Timeline of healthcare in France

This is a timeline of healthcare in France. Major events such as policies and organizations are described.

Big picture

Year/period Key developments
Middle AgesSouthern France is one of the leading medical centers in Europe. The University of Montpellier is founded and becomes prominent.[1]
1770s–1850sParis becomes a world center of medical research and teaching. The "Paris School" emphasizes that teaching and research should be based in large hospitals and promotes the professionalization of the medical profession and the emphasis on sanitation and public health.[2]
1871–1914The French Third Republic follows behind Bismarckian Germany, as well as Great Britain, in developing the welfare state including public health, accident and old-age insurance.[3]
1928–2000From its foundation, the French national health insurance progresses in incremental stages, with big extensions in 1945, 1961, 1966, 1978, and finally in 2000, achieving universal coverage.[4]
1945 onwardsFrance develops a universal healthcare system.[5]
PresentToday, the French healthcare system is one of universal healthcare largely financed by government national health insurance and is regarded among the best in the world. In the last years, there has been an increase in the rate of obesity among the French due mostly to the replacement in eating habits of traditional healthy French cuisine by junk food.[6]

Timeline

Year/period Type of event Event Location
1289OrganizationThe University of Montpellier is founded. Its medical school becomes prominent and famous for arguing in the fourteenth century that the Black Death is caused by a miasma entering the opening of the body's pores, citing theories developed by Galen. Doctors educated at Montpellier advocate against bathing because they claim bathing opens the body's pores, making one more susceptible to the bubonic plague.[7][8]Montpellier
1443OrganizationHospices de Beaune is founded as a hospital for the poor.[9]Beaune
1602OrganizationHôpital de la Charité is founded.[10]Paris
1633OrganizationDaughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul is founded as a society of young women who share their dedication of helping the poor and the sick.[11][12]
1645OrganizationCharenton is founded as a lunatic asylum.[13]Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne
1656OrganizationBicêtre Hospital is established.[14][15]Paris
1752OrganizationThe Hôpital-Général de Douai is founded.[16]Douai
1761OrganizationHôtel-Dieu of Carpentras hospital is established.[17][18]Vaucluse
1793OrganizationCoignard House is founded as a prison hospital.[19]Paris
1796OrganizationVal-de-Grâce military hospital is founded.[20]Paris
1858OrganizationBégin Military Teaching Hospital is founded.[21]Paris
1864OrganizationThe French Red Cross (Croix-Rouge française) is founded as the national Red Cross Society in France.[22][23]Paris
1887OrganizationThe Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur) is founded as a non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It is one of the world's most prestigious and renown. Over the years, it has been responsible for breakthrough discoveries that have enabled medical science to control such virulent diseases as diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, influenza, yellow fever, and plague.[24][25]Headquarters in Paris. Serves worldwide.
1897OrganizationThe Institut Biologique Mérieux (Mérieux Biological Institute) is founded as a health organization.[26][27]
1906OrganizationThe American Hospital of Paris is founded.[28][29]Neuilly-sur-Seine
1913OrganizationHôpital Paul-Brousse is established.[30][31]Villejuif
1915OrganizationHôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois is founded as an emergency evacuation hospital during World War I. It is organized and staffed by British volunteers and served French soldiers.[32]Haute-Marne
1915OrganizationThe Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont is established.[33]Val-d'Oise
1920OrganizationCurie Foundation is established. The following year, it is recognized as an institution of public interest.[34][35]Paris
1926OrganizationInstitut Gustave Roussy is founded. It is considered a world-leading cancer-research institute. It is a center for patient care, research and teaching, and patients with all types of cancer can be treated.[36]Villejuif
1928PolicyFrance launches a national health insurance. It covers salaried workers in industry and commerce whose wages are under a low ceiling.[4]
1936OrganizationRaymond Poincaré University Hospital is founded.[37]Garches
1944 Occupied France. German authorities warn French doctors not to treat wounded Resistance members.[38]
1945PolicyA public health insurance program is established.[39] The French national health insurance is extended to all industrial and commercial workers and their families, irrespective of wage levels.[4]
1961PolicyThe national health insurance covers farmers and agricultural workers.[4]
1964OrganizationThe Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) is established as the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research. It is the only public research institution solely focused on human health and medical research in France.[40][41]Paris
1966PolicyIndependent professionals are brought into the national health insurance.[4]
1968OrganizationMEDICA is founded as a private health group specialized in the exploitation of global care facilities for dependent persons.[42][43]Issy-les-Moulineaux (headquarters). Serves in France and Italy
1970OrganizationThe Institut du Radium and the Curie Foundation merge to form Institut Curie, with its three missions of research, teaching, and treating cancer.[34][44]Paris
1973OrganizationDroits des Non-Fumeurs is founded as a non-governmental organization in order to protect the rights of non-smokers in France.[45]
1974PolicyNew law proclaims that national health insurance should be universal.[4]
1976PolicyUniversal healthcare budget adjustment. Coverage of ambulance costs is reduced.[5]
1976OrganizationThe Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML) is founded as an immunology center. The CIML addresses all areas of contemporary immunology.[46]Marseille
1977PolicyUniversal healthcare budget adjustment. Coverage of some medications is reduced. Some hospital beds are closed.[5]
1982PolicyUniversal healthcare budget adjustment. Patients must pay a "moderating fee" of 20 francs (3 euros) out of pocket when they are hospitalized.[5]
1983OrganizationJean Minjoz Hospital is established.[47]Besançon
1983DiscoveryTeam led by French researchers Luc Montagnier, Jean-Claude Chermann and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi discover AIDS viruses, HIV1 and HIV2 at Pasteur Institute.[24]Paris
1984OrganizationAIDES is founded as a non profit organization. It is dedicated to fighting HIV/AIDS and defending the rights of people and communities affected by this disease.[48][49]
1984OrganizationRéseau Sentinelles is founded as a network of general practitioners, working throughout the metropolitan regions of France. Its goal is to provide clinical surveillance for 14 health indicators.[50]
1985PolicyUniversal healthcare budget adjustment. Coverage of some paramedical procedures is reduced.[5]
1985OrganizationPharmaciens Sans Frontières Comité International (PSFCI) is founded. It is the largest humanitarian association in the world specialized in the pharmaceutical sector. Founded and based in France, it has since evolved into an international organization.[51][52]
1985DiscoveryTeam led by Pierre Tiollais develops hepatitis B vaccine at Pasteur Institute. It is the first human vaccine obtained by genetic engineering from animal cells.[24][53]Paris
1986PolicyUniversal healthcare budget adjustment. Healthcare payroll taxes is increased.[5]
1987PolicyLetters sent to the national health insurance must be stamped.[5]
1987OrganizationThe Faculté Libre de Médecines Naturelles et d'Ethnomédecine (FLMNE) is founded as a professional training organization.[54][55]Paris
1987OrganizationThe Institute of Environmental Medicine (IEM) is founded. It is dedicated to neuroscience research and consulting.[56][57]
1988PolicySpecial tax on medication advertising is created to help fund healthcare.[5]
1989OrganizationThe French National AIDS Council (Conseil national du sida) is founded as an advisory body with aims at offering its views on the problems faced by society as a result of AIDS and making useful suggestions to the government.[58]
1990OrganizationSol En Si (Solidarité Enfants Sida, translated as Solidarity Children AIDS) is founded as a charity organization for helping children suffering from AIDS and their families.[59][60]
1990PolicyContribution Sociale Généralisée (CSG) is introduced as new tax levied on all types of income to help fund healthcare.[5]
1991PolicySupplementary income tax (5.5% of wages and all other earnings) raised specifically for the national health insurance, is introduced to make healthcare financing more progressive and to increase NHI revenues by enlarging the tax base.[4]
1992OrganizationCRNHs is founded as a human nutrition clinical research center. CRNHs develops research programs in nutrition within the framework of national, European and international research programs, working with industry partners and researchers worldwide.[61]Auvergne
1998DevelopmentThe Carte Vitale is introduced as the health insurance card of the national healthcare system in France. It allows a direct settlement with the medical arm of the social insurance system.[62]
1998OrganizationThe Institut de veille sanitaire is established as a public establishment of the health minister. Its mission is to survey the public health and, if required (for example in the case of an epidemics), to alert the administration, health specialists and the whole of the population.[63]
1999PolicyNew tax is levied on drug makers when their revenue exceeds a pre-defined level.[5]
2000PolicyDoctors are required to explain to the national health insurance why they granted a worker sick leave.[5]
2000PolicyThe Couverture maladie universelle (CMU; Universal healthcare coverage) is launched as a public health program. It reimburses medical expenses through social security to all those legally resident in France for more than three months. For people on low incomes, the CMU also offers complementary health coverage of 100%, which is added to standard Social Security payments. Illegal aliens are entitled to healthcare via the Aide médicale d'Etat (AME, State medical aid).[64] This way, France covers the remaining 1% of its population that is uninsured and offers supplementary coverage to 8% of its population below an income ceiling.[4]
2000ReportThe French healthcare system is ranked best in the world by the World Health Organization.[4]
2002OrganizationMedtech is founded as a robotic surgery company.[65][66]Montpellier
2004OrganizationThe Louis Bonduelle Foundation is established. It acts internationally with the aim of changing eating habits in a sustainable manner, by providing everyone with the means of bringing vegetables into their daily life.[67][68]Serves in France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Canada.
2005PolicyThe national health insurance deducts 1 euro off doctor consultation fees before it starts calculating how much it must reimburse patients.[5]
2005PolicyReform puts in place a process of coordinated care. The patient first visits his/her médecin traitant (general practitioner). This physician is previously registered at the caisse d´assurance sociale as the one in charge of the coordination of care for the patient. In case the physician or his substitute is unavailable, the patient can consult another physician and inform his/her caisse d´assurance. The patient is free to change to another general practitioner but has to report the change.[39]
2006OrganizationCancer Campus is launched as a research and campus in oncology. It is devoted to help to fight cancer.[69][70]Villejuif
2006OrganizationAxess Vision Technology is founded as a manufacturer of medical devices, mainly endoscopes.[71]Tours
2007OrganizationAssociation Grégory Lemarchal is founded. The organization is dedicated to improving the lives of cystic fibrosis sufferers and their families by providing information, funding research, and increasing public awareness of cystic fibrosis.[72][73]
2008OrganizationSanté Environnement France is founded as a non-governmental health and environmental organization. It works on several critical topics: air quality, climate change, biodiversity, electromagnetic waves, nutrition, gardening, sport, etc.[74]
2008ProgramBill HPST (Hospital, patients, health, territories) is launched as the first stage of the Hospital 2012 Plan, launched by French President Nicolas Sarkozy, which aims at revamping of the French healthcare system. The bill aims at guarantee a better and equal access to care for all French people, whatever their geographic location.[75]
2011OrganizationThe Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque) (LIRYC) is founded as a university hospital institution created as part of the investments in a program to boost medical research and innovation.[76][77]Pessac
2011OrganizationThe Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé (BIU Santé) is founded as a medical library. It offers collections in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and related sciences.[78][79]
2016PolicyNew universal healthcare insurance system known as Protection Maladie Universelle (PUMA) is launched and replaces the old health insurance scheme Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU). It grants all residents in France – including foreigners – easier access to health services. Individuals who are not covered by the PUMA or might want to increase their health coverage must apply private health insurance while living in France.[80]
2016ReportLife expectancy in France is estimated at 81.68 years, being ranked 14th out of 228 political subdivisions.[81]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Medieval Medicine History". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  2. ↑ Weiner, Dora B.; Sauter, Michael J. (2003). "The City of Paris and the Rise of Clinical Medicine". Osiris. 18 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1086/649375.
  3. ↑ Nord, Philip (1994). "The welfare state in France, 1870-1914". French Historical Studies. 18 (3): 821–838. JSTOR 286694. doi:10.2307/286694.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rodwin, VG (2003). "The Health Care System Under French National Health Insurance: Lessons for Health Reform in the United States". Am J Public Health. 93: 31–7. PMC 1447687 Freely accessible. PMID 12511380. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.1.31.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "France Fights Universal Care's High Cost". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  6. ↑ "Even the French are fighting obesity". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  7. ↑ "30 of the Oldest Medical Schools in the World". bestmedicaldegrees.com. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  8. ↑ Black Death - Robert S. Gottfried - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  9. ↑ "Hospices de Beaune". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "Hôpital de la Charité. Paris". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  11. ↑ "Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul". Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  12. ↑ "Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul". newadvent.org. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  13. ↑ "Charenton (asylum)". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  14. ↑ "Bicêtre Hospital". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  15. ↑ "Bicêtre". britannica.com. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "En savoir plus sur la Loi Monuments Historiques". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  17. ↑ "Hôtel-Dieu of Carpentras". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  18. ↑ "LE PÔLE CULTUREL DE L’HÔTEL-DIEU DE CARPENTRAS". bbf.enssib.fr. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  19. ↑ "The Maison Coignard at Picpus". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  20. ↑ "Paris Val-de-Grâce hospital of the elite to close under spending cuts". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  21. ↑ "Bégin Military Teaching Hospital". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  22. ↑ "Croix-rouge". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  23. ↑ "French Red Cross". ifrc.org. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 "Story of the Institut Pasteur". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  25. ↑ "Pasteur Institute". timeshighereducation.com. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  26. ↑ "Fondation Merieux". Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  27. ↑ "L'Institut Mérieux de Lyon". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  28. ↑ "The History of the American Hospital of Paris". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  29. ↑ "The American Hospital of Paris". france-surgery.com. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  30. ↑ "Hôpital Paul-Brousse". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  31. ↑ "AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse (Villejuif)". hopital.fr. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  32. ↑ Laurence Binyon, For Dauntless France (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1917)
  33. ↑ Weiner, M-F. "The Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont", J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2014; 44: 328–36
  34. 1 2 "Institut Curie". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  35. ↑ "The Marie Curie Radium Campaign". history.aip.org. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  36. ↑ "Institut Gustave Roussy". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  37. ↑ "L’hôpital Raymond Poincaré". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  38. ↑ "Health Care reform- The French system I". Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  39. 1 2 "The French Health Care System". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  40. ↑ "Inserm". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  41. ↑ "ÉTABLISSEMENTS PUBLICS À CARACTÈRE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNOLOGIQUE". enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  42. ↑ "MEDICA". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  43. ↑ "MEDICA (MDCA)". zonebourse.com. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  44. ↑ "CANCER-ID Team Institut Curie". Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  45. ↑ "Droits des Non-Fumeurs". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  46. ↑ "Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  47. ↑ "Jean Minjoz Hospital" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  48. ↑ "AIDES". Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  49. ↑ "" Quand on questionne les marges, on arrive au cœur de la politique " Daniel Defert". humanite.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  50. ↑ "Réseau Sentinelles" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  51. ↑ "Pharmaciens Sans Frontières". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  52. ↑ "Pharmaciens sans frontières". medecinsdumonde.be. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  53. ↑ Gerlich, Wolfram H. "Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now". Virology Journal. 10: 239. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-10-239. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  54. ↑ "FLMNE". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  55. ↑ "Vouloir guérir, malgré la médecine Docteur Jean-Pierre Willem Chirurgien, anthropologue, spécialiste des médecines traditionnelles.". bio-sante.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  56. ↑ "Institut de Médecine Environnementale". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  57. ↑ "Jacques Fradin". futura-sciences.com. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  58. ↑ "Conseil national du sida". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  59. ↑ "sol en si". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  60. ↑ "Solidarité Enfants Sida (Sol En Si)". inist.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  61. ↑ "Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  62. ↑ "Carte vitale" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  63. ↑ "Institut de Veille Sanitaire". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  64. ↑ "Qu'est ce que la CMU ?". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  65. ↑ "Medtech". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  66. ↑ "Zimmer Biomet Buys Medtech for Rosa Surgical Robot". Robotics Business Review. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  67. ↑ "Bonduelle". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  68. ↑ "Louis Bonduelle Foundation". fundit.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  69. ↑ "Cancer Campus". Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  70. ↑ "Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus". esmo.org. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  71. ↑ "axess". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  72. ↑ "LEMARCHAL". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  73. ↑ "Le combat de l'Association Grégory Lemarchal continue". programme-tv.net. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  74. ↑ "Association Santé Environnement France". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  75. ↑ "HPST". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  76. ↑ "Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  77. ↑ "Institut de RYthmologie et de modélisation Cardiaque". jet-society.com. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  78. ↑ "Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  79. ↑ "La Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé". parisdescartes.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  80. ↑ "Guide to health insurance in France". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  81. ↑ "Life expectancy". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
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