Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)

This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition.[note 1] Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.[1]

By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.[1] Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".[2][3][note 2]

The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous.

The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.[9][note 3]

In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.[10] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses. However, 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[11][note 4]

The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.[1]

The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.[12]

Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.[1]

The population of Greece is 11.4 million (2011),[13][note 5] of which 95%[16][17][note 6] to 98%[18] are Greek Orthodox.

Third Hellenic Republic (from 2008)

Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens, (from 2008).
Saint Paisios of Mount Athos.

See also

History

Church Fathers

Notes

  1. ↑ The Theotokos is the Patron of Mount Athos, which is known as: The Garden of the Mother of God, and The Holy Mountain of Our Lady. The arrival of the Theotokos at the Mountain is mentioned by codices L' 66 and I' 31 of the Library of Great Lavra Monastery.
  2. ↑ "According to several accounts, from the Conquest of Constantinople to the last phase of the Greek War of Independence, the Ottoman Turks condemned to death 11 Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople, nearly 100 bishops, and several thousands of priests, deacons and monks (Bompolines, 1952;[4] Paparounis, no date;[5] Perantones, 1972;[6] Pouqueville, 1824;[7] Vaporis, 2000.[8])."[3]
  3. ↑ The provisions of the 1844 Constitution, where the Bavarian regency bequeathed the Hellenic State with a kind of caesaropapism, were repeated in articles 1 and 2 of the 1864 Constitution; article 1 and 2 of the 1911 Constitution; article 1 of the 1927 Constitution; articles 1 and 2 of the 1952 Constitution; article 1 of the 1968 constitutional text of the military dictatorship; and article 3 of the 1975 Constitution; (as well as article 9 of the 1925 and 1926 Constitutions, which were never enforced). [9]
  4. ↑ "Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "New Lands" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current Greek Constitution), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides."
  5. ↑ The World Bank gives a figure of 11.30 million (2011),[14] while according to the 2011 Greek Census, the total enumerated population was 10,787,690.[15]
  6. ↑ According to a December 2011 nationwide survey conducted by Metron Analysis (one of the biggest independent market research and public opinion survey companies in Greece), 95% of those polled reported that they were Orthodox Christians, while 1.5% said that they belong to some other religion, and 2.8% of the population said that they were irreligious or atheist, which is among the lowest figures in Europe.[16]
  7. ↑ The town of Argos had launched a search for the remains of its own Saint Peter, who was a 10th-century local bishop, 17 years ago, the current bishop told AFP. "We had looked everywhere for the relics, in Venice and the Vatican, before we finally found them in a monastery chapel in Rome", bishop Iakovos said. The chapel belongs to a Spanish order of monks, whose prior Renato Salvatore had no objection to returning the relics. The remains of Saint Peter of Argos had been removed to Rome in the 15th century during the occupation of the Peloponnese by the Franks.[24]
  8. ↑ During the opening ceremony the Ambassadors of several Islamic states were present, along with a notable delegation of Imams related to the Muslim Brotherhood from across Europe and several Islamic NGO's from all over the world. The center has a 2.000 Sq. meters space and also serves as a prayer establishment, thus Athens already has a Mosque, albeit not officially known as such.[25]
  9. ↑ Over the past century, Greece has seen two other major exoduses, one between 1903 and 1917 and the other between 1960 and 1972. The difference between the first two and the current one is that in the 20th century, it was mostly unskilled workers and farmers that left while now educated professionals and young graduates are leading the exodus.[27]
  10. ↑ The Ecumenical Patriarchate has filed more than two dozen cases with the ECHR to recover some of the thousands of properties it has lost.
  11. ↑ In May 2010 Turkey sent a letter to the patriarch authorizing the Divine Liturgy to be celebrated here once a year on 15 August, in a gradual loosening of restrictions on religious expression. The gesture appeared aimed at Turkey's own Greek Orthodox minority, thought today to number around 2,000 people. In a similar gesture to Turkey's Armenian minority, Ankara also authorized mass to be celebrated in September at the museum-church of Akdamar, in the eastern Van province. Turkey's government is seeking to improve the lot of ethnic and religious minorities in line with its bid to join the European Union. Activists say the change is too slow. A key Orthodox Christian demand is the reopening of the Theological School of Halki near Istanbul;[41]
  12. ↑ "C. Submissions of the third-party interveners"
    "1. The Governments of Armenia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Russian Federation, Greece, Lithuania, Malta and the Republic of San Marino"
    "47. In their joint observations submitted at the hearing, the Governments of Armenia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Russian Federation, Greece, Lithuania, Malta and the Republic of San Marino indicated that in their view the Chamber's reasoning had been based on a misunderstanding of the concept of “neutrality”, which the Chamber had confused with “secularism”. They pointed out that there was a huge diversity of Church-State arrangements in Europe and that more than half the population of Europe lived in non-secular States. They added that State symbols inevitably had a place in state education and that many of these had a religious origin, the Cross – which was both a national and a religious symbol – being the most visible example. In their view, in non-secular European States the presence of religious symbols in the public space was widely tolerated by the secular population as part of national identity. States should not have to divest themselves of part of their cultural identity simply because that identity was of religious origin. The position adopted by the Chamber was not an expression of the pluralism manifest in the Convention system, but an expression of the values of a secular State. To extend it to the whole of Europe would represent the “Americanisation” of Europe in that a single and unique rule and a rigid separation of Church and State would be binding on everyone.
    In their submission, favouring secularism was a political position that, whilst respectable, was not neutral. Accordingly, in the educational sphere a State that supported the secular as opposed to the religious was not being neutral. Similarly, removing crucifixes from classrooms where they had always been would not be devoid of educational consequences. In reality, whether the State opted to allow or prohibit the presence of crucifixes in classrooms, the important factor was the degree to which the curriculum contextualised and taught children tolerance and pluralism.
    The intervening Governments acknowledged that there might be circumstances where the arrangements by the State were unacceptable. The burden of proof should remain on the individual, however, and the Court should intervene only in extreme cases."[45]
  13. ↑ "The newly aggressive atheism promoted by the likes of Professor Richard Dawkins (like Sir Julius (Huxley), an evolutionary biologist) and the National Secular Society makes the mistake of thinking that freedom of religion and freedom from religion require secularism. But they are not the same thing; secularism is optional, but freedom to practise any religion, or none, is a human right (something the European Court of Human Rights upheld, incidentally, in the case of Lautsi v. Italy last year). Whether or not one is religious, these tiresome attempts to marginalise Christianity ought to be resisted."[48]
  14. ↑ Metropolitan Paisios of Leros and Kalymnos was immediately notified of this and came to the church to see for himself. He told the people that God sends these signs in order to draw His people closer to Him. Thousands of clergy and faithful have come to the church to see this miracle in the middle of Great Lent. It was originally seen by women who were in the church chanting the lamentations to the Virgin Mary. When the image appeared the oil candle above the icon began to move, though the others stood still.[49]
  15. ↑ The declaration affirms the illegitimacy of the doctrine of collective Jewish guilt for the deicide of Jesus. It was the first time an Orthodox church has explicitly repudiated this doctrine, which was one of the most important factors in the development of religious anti-Semitism in Europe.
  16. ↑ "Man, and the European citizen in particular, cannot be seen by the managers of the economic crisis as an accounting figure. It would be a scandal if European leaders did not take the cries of simple citizens into account and if these very citizens of Europe were threatened like expendable products. The result of all this is the increase of agony, of despair, of the shrinking of national sovereignty, of the splitting of the family, of the complete isolation of the most vulnerable social groups (the disabled, immigrants, senior citizens, etc.), the spread of fear and eventually the creation of a society with no moral rules. As a Church, we cannot accept this social model. We cannot accept the alteration of our European acquis by the adoption of the rules of impersonal financial markets and credit rating agencies. This situation is leading us to the utter shattering of social cohesion by excluding any form of convergence towards the European vision of our founding fathers."[57]
  17. ↑ The subcommittee also heard the demands of Turkey's Assyrian Christian community, represented by Kuryakos Ergün, the head of the Syriac Mor Gabriel Monastery Foundation.
  18. ↑ The church said the ostensible drop was recorded because this year's survey did not make it mandatory for respondents to state their religion.[60]
  19. ↑ The relics were translated to Moscow on 11 June 2012, and were given to Archbishop Arseniy of Istra, who took them to the Zachatievsky monastery (Conception Convent), where they were put up for veneration.[61]
  20. ↑ “We Greeks are experiencing a peculiar war. I feel we are under occupation, our sovereignty is on the wane and we are the victims of all-out usury,” Ieronymos said in an interview with Skai Television.[62]
  21. ↑ The law prohibits offenses against "religious peace," including blasphemy and religious insult. Blasphemy cases can be brought before civil and criminal courts, and in some cases civil courts issue orders to prevent the presentation of art or media deemed blasphemous in advance of their public release. The law also allows any prosecutor to order the seizure of publications that offend Christianity or any other religion. In this case, an Athens prosecutor pressed charges, but no trial date was set. The theater cancelled performances of the play a few days after its October premiere due to violent protests by some Greek Orthodox priests and Golden Dawn supporters. Several Golden Dawn members of parliament blocked the entrance of the theater and clashed with police on opening night.[12]
  22. ↑ "Orthodox Christianity goes to the heart of what it means to be Greek and the Bishop here, Seraphim, says his nation must preserve its identity. "Greece suffered five centuries of Islamic tyranny under Turkish rule and building a mosque would offend the martyrs who freed us," he says..."We are not a multicultural country,...we are one Greek nation and everything else is an invention of the 'new order' and of Zionism. They are trying to corrupt our character." "[65]
  23. ↑ "We are always by your side, I think of Greek people every day," said Kirill I of Moscow, who is paying an official visit to Greece, the first such visit of a Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church in 21 years.[68] On Monday 3 June Patriarch Kirill had Greece's highest honor confirmed on him, receiving the medal of the Grand Cross of the Order of Honour from Greek President Karolos Papoulias.[69]
  24. ↑ (in Greek) "Ἰδιαιτέρως πρέπει νά τονισθεῖ ὅτι πηγή καί μήτρα τοῦ Οἰκουμενισμοῦ τυγχάνει ἡ Μασωνία, πού προωθεῖ δι’ αὐτοῦ τήν παγκόσμια θρησκεία τοῦ Ἐωσφορισμοῦ, ὅπως καί τῆς Μασωνίας πηγή καί μήτρα εἶναι ὁ φρικώδης διεθνής Σιωνισμός. Ὑπάρχει ἕνα προκαθορισμένο σχέδιο ἑνώσεως, πού ὁδηγεῖ στήν διαμυστηριακή κοινωνία (intercommunion) πασῶν τῶν αἱρέσεων καί τῶν θρησκειῶν, στήν ἐπιβολή τῆς πανθρησκείας καί τό ὁποῖο ἀποτελεῖται ἀπό τρεῖς φάσεις. Ἡ πρώτη φάση τοῦ σχεδίου ἑνώσεως εἶναι ἡ ἕνωση ὅλων τῶν χριστιανικῶν ὁμολογιῶν, δηλ. ὁ διαχριστιανικός οἰκουμενισμός. Ἡ δεύτερη φάση εἶναι ἡ ἕνωση ὅλων τῶν θρησκειῶν, δηλ. ὁ διαθρησκειακός οἰκουμενισμός καί ἡ τρίτη φάση εἶναι ἡ ἕνωση ὅλων τῶν ὁμολογιῶν καί τῶν θρησκειῶν, δηλ. ἡ ἐπιβολή τῆς πανθρησκείας, μέ ἀρχηγό τόν αἱρεσιάρχη Πάπα τῆς Ρώμης, ὁ ὁποῖος θά παραδώσει τήν παγκόσμια ἐξουσία στόν Ἀντίχριστο."[72]
  25. ↑ Greece's Orthodox church objected to scrapping the Sunday holiday, saying this day should be strictly reserved for rest and religious duties. "Sunday is dedicated to God. Sunday should be a holiday to give Christians the chance to worship their God and rest after a week-long labour," the Holy Synod, the Greek church's governing body has said.[77] Under the new law, shops of up to 250 square meters could open seven Sundays a year - during Christmas, Easter and sales periods. Under certain location criteria local administration heads can extend the number to a total of 53 Sundays especially for tourist areas.[75]
  26. ↑ Meletios of Ypseni (in Rhodes), also known as Meletios of Lardos.
  27. ↑ It is the first time the relics left Greece in more than 500 years.[84]
  28. ↑ (in Greek) "Τα Δώρα των Μάγων είναι ένα από τα λίγα κειμήλια, που συνδέονται με την επίγεια παρουσία του Χριστού και σχεδόν το μόνο που αφορά τη Γέννησή Του. Τα δώρα μετέφερε στη Ρωσία ο Καθηγούμενος της Ιεράς Μονής Αγίου Παύλου του Αγίου Όρους, Αρχιμ. Παρθένιος με μοναχούς της Μονής. Ο Ηγούμενος Παρθένιος παρέδωσε στον Πατριάρχη το ειδικό κιβώριο, το οποίο στη συνέχεια ο Πατριάρχης Κύριλλος τοποθέτησε στο κέντρο του Καθεδρικού Ναού."[83]
  29. ↑ Nikolaos Sotiropoulos was born on April 15, 1934 in Palaiopirgos, in the Nafpaktia region of Greece. He received his degrees from the University of Athens as a Professor of Theology and Professor of Literature, with honors. He became the student and spiritual son of Metropolitan Augoustinos Kantiotes (1907-2010), the Bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Florina, Prespai, and Eordaia in northern Greece, and a defender of traditional Orthodoxy both in Greece and abroad. Sotiropoulos published many volumes, including Interpretation of the New Testament (ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ ΚΑΙΝΗΣ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗΣ), and Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles (ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΩΝ), as well as many others. He was a founder and director of the Orthodox missionary brotherhood "The Cross" ("O Stavros") for many years (which assumed the form of a brotherhood in 1966). He also went on speaking tours to address Hellenic communities throughout Europe, America, Canada and Australia. He was excommunicated for the rest of his life by the Holy Synod of Constantinople in July 1993, for openly criticizing Archbishop Stylianos (Harkianakis) of Australia in 1988, and for his "divisive" behaviour.[92][93] He died on August 28, 2014 in Patras. He was unmarried and did not have any direct descendants. His funeral was held on August 29, 2014, at the Monastery of the Entrance of the Virgin Mary, in the village of Myrtia in Aetolia-Acarnania, in the presence of the Bishops of Aetolia and Acarnania (Kosmas Papachristou), Piraeus (Seraphim Mentzenopoulos), Gortynos (Ieremias Foundas), and others.
  30. ↑ "The incineration of the body is not in keeping with the traditions and actions of the Church, for anthropological and theological reasons," the Church said in a statement. Cremation was only made legal in Greece in 2006 and there is still nowhere it can be carried out in the country.
  31. ↑ While he attended an extraordinary session of the Synod of the Church of Greece, His Beatitude and the accompanying delegation examined with their brothers how to make shared cooperation between the two sister churches effective at the pastoral, theological and social levels. The two sides also agreed on the necessity of proper preparation for the Great and Holy Council that is to be held in the city of Istanbul (Constantinople) in 2016. And concern for the Christians of the Middle East, especially the children of the See of Antioch in Syria, Lebanon and Iraq was raised with His Excellency the President of Greece, the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister.
  32. ↑ "Divided Church" Ecclesiology, or the so-called "Branch Theory" was condemned at the Jubilee Council of 2000 of the Church of Russia. This echoed the anathema of ecumenism of the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1983.[102]
  33. ↑ Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Seraphim of Piraeus, Paul of Glyfada, Seraphim of Kythira, Kosmas of Aetolia and Akarnanias, and Jeremiah of Gortynos.
  34. ↑ "An 'Ecumenical Doxology' was held at the Ecumenical Patriarch’s church in Istanbul that evening, at which, Pope Francis was accorded honours as a bishop in being received with Bartholomew at the doors of the church. During 'Ecumenical Doxology', Pope Francis was commemorated officially as "Pope", with Bartholomew commemorated immediately after. It is standard practice for the Ecumenical Patriarchate to commemorate the heretical Vatican leader upon his visit, for example, during the 2009 visit of Benedict to the Phanar, the same happened. Orthodox theology prohibits such commemorations, but, Patriarch Bartholomew has been well-known to be liberal and modernistic on many such issues."[105]
  35. ↑ "I ask a favour: bless me and the Church of Rome," Francis said, before turning to Patriarch Bartholomew and bowing.
  36. ↑ The sacred relics of Saint Barbara were originally kept in Constantinople, and were transferred to Venice in 1003 during the reign of Doge Pietro II Orseolo, when Basil II was Emperor. They were brought to Venice from Constantinople by Maria Argyra (or Maria Argyropoula), who was regarded as one of the sisters of Emperor Romanos III Argyros (based on her last name), after she married the son of the Doge, Giovanni.[115] Originally at Saint Mark’s in Venice, the relics were transferred to a church in Torcello, before being brought to Saint Martin on the island of Murano.
  37. ↑ On June 9th, 2015 the European Union urged its 28 nations to swiftly endorse its two-year plan to relocate 40,000 Syrian and Eritrean migrants, as 1,000 more migrants arrived in Greece in just one day. Greek authorities said that more than 1,000 people had entered the country by sea, bringing its five-month total to about 50,000 — well above the number who arrived in Greece for all of 2014.[117] Of the 40,000 migrants, the Commission proposed that 24,000 people be redistributed from Italy and 16,000 from Greece.[118] The Commission announced its redistribution plan - European Agenda on Migration - on May 13, 2015, as a part of a wider response to the Mediterranean crisis, providing for the acceptance of up to 20,000 refugees a year and an automatic redistribution program for migrants overcrowding southern European states.[119]
  38. ↑ As for the bill that foresees extending the cohabitation pact to include same-sex couples, Ieronymos also asked whether the state was planning to pave the way for provisions for "the homosexual family."[122]
  39. ↑ Abp. Atallah Hanna subsequently responded to this document, categorically stating that he never requested or received Saudi funding and that this document may be due to financial fraud on the part of someone at the embassy. Yet he is known as an adamant Arabist who stresses an Arabocentric Palestinian identity and promotes the Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem over its historic Rûm identity.
  40. ↑ "Thus, Unia should not be regarded as a jurisdictional difference and a mere anti-canonical intervention in the Orthodox East by the Vatican. It is the instrument of a secular - political authority, which is focused on expansionism and increasing its influence. As for today's coincidence, which has united ALL the Orthodox in the confronting of the Papist advance with Unia as its vehicle, it is a true, God-sent opportunity to re-examine the problem of the essence (of the ecclesiasticity, that is) of the «Latin Church»-Vatican, so that the theological Dialogue (if the Vatican continues to desire it) might be evaluated anew."[127]
  41. ↑ "The recent incident regarding religious education classes is the tip of the iceberg, I’m afraid. It seems that our European friends — taking advantage of our dire economic situation and in light of changing the economic relations between us — will seek by all means to alter Greek society starting with our schools," Ieronymos said, addressing the Annual Conference of the Holy Synod. "The tragic thing is that our enemies are no longer far away. They are inside our walls. We can see it," he said. The Archbishop referred to the reforms required by Greece’s creditors as part of the bailout agreement. He said that the Greek government has committed to a series of reforms and measures that are imposed by international creditors in order to "devalue Greek history and our traditions, tear down the institution of family, enforce perverted ideas, further degrade our language and show obvious contempt for centuries of our great civilization, our homeland, our faith."[131]
  42. ↑ The new agreed Common Statement was presented by the chairmen of the International Commission for Anglican-Orthodox Theological Dialogue, Metr. Kallistos of Diocleia and the Abp. of Perth, Western Australia Roger Herft.[133] ICAOTD members said that the agreement will form the basis for future discussions and ongoing study in areas such as bioethics and the sanctity of life, as well as human rights and ecological justice.[134]
  43. ↑ Various hierarchs made statements in reference to the recent Anti-Racism Law and the recognition of same-sex unions in Greece:[138]
    • Metropolitan Ignatios of Larisa and Tyrnavos: "Sin is being officially legalized in our country… Homosexuality is an abominable sin which leads people to inevitable spiritual death… The politicians are following the stench coming from the "civilized" countries which before us recognized that black is white, that bitter is sweet, and that unlawful is lawful… Thus, "Let us attend". "Let us lift up our hearts". This is Orthodox Greece. This is our treasure. They envy us and intend to take this treasure from us. Let us not fall into this trap! Let us not be traitors!"
    • Metropolitan Pavlos of Sisanion and Siatista: "Perhaps it is time to close our doors before those 'politicians', who visit us allegedly for respect, but in reality for populist purposes? Does someone sincerely believe that the Church can betray its eternal values and adapt itself to the momentary needs of each historical epoch? The undeniable right of the Church is to bear witness to the truth. And homosexuality is inconsistent with Church life. Gentlemen of the government! Perhaps tomorrow you are going to demand that the Church accepts bestiality and pedophilia? Some expect that as soon as 'the Free Cohabitation Law' is adopted, you will be forced to legalize pedophilia. Europe will put pressure upon you. And you are ready to do anything. Do you really think that we will ever agree with this?"
    • Metropolitan Seraphim of Piraeus: "Adoption of the new law is officially opening the page of state persecutions against our faith. The politicians shamelessly refer to the European consensus concerning legalization of sodomy, but they conceal the fact that post-Christian Europe has become Sodom and Gomorrah. The persecutions are approaching. We will be threatened, we will be reviled, we will probably be imprisoned and murdered. But we must remain faithful even unto death. We ought to obey God rather than men (Acts 5:29), remembering that In the world ye shall have tribulation (Jn 16:33), because the world hateth you, for the Lord has chosen you out of the world (Jn 15:18-19). And we should not forget the words: And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul (Mt 10:28). On behalf of the Holy Metropolis of Piraeus we officially announce to all the politicians who will vote for legalization of the moral insanity, that all contact with them will be stopped."
  44. ↑ Chief Scientific Supervisor Professor Antonia Moropoulou directed the team of scientists from the National Technical University of Athens on the project to restore the Aedicule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[140][142]
  45. ↑ In 1968 and 1970, St John’s book SPIRITUAL NOURISHMENT was published in two volumes, with the blessing of Patriarch Benedict of Jerusalem. St John Jacob was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992. The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem placed his feast day on July 28, the date of the translation of his holy relics.
  46. ↑ In addressing representatives of the Holy Kinot, Athos’ high governing council, Putin noted that Russia’s ties with Holy Mount Athos and Greece in general will continue to strengthen:
    • "I am confident that relations between Russia and the Holy Mount Athos, and Greece as a whole, will only strengthen, while the spiritual relationship and trust will continue to determine the nature of our traditionally close and friendly relations," Putin said.[147]
    Russia and Greece celebrated 2016 as a cross-cultural year, marking the millennial anniversary since the first Russian settlement on the Holy Mount Athos.[145]
  47. ↑ "The Greek Penal Code currently states that "One who publicly and maliciously and by any means blasphemes God shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years". It also punishes anyone who "displays publicly with blasphemy a lack of respect for things divine". This 'crime' can be punished by a prison term up to 3 months in length... ...The signatories to the letter told the Greek Ministry of Justice:..."We now urge you to see to it that the government promptly tables before Parliament the abolition of the two blasphemy articles 198 and 199 from Greece's Criminal Code and that prosecutors or courts drop all related charges pending before them," the letter said."[151]
  48. ↑ The Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy (I.A.O.) is an interparliamentary body, set up upon the initiative of the Hellenic Parliament.[154] It is the only international organization that brings together the legislative bodies of Orthodox countries. The assembly’s July 2016 meeting took place one week after the closing of the Council of Crete. On the agenda were issues related to the Crete council’s activities and related illegitimate attempts to establish control over all local churches. Attention was also paid to the fight against the modern hedonistic ideology of the West, and on assistance to Christians in the Middle East suffering from persecution.[153]
  49. ↑ At their head was Elder Gabriel of the Kelli of St. Christodoulos (Holy Monastery of Koutloumousiou) , a disciple of Saint Paisios. The Athonite Fathers briefly listed 12 points of divergence of the Cretan Council from Orthodox Tradition and Faith. They also stated that 100 years of extreme oikonomia and tolerance of the ecumenist, latinizing, unionist Patriarchs and bishops has brought about a terrible erosion of faith and fed heretical deviations.[155]
  50. ↑ The delegation consisted of:
    • Archpriest and Professor Emeritus of Patrology of the Theological School of the University of Thessaloniki, Fr. Theodore Zisis;
    • Professor of Dogmatic Theology in the Department of Theology of the Theological School of the University of Thessaloniki, Demetrios Tselengidis;
    • Protopresbyter and Rector of the Parish of St. Nicholas of the Diocese of Patra, Fr. Anastasios Gotsopoulos;
    • Protopresbyter and Rector of the Parish of the Prophet Elias, Petrokerasa, in the Diocese of Ierissou and Agion Oros, Fr. Peter Heers;
    • Protopresbyter and Rector of the Parish of All-Holy Directress, Bokos Hill, in the Diocese of Peiraeus, Fr. Matthew Vulcanescu.[156]
  51. ↑ See: (in Russian) Иеремия (Алёхин). Википедии. (Russian Wikipedia).
  52. ↑ Archbishop Ieronymos said that there are "some who do not love their country and want to de-Hellenize it, and some who don’t love the Church and want to de-Christianize it."[161]
  53. ↑ "'The parties of the Left with their known communist worldview — as experienced before the collapse of socialism in the eastern bloc, when in essence religious faith was persecuted — are driven by failed atheistic ideologies and meet with the neoliberal parties under the directives of the new era and the new order. The talk of Church-State separation is supposedly a progressive slogan. These perceptions, however, belong to the previous century, born under a bigoted, anti-religious and anti-church populist spirit that is incompatible with today’s beliefs about the state and religion,' the Archbishop said."[165]
  54. ↑ According to the General Secretariat of Religious Affairs report, there are 9,146 parish churches and 646 monastery churches. They fall within the jurisdiction of the 82 Dioceses of the Church of Greece, of 9 Dioceses of the Church of Crete, 5 Dioceses of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Dodecanese and the Patriarchal Exarchate of Patmos… …The report also says that there are numerous Christian churches preserved from the Byzantine period (330-1453), many of them built on top of ancient Greek temples and shrines, in order to purify each area from its pagan past… …Overall, there are 350 Christian places of worship which constitute cultural monuments and they are protected as such.[171]

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  136. ↑ Ioanna Zikakou. Greek Prime Minister Tsipras Ends Official Visit to Israel, Palestinian Areas. Greek Reporter: Greece. Nov 27, 2015. Retrieved: 27 November 2015.
  137. ↑ Anastassios Adamopoulos. Greek Parliament Ratifies Civil Union Agreement for Same-Sex Couples. Greek Reporter: Greece. Dec 22, 2015.
  138. 1 2 GREEK HIERARCHS WARN THAT THE TIME OF PERSECUTIONS HAS COME: “WE ARE ORTHODOX GREECE: LET US NOT BE TRAITORS”. ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY (Pravoslavie.ru). Athens, December 17, 2015.
  139. ↑ UNHCR. Greece data snapshot - 31 Dec 2015. UNHCR Data Portal - Greece. 31 Dec 2015. Retrieved: 5 March 2016.
  140. 1 2 Kristin Romey. Exclusive: Christ's Burial Place Exposed for First Time in Centuries. National Geographic. OCTOBER 26, 2016. Retrieved: 4 January 2017.
  141. ↑ Exposing of the Holy Sepulchre is not a blasphemy, it is a necessity, the Jerusalem Patriarch stresses. Interfax Religion. 15 December 2016. Retrieved: 4 January 2017.
  142. ↑ (in Greek) Η Αντ. Μοροπούλου για τις εργασίες στον Πανάγιο Τάφο. YouTube (CNN Greece). Nov 17, 2016. Retrieved: 4 January 2017.
  143. ↑ DAY OF CANONIZATION OF ST JOHN THE NEW CHOSEBITE AT CHOSEBA MONASTERY. The Patriarchate of Jerusalem – Official News Gate. 31/01/2016, Retrieved: 8 August, 2016.
  144. ↑ (in Greek) Η Συνοδική Πράξη Αγιοκατατάξεως του Οσίου Ιωάννου του Χοζεβίτου. Romfea.gr. Κυριακή, 31 Ιανουάριος 2016.
  145. 1 2 Russian President Putin Visits Mount Athos Alongside Patriarch Kirill. Sputnik News. 18:17, 28.05.2016. Retrieved: 28 May 2016.
  146. ↑ Vladimir Putin visits Mount Athos, all-male Orthodox enclave. BBC News. 28 May 2016. Retrieved: 29 May 2016.
  147. ↑ Putin Sure Russia's Ties With Athos, Greece to Continue Developing. Sputnik News. 18:58, 28.05.2016. Retrieved: 28 May 2016.
  148. ↑ PATRIARCH KIRILL CONSECRATED THE RESTORED CATHEDRAL OF OLD RUSSIKON ON MT. ATHOS. Transl. Jesse Dominick. Pravoslavie.ru. 29/05/2016.
  149. ↑ Christians Outraged as Muslim Turks Use Hagia Sophia for Ramadan Prayers. Breitbart. 7 Jun 2016.
  150. ↑ 'Regressive bigotry': Athens outraged as Ankara launches Koran readings at Hagia Sophia. RT. 7 Jun, 2016 22:37.
  151. 1 2 Fifty organisations call on Greece to abolish blasphemy laws. National Secular Society. 06 Jun 2016 11:27.
  152. ↑ Official Documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church. Official Site - The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church. Retrieved: 7 July 2016.
  153. 1 2 INTER-PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF ORTHODOXY BEGINS WORK. KATEHON. 04.07.2016. RetrievedL 7 July 2016.
  154. ↑ HISTORY. Interparliamentary Assembly On Orthodoxy. Retrieved: 7 July 2016.
  155. 1 2 Fr. Peter Heers (Ed.). ATHONITE FATHERS CALL FOR REJECTION OF CRETAN COUNCIL AND CESSATION OF COMMEMORATION OF THE PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE. Orthodox Ethos. Posted on July 14th, 2016. Retrieved: 19 July, 2016.
  156. 1 2 ECCLESIASTICAL DELEGATION FROM GREECE MEETS PATRIARCH AND HIERARCHS OF THE CHURCH OF GEORGIA. Pravoslavie.ru (Orthodox Ethos). August 5, 2016. Retrieved: 22 October, 2016.
  157. ↑ Michele Kambas. Greece eyes constitution overhaul limiting MPs terms, defining role of Church. Reuters. Jul 25, 2016 5:00pm EDT. Retrieved: 8 August, 2016.
  158. ↑ Irene Kostaki. New Greece 2021: Tsipras’s Constitutional revision with a Latin American twist. 22:15 JULY 25, 2016. New Europe. Retrieved: 8 August, 2016.
  159. ↑ Kerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi. Anti-authoritarians Disrupt Service at Orthodox Church of Gregory Palamas in Thessaloniki. Greek Reporter: Greece. Jul 31, 2016.
  160. ↑ PATRIARCH KIRILL’S CONDOLENCES OVER THE DEATH OF SCHEMA-ARCHIMANDRITE JEREMIAH (ALEKHIN), HEGUMEN OF THE RUSSIAN MONASTERY OF ST PANTELEIMON ON MT ATHOS. The Russian Orthodox Church - Department for External Church Relations (DECR). 04.08.2016 21:28. Retrieved: 8 August, 2016.
  161. 1 2 Archbishop: ‘Greece and Orthodoxy not for sale. Ekathimerini.com. 30.09.2016. Retrieved: 5 October, 2016.
  162. ↑ (in Greek) ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΣΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ. Εἰσήγησις εἰς τήν Ἱεραρχίαν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τῆς Ἑλλάδος (4-10-2016). 4-10-2016. 85 pp. (pdf)
  163. ↑ Archbishop of Greece Ieronymos lashes out against the Left ideology. TornosNews.gr. 04.10.2016. Retrieved: 5 October, 2016.
  164. ↑ Archbishop: separating Church from State will come up against society. Ekathimerini.com. 04.10.2016. Retrieved: 5 October, 2016.
  165. 1 2 Philip Chrysopoulos. Greece’s Archbishop: People Will Decide Church-State Relation. Greek Reporter: Greece. Oct 5, 2016. Retrieved: 5 October, 2016.
  166. ↑ (in Greek) Αρχιεπίσκοπος: Η Εκκλησία δε θα ζητήσει ποτέ τον χωρισμό από το λαό Της - (ΕΙΣΗΓΗΣΗ). Romfea.gr. 04 Οκτώβριος 2016. Retrieved: 5 October, 2016.
  167. ↑ Archimandrite Athanasios Anastasiou. The “Council” of Crete: The Chronicle of a Premeditated Deviation. Ed. Fr. Peter Heers. Orthodox Ethos. Retrieved: 30 November, 2016.
  168. ↑ Most Greeks against cutting state-church ties, survey finds. Ekathimerini.com. 5 December, 2016.
  169. ↑ Patriarch of Constantinople's Letter to the Archbishop of Greece: Defrock and Sever Communion with those Opposed to our Council in Crete. Ed. Fr. Peter Heers. Orthodox Ethos. December 10, 2016. Retrieved: 15 December, 2016.
  170. ↑ Patriarchal Proclamation of Christmas 2016. Prot. No. 1297. Ecumenical Patriarchate. 12/22/16. Retrieved: 4 January 2017.
  171. 1 2 Philip Chrysopoulos. Countless Christian Churches in Greece Mark the Omnipotent Presence of Orthodoxy. Greek Reporter: Greece. Dec 25, 2016. Retrieved: 4 January 2017.
  172. ↑ First Russian church opened in Cyprus. Pravmir.com (Interfax-religion). 27 MARCH 2017.
  173. ↑ METROPOLITAN HILARION OF VOLOKOLAMSK BEGINS HIS WORKING VISIT TO CYPRUS. The Russian Orthodox Church - Department for External Church Relations. 26.03.2017 21:50.
  174. ↑ THE DEPARTURE F THE SOUL. St. Anthony’s Greek Orthodox Monastery, AZ. Retrieved: 30 May, 2017.
  175. ↑ Philip Chrysopoulos. Greek State Recognizes Paganism as Religion. Greek Reporter: Greece. Apr 20, 2017. Retrieved: May 19, 2017.
  176. ↑ Greek Orthodox Bishop calls on Erdogan to denounce Islam and be baptised. NEOS KOSMOS. 13 April 2017. Retrieved: 9 May, 2017.
  177. ↑ MET. SERAPHIM OF PIRAEUS CALLS UPON ERDOĞAN TO GIVE UP FALSE RELIGION, TURN TO CHRIST. ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU). April 14, 2017. Retrieved: 9 May, 2017.

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