, a neighbouring municipality to Vares. The minutes of the meeting record Kordic as saying that the HVO was the government of the HZ H-B and what they were doing with the HZ H-B was the realisation of a complete political platform: they would not take Kakanj by force but “it is a question of time whether we will take or give up what is ours. It has been written down that Vares and Kakanj are in HZ H-B. The Muslims are losing morale and then it will end with ‘give us what you will’”.
- ↑ ICTY - Kordic and Cerkez Judgement - 1. Conflict in Novi Travnik
- 1 2 3 ICTY - Kordic and Cerkez Judgement - 2. Ahmici Barricade
- 1 2 3 ICTY - Kordic and Cerkez Judgement - 3. After the Conflict
- ↑ "SENSE Tribunal: ICTY - EVICT, BURN AND EXPEL".
The Prozor main street was "a mess", there were signs of shelling everywhere, almost every fifth house had been burned down, and the soldiers were busy looting the shops. In those events in Prozor, Vuillamy recognized the "pattern of ethnic cleansing" he had seen as a war correspondent in the operations the Serb forces had launched in eastern Croatia and north-western Bosnia. He summed up the pattern as follows for the judges: "Evict them, burn them and expel them!"
- ↑ SENSE Tribunal: ICTY - “THE MOST POWERFUL MEN IN THE HERCEG BOSNA PROJECT” ON TRIAL -
- ↑ Malcolm 1995, p. 326.
- ↑ Prlic et al. judgement summary 2013, p. 155.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 190-191.
- 1 2 Hadzihasanovic & Kubura Judgement Summary 2006, p. 5.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 191.
- ↑ Shrader 2003, p. 87.
- ↑ CIA 2002b, p. 433-434.
- ↑ Shrader 2003, p. 88-89.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 192.
- ↑ "Three Bosniak Soldiers Convicted of Trusina Massacre". justice-report.com. 2015.
- ↑ Myers & 06 May 1993.
- ↑ Christia 2012, p. 157.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 195.
- ↑ Delic Judgement Summary 2008, p. 3.
- ↑ Schindler 2007, p. 99.
- ↑ Shrader 2003, p. 132-133.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 196.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 197.
- ↑ CIA 2002b, p. 425.
- ↑ CIA 2002b, p. 429.
- ↑ CIA 2002, p. 199.
- ↑ Magaš & Žanić 2001, p. 369.
- ↑ "Judgement in the Case the Prosecutor v. Sefer Halilovic".
- ↑ Ramet 2010, p. 265.
References
- Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. ISBN 978-0-16-066472-4.
- Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. ISBN 978-0-16-066472-4.
- Christia, Fotini (2012). Alliance Formation in Civil Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-13985-175-6.
- Magaš, Branka; Žanić, Ivo (2001). The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991–1995. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-8201-3.
- Malcolm, Noel (1995). Povijest Bosne: kratki pregled [Bosnia: A Short History]. Erasmus Gilda.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010). "Politics in Croatia since 1990". In Ramet, Sabrina P. Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 258–285. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
- Schindler, John R. (2007). Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad. New York City: Zenith Press. ISBN 9780760330036.
- Shrader, Charles R. (2003). The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-261-4.
- "Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić - Judgement - Summary" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013.
- "Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, Berislav Pušić - Judgement - Volume 1 of 6" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 29 May 2013.
- "Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović & Kubura Judgement Summary" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. March 2006.
- "Prosecutor v. Rasim Delić Judgement Summary" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 September 2008.
- "Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 26 February 2001.
- Myers, Linnet (6 May 1993). "Bosnian Serbs Spurn Un Pact, Set Referendum". Chicago Tribune.
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