Timeline of Brazilian history

This is a timeline of Brazilian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Brazil and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Brazil.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Centuries: 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st

15th century

Year Date Event
1492–1502 Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Navigator Christopher Columbus, sailing in the employ of Castile and Aragon, departed from Palos de la Frontera in search of a westward route to the East Indies.[1]
1494 7 June Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide the New World between themselves.[2] Even though the treaty was negotiated without consulting the Pope, a few sources call the resulting line the "Papal Line of Demarcation".[3]
1500 Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas.[4][5][6][7][8]
1500 22 April Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for the Kingdom of Portugal. He has 13 vessels with him.[9][10]

16th century

Year Date Event
1502 1 January Portuguese explorers, led by Pedro Álvares Cabral, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, which they name Rio de Janeiro.
1502 Beginning of the exploitation of brazilwood (Pernambuco tree).[11]
1502 The Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands are discovered in 1502 by Portuguese navigators led by Estêvão da Gama, and, along with Brazil, became part of the Portuguese Empire.
1503 10 August The Fernando de Noronha island is discovered by a Portuguese expedition, organized and financed by a private commercial consortium headed by the Lisbon merchant Fernão de Loronha. The expedition is under the overall command of captain Gonçalo Coelho and carries the Italian adventurer Amerigo Vespucci aboard, who writes an account of it.[12]
1516 The first sugar cane mills appear in Pernambuco.[13]
1527 Cristóvão Jacques imprisons three French galleons in Recôncavo, Bahia. But having acted with barbarity towards the prisoners, this gesture eventually caused him major problems with Dom João III.[14]
1530–1533 Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition patrols the Brazilian coast, banishes the French, and creates the first colonial town: São Vicente.[15]
1531 Bertrand d'Ornesan tries to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco.[16]
1532 22 January São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.[17]
1534 The Captaincies of Brazil are established by King Dom João III. Colonial Brazil is divided into fifteen donatory captaincies[18][19][20][21]
1537 12 March The Portuguese establish Recife in Pernambuco, north-east of Brazil.[22]
1539–1542 The first African slaves arrive in Pernambuco.[23]
1549 29 March The city of Salvador, Brazil's first capital, is founded by Tomé de Sousa.[24]
1551 Portugal founds a sugar colony at Bahia.
1554 25 January Portuguese missionaries José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega establish São Paulo, then named São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, in southeast Brazil.[17]
1557 German adventurer Hans Staden publishes a widely translated account of his detention by the Tupi people of Brazil, Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen ("True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America").[25]
1560 17 March Fort Coligny on Villegagnon Island in Rio de Janeiro is attacked and destroyed during the Portuguese campaign against France Antarctique.[26]
1565 1 March Estácio de Sá founds Rio de Janeiro as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro.[27]
1580 25 March Iberian Union: King Philip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King Henry of Portugal, in a personal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the Portuguese Empire, including Brazil). The Philippine Dynasty rule lasts until 1640.[28]
1588–1591 English privateer Thomas Cavendish loots Santos and São Vicente before losing most of the crew in a battle against the Portuguese at the village of Vitória.[29][30]
1595 30 March - AprilAnglo–Spanish War: An English military expedition led by James Lancaster captures Recife.[31][32]

17th century

Year Date Event
1612 8 September São Luís is founded by the French, who intend to make it the center of the Equinoctial France. They build a fort named Saint-Louis de Maragnan after King Louis XIII and his Saintly ancestor Louis IX.[33][34]
1616 6-year-old António Vieira arrives from Portugal, with his parents, in Salvador in Colonial Brazil where he will become a diplomat, noted author, leading figure of the Church, and protector of Brazilian indigenous peoples.
1616 Physician Aleixo de Abreu is granted a pension of 16,000 reis for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil by Philip III of Spain, who also appoints him physician of his chamber.[35]
1616 A slave ship carries smallpox from the Kingdom of Kongo to Salvador.[36]
1616 12 January The city of Belém, Brazil is founded on the Amazon River delta by the Portuguese captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco, who had previously taken the city of São Luís in Maranhão from the French.[37][38]
1624 The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Bahia in Brazil.[39]
1625 30 April The Portuguese recapture Bahia from the Dutch, with the help of a combined Spanish and Portuguese force, consisting of 52 ships and 12,500 men.[40]
1630 The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Pernambuco and founds Dutch Brazil.
1631 12 September Eighty Years' War: A Spanish fleet under the command of admiral Antonio de Oquendo defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of Brazil in the Battle of Albrolhos.
1641 The first Rio Carnival happens to celebrate Dom João IV's coronation as king of Portugal.[41]
1641 11 March Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.
1642 Isaac Aboab da Fonseca is appointed rabbi in Pernambuco, thus becoming the first rabbi of the Americas.[42]
1644 6 May Johan Mauritius resigns as Governor of Brazil.[43]
1648 19 April First Battle of Guararapes: the Portuguese army defeats the Dutch army in the northeast of Brazil.[44]
1649 19 February Second Battle of Guararapes: Decisive Portuguese victory against the Dutch in the northeast of Brazil.[45]
1654 After several years of open warfare, the Dutch withdraw from Brazil; the Portuguese paid off a war debt in payments of salt.
1661 Treaty of The Hague: The Dutch Republic recognizes Portuguese imperial sovereignty over New Holland (Dutch Brazil).[46]
1684 Beckman Revolt in Maranhão.[47]
1693 Gold is found near modern-day cities of Sabará, Caeté and Ouro Preto, beginning of the Brazilian Gold Rush.[48]
1694 6 February The colony of Quilombo dos Palmares, Brazil, is destroyed.[49]
1694 8 March The Casa da Moeda do Brasil is established by the Portuguese in Salvador.[50][51]
1695 20 November Quilombo dos Palmares ruler Zumbi is captured and beheaded.[52][53][54]

18th century

Year Date Event
1707–1709 War of the Emboabas in modern-day Minas Gerais.[55][56][57]
1710–1711 The Mascate War pits merchants of Recife against those of nearby Olinda.[58]
1711 São Paulo officially becomes a city.[59]
1720 Filipe dos Santos Revolt, also known as the Vila Rica Revolt.[60]
1720 12 September The Capitania de Minas Gerais (Captaincy of Minas Gerais) is established, after being separated from the Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro.
1722 Expedition lead by the second Anhanguera discovers gold in Goiás.[61]
1727 Lt. Col. Francisco de Mello Palheta smuggles coffee seeds to Brazil in a bouquet, starting a coffee empire.
1750 13 January The Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal authorizes a larger Brazil than had the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, which originally established the boundaries of the Portuguese and Spanish territories in South America.[62][63]
1756 February The Guaraní War takes place between the Guaraní tribes of seven Jesuit Reductions and joint Spanish-Portuguese forces.[64]
1759 Jesuits are expelled from Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. Indians left without protection.[65]
1763 The capital of Colonial Brazil is transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro, which is located closer to the mining region and provides a harbor to ship the gold to Europe.[66]
1772 The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital, Belém) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis).
1775 The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil, the State of Great-Pará, and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the capital.
1788–1789 Inconfidência Mineira, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil.[67]
1792 21 April Tiradentes, prime figure in the Inconfidência Mineira plot, is executed in Rio de Janeiro.[68]
1798 The first census in Brazil counts 2 million blacks in a total population of 3.25 million.
1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates in Bahia.[69]

19th century

Year Date Event
1807 29 November The Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Court embark at Lisbon bound for Brazil. Rio de Janeiro becomes the Portuguese capital.[70]
1808 22 January The Bragança Portuguese Royal Family arrives in Brazil, fleeing from the French army.[71][72]
1808 13 June The Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden is founded by King John VI of Portugal.[73]
1808 12 October Banco do Brasil is founded by then prince regent John (later King John VI of Portugal) to finance the kingdom's public debt.[74]
1809 6–14 January Napoleonic Wars: Brazilian and Portuguese forces conquer French Guiana.[75]
1817 March The French Artistic Mission in Brazil comes to Rio de Janeiro.[76]
1817 13 May Prince Pedro is married by proxy to Maria Leopoldina.[77]
1817 The Pernambucan Revolt breaks out.[78]
1821 Portugal enters a severe political crisis that obliges John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal.[79]
1822 9 January The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portuguese King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process. (Dia do Fico)[80]
1822 7 September Prince Pedro of Brazil proclaims the Brazilian independence on 7 September. On 1 December, he is crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil.
1822–1825 War of Independence of Brazil.[81]
1824 Confederation of the Equator rebellion in the Northeast.[82] [83][84]
1824 The Constitution of 1824 is adopted.[85]
1825 25 August Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.
1826 11 December Empress Maria Leopoldina dies after suffering a miscarriage.[86]
1828 26 April Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.[87]
1828 9–11 July Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' revolt rebellion breaks out.[88]
1828 2 August Dom Pedro I is married by proxy to Amélie of Leuchtenberg.[89][90]
1828 27 August Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay.
1831 7 April Dom Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Dom Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years.
1831 7 November Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil, the law is largely ignored.[91]
1834 12 August The Additional Act provides for establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly; extinction of the State Council; replacement of the Regency Trina; and introduction of a direct and secret ballot.
1834 24 September Former Brazilian emperor Dom Pedro I dies in Lisbon.
1835 January Malê revolt in Salvador.[92]
1835 20 September Ragamuffin War begins in Rio Grande do Sul.
1836 11 September The Rio-Grandense Republic is proclaimed in southern Brazil.
1838–1841 Balaiada revolt in Maranhão.
1840 23 July Pedro II is declared "of age" prematurely and begins to reassert central control in Brazil.
1840 Last remaining group of Cabanagem rebels, under leadership of Gonçalo Jorge de Magalhães, surrenders.
1841 18 July Coronation ceremony of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.
1843 4 September The Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil marries Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies in a state ceremony in Rio de Janeiro Cathedral.
1845 1 March Ragamuffin War: Peace negotiations led by Lima e Silva and Antônio Vicente da Fontoura conclude with the signing of the Ponche Verde Treaty between the two sides, in Dom Pedrito
1845 9 August The Aberdeen Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom empowering the British Royal Navy to search Brazilian ships as part of the abolition of the slave trade from Africa.
1847 11 June Afonso dies at age two, leaving his father Pedro II, the last emperor of Brazil, without a male heir.
1848–1849 Praieira revolt in Pernambuco.
1850 4 September Eusébio de Queirós Law abolishes the international slave trade in the country.[93]
1851–1852 The Platine War ends and the Empire of Brazil has the hegemony over South America.[94][95]
1852 3 February Platine War: Battle of Caseros or Battle of Monte Caseros, Argentina: The Argentine provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes allied with Brazil and members of Colorado Party of Uruguay, defeated Buenos Aires troops under Juan Manuel de Rosas.
1854 30 April The first railway in Brazil is inaugurated by Pedro II of Brazil on in Rio de Janeiro, built by the Viscount of Maua.[96]
1859 5 May Border Treaty between Brazil and Venezuela: The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins.[97]
1864 7 October American Civil War: Bahia incident: USS Wachusett illegally captures the CSS Florida Confederate raider while in port in Bahia, Brazil in violation of Brazilian neutrality.
1864–1865 Uruguayan War: Forces of the Empire of Brazil invade Uruguay in support of Venancio Flores' Colorado Party.
1865 1 May The Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed; the Paraguayan War begins.
1865 11 June Paraguayan War: Battle of the Riachuelo: The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.
1868 5 January Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.
1868 6 December Paraguayan War: Battle of Ytororó or Ytororó: Field-Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops.
1870 1 March End of the Paraguayan War. Francisco Solano López is defeated and killed in the Battle of Cerro Corá.
1871 7 March José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, serving for 4 years.
1871 28 September Law of Free Birth, or Rio Branco Law, passed by Brazilian Parliament, intending to provide freedom to all newborn children of slaves, and slaves of the state or crown.[98][99]
1872 In the aftermath of the Paraguayan War, the new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, grants reparations and territorial concessions.
1872 Brazil conducts its first official census, the population is 9,930,478.[100]
1873–1874 Revolt of the Muckers in Rio Grande do Sul.[101]
1876 28 April Francisco becomes the last person to be executed in Brazil when he is hanged in Pilar, Alagoas.
1877–1878 Grande Seca (Great Drought) in the Northeast of Brazil.[102]
1882 Brazilian Anthropological Exhibition of 1882.[103]
1883 30 September Mossoró, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, is the first city in Brazil to abolish slavery.[104]
1885 28 September Sexagenarian Law, or Saraiva-Cotegipe Law, which frees slaves over the age of 60.
1888 13 May The Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery.[105][106][107]
1889 15 November Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca organizes a military coup which deposes Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and abolishes the Brazilian monarchy. Deodoro da Fonseca proclaims Brazil a Republic and forms a Provisional Government.
1889 17 November The Brazilian Imperial Family is forced into exile in France.
1889 19 November The modern-day flag of Brazil is adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic.
1889 20 November Argentina is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in Brazil.
1891 November First revolt of the Armada.[108]
1891 15 November The constitution of the First Brazilian Republic is promulgated.
1891 23 November President Deodoro da Fonseca resigns as a consequence of the first revolt of the Armada, vice president Floriano Peixoto succeeds to the presidency.
1891 5 December Deposed emperor Dom Pedro II dies in Paris, France aged 66.[109]
1893 The American James Harden-Hickey claimed the Trindade island and declares himself as James I, Prince of Trinidad.[110][111][112] According to James Harden-Hickey's plans, Trinidad, after being recognized as an independent country, would become a military dictatorship and have him as dictator.[113] He designed postage stamps, a national flag, and a coat of arms; established a chivalric order, the "Cross of Trinidad"; bought a schooner to transport colonists; appointed M. le Comte de la Boissiere as Secretary of State; opened a consular office at 217 West 36th Street in New York; and even issued government bonds to finance construction of infrastructure on the island. Despite his plans, his idea was ridiculed or ignored by the world.[114][115][116][117][118]

[119]

1893–1894 November Second revolt of the Armada.[120]
1894 January Rio de Janeiro Affair: a series of incidents during the Brazilian Naval Revolt.
1894 27 June Federalist Riograndense Revolution: Battle of Passo Fundo in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
1894 15 September Inauguration of Prudente de Morais as president.[121]
1895 The Federalist Riograndense Revolution comes to an end.
1895 July The British again tried to take possession of the strategic Trindade island in the Atlantic.[113] The British planned to use the island as a cable station.[113] However, Brazilian diplomatic efforts, along with Portuguese support, reinstated Trindade Island to Brazilian sovereignty.
1895 5 November Japan establishes diplomatic relations with Brazil.[122][123]
1895 17 November Flamengo, a well known professional football club in Brazil, is officially founded.[124]
1897 24 January In order to clearly demonstrate sovereignty over the Trindade island, now part of the State of Espírito Santo and the municipality of Vitória, a landmark is built. Nowadays, Brazilian presence is marked by a permanent Brazilian Navy base on the main island.
1897 5 October Canudos War: After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in northeastern Brazil, crushing Antônio Conselheiro and his followers.
1897 12 October The City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian planned city is completed successfully.
1898 1 March In the presidential election, Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales of the Republican Party of São Paulo, is successful, with 90.9% of the vote.[125]
1899 14 July The First Republic of Acre is declared.
1900 25 April The Republic of Acre is reincorporated into Bolivia, with Brazilian help.[126]

20th century

Year Date Event
1901 19 October Aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont wins the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize with a flight that rounds the Eiffel Tower.[127]
1902 1 March Presidential election: Rodrigues Alves of the Republican Party of São Paulo receives 91.7% of the vote.[128] Francisco Silviano de Almeida Brandão is elected vice-president but dies suddenly before the start of his term of office.
1902 26 October The first season of competitive football in Brazil concludes with a victory for São Paulo Athletic Club.
1902 3 December José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco, is appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. His ten-year tenure would be the longest in the country's history.[129]
1903 11 November The Treaty of Petrópolis ends tension between Brazil and Bolivia over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state).[130]
1904 14 October The National Congress of Brazil approves a large naval acquisition programme.[131]
1904 10–16 November Vaccine Revolt in Rio de Janeiro.[132]
1904 The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil is founded in Rio Grande do Sul.[133]
1904 Ford begin selling cars in Brazil.
1905 30 December Law no. 1452 is passed by the National Congress of Brazil, authorizing expenditure of £4,214,550 for new warship construction (£1,685,820 in 1906).[134]
1906 21 January The Brazilian battleship Aquidabã sinks, after its powder magazines explode near the Jacuacanga strait, in Angra dos Reis bay. A total of 212 people are killed, including three admirals and most of the ship's officers; 98 survive.[135]
1906 1 March In the presidential election, Afonso Pena of the Mineiro Republican Party receives 97.9% of the vote.[136]
1906 5 May The Treaty of Limits between Brazil and the Netherlands is signed in Rio de Janeiro, establishing the international boundary between Brazil and the Dutch colony of Suriname.[137]
1906 23 October An aeroplane of Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off at Bagatelle in France and flies 60 meters (200 feet). This is the first officially recorded powered flight in Europe.[138]
1906 9 November The Brazilian Flag Anthem ("Hino à Bandeira Nacional"), with words by Olavo Bilac and music by Francisco Braga, is performed for the first time.
1907 Construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad begins, linking the cities of Porto Velho and Guajará-Mirim.[139]
1907 24 April The Vásquez Cobo–Martins treaty between Brazil and Colombia is signed, establishing the border from the Rio Negro northwestward along the Amazon River-Orinoco watershed divide, "then generally southward along various river courses and straight-line segments to the mouth of the Apaporis River"[140]
1908 16 June The Kasato Maru arrives at the Port of Santos with the first official group of Japanese immigrants to Brazil.[141][142]
1908 10 September The first Minas Geraes-class Dreadnought battleship for Brazil, Minas Geraes is launched at Armstrong Whitworth's yard on the River Tyne in England, catalysing the "South American dreadnought race".
1908 30 October Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará, renounces his claim on the Brazilian throne in order to marry Countess Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz.[143]
1910 1 March In the presidential election, Hermes da Fonseca receives 57.1% of the vote. Fonseca is supported by several of the most influential Republican parties, whilst his main opponent, Rui Barbosa, is supported by the Civilist Campaign.[144]
1910 22 November Revolt of the Lash: The mostly black crews of four Brazilian warships, led by João Cândido Felisberto, mutiny shortly after a sailor receives 250 lashes. The crews depose their white officers and threaten to bombard Rio de Janeiro.[145]
1911 10 January The cargo ship Nubia SS runs aground off the coast of Rio Grande do Norte.[146]
1912 October Beginning of the Contestado War, a dispute between settlers and landowners.[147]
1912 29 December The federal government sends in 200 federal troops to deal with ongoing trouble in the State of Santa Catarina.
1913 12 December Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition: Following a speaking tour in Brazil and Argentina, former US President Theodore Roosevelt meets up with Cândido Rondon to embark on a joint exploration of the "River of Doubt".[148]
1914 1 March In the presidential election, incumbent Vice-President Venceslau Brás, of the Mineiro Republican Party, receives 91.6% of the vote.[149]
1914 8 June The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.
1914 14 September The British Royal Navy auxiliary cruiser HMS Carmania fought the German SMS Cap Trafalgar off Trindade in the Battle of Trindade. Carmania sank Cap Trafalgar, but sustained severe damage herself.[150]
1915 29 January Heitor Villa-Lobos gives the first in a series of chamber concerts; one of the new works he introduces during this year is his Cello Concerto no 1.[151]
1916 3 May Brazilian merchant ship Rio Branco is sunk by a German submarine. Because the ship is in restricted waters and registered under the British flag, and most of its crew is Norwegian, it is not considered an illegal attack by the Brazilian government, despite public protests.
1916 August Brazilian Naval Aviation is established, in preparation for the country's participation in the First World War.[152]
1916 The capture of rebel leader Deodato Manuel Ramos ("Adeodato") marks the effective end of the Contestado War.
1917 5 April The steamship Paraná, loaded with coffee and travelling in accordance with the demands made on neutral countries, is torpedoed by a German submarine; three Brazilians are killed.
1917 11 April Brazil breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.
1917 7 May Foreign Minister Lauro Müller is obliged to resign because of his German origins.
1917 May–November Several Brazilian vessels are torpedoed by the Germans.[153]
1917 26 October World War I: Brazil declares war on the Central Powers.[154]
1917 1 November A mob damages German property in Petropolis, including the restaurant Brahma (completely destroyed), the Gesellschaft Germania, the German school, the company Arp, and the German Journal.
1918 30 January Ministerial Notice No. 501 is issued, establishing the Naval Division for War Operations (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra – DNOG).[155]
1918 1 March Brazilian general election, 1918:[125] Former president Rodrigues Alves receives 99.1% of the vote.
1918 18 August The Brazilian Medical Mission, led by Dr. Nabuco Gouveia and directed by General Aché, is established with 86 doctors.
1918 24 September The Brazilian Medical Mission lands at Marseilles, France, and supports the local population during a flu outbreak, ensuring the continuity of logistical support to the troops at the front.
1918 15 November President-elect Rodrigues Alves, suffering from influenza, is unable to take office on the scheduled date, and is replaced by Vice President Delfim Moreira.
1919 13 April In the presidential election brought about by the death of Rodrigues Alves,[125] Epitácio Pessoa of the Paraíba Republican Party receives 71.0% of the vote.
1919 24 April Ford Brasil, a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, is founded.
1919 11–29 May The 1919 South American Championship football tournament is held in Rio de Janeiro. It is won by the home country.[156]
1919 28 July Epitácio Pessoa takes office as President, replacing acting President Delfim Moreira, who continues as Vice President.
1920 20 April Opening ceremony of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, at which Brazil competes for the first time.[157] Sport shooter Guilherme Paraense is the first Brazilian to win a gold medal.
1921 October The government implements a new policy in defense of coffee, for the third time in the history of the Republic.[158]
1922 11–18 February Modern Art Week is held in São Paulo, marking the beginning of Brazilian Modernism.[159]
1922 1 March In the Brazilian presidential election, Artur Bernardes of the Mineiro Republican Party receives 56.0% of the vote.[160]
1922 5 July The 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt occurs in Rio de Janeiro, then Federal District of Brazil. It is the first revolt of the tenentista movement, in the context of the Brazilian Old Republic.
1923 The Brazilian Society of Chemistry is founded.
1923 Brazil's first radio broadcasting station, the Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro, is founded; it is still working under the name Rádio MEC.
1924 5–28 July Military revolt in São Paulo.[161]
1925 12 April The Coluna Prestes movement is launched at a meeting in Foz do Iguaçu.[162]
1925 29 May British explorer Percy Fawcett sent a last telegram to his wife, before he disappears in the Amazon.
1926 1 March In the presidential election, Washington Luís of the Republican Party of São Paulo, who received 98.0% of the vote.[125]
1927 11 June The Brazilian submarine Humaytá is launched at the Odero-Terni-Orlando shipyard at La Spezia, Italy.[163]
1928 10 August The ETA – Empresa de Transporte Aéreo airline is founded; it remains in operation for only a year.[164]
1928 The Liberator Party (Brazil) is founded for the first time, by members of the Rio Grande do Sul Federalist Party, notably Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil.[165]
1929 August Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba join the political opposition from several states, including the Democratic Party of São Paulo, to oppose the presidential candidacy of Washington Luís's nominated successor, Júlio Prestes, and form the Liberal Alliance.
1929 20 September The Liberal Alliance nominates its candidates for the presidential elections: Getúlio Vargas as President and João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque as Vice President.
1929 29 October The US stock market crash causes a fall in coffee quotations to 60%.
1930 1 March A general election is held; in the presidential election,s the result is a victory for Júlio Prestes of the Republican Party of São Paulo, who receives 57.7% of the vote.[125] Vital Soares is elected vice-president, but never takes office.
1930 26 July The assassination of João Pessoa Cavalcânti de Albuquerque, governor of Paraíba, by João Duarte Dantas, stirs up a wave of bad feeling toward the federal government and the outgoing president Washington Luís, who is accused of bearing the "moral responsibility".[166]
1930 13 August 1930 Curuçá River event: The area of Curuçá River near latitude 5° S and longitude 71.5° W experiences a meteoric air burst (also known as the Brazilian Tunguska event).[167]
1930 September The state capital of Paraíba, formerly Parahyba, is renamed João Pessoa, in memory of its assassinated governor.[168]
1930 3 October Brazilian Revolution of 1930. [169]
1930 24 October Incumbent President Washington Luís is deposed.[170] A military junta, led by General Augusto Tasso Fragoso, temporarily takes control of the country.
1930 1 November Beginning of the Vargas Era: The ruling junta hands power and the presidential palace to Getúlio Vargas.
1930 The National Institute of Metrology Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) is founded.
1931 12 October The statue of Christ the Redeemer, overlooking Rio de Janeiro, is consecrated.[171][172]
1931 Frente Negra Brasileira, Brazil's first Black political party, is created.[173]
1932 24 February The Justiça Eleitoral do Brasil is created by Decreto nº 21.076;[174]
1932 24 February Women win the right to vote.[175]
1932 April Peter Fleming joins the expedition to find missing Englishman Colonel Percy Fawcett; the following year he publishes an account of the expedition, entitled Brazilian Adventure.
1932 23 May Four protesting students (Martins, Miragaia, Dráusio and Camargo) are killed by government troops, sparking off the "Paulista War".
1932 June Paulista rebels take control of the state of São Paulo.[176]
1932 9 July Constitutionalist Revolution: The population of the state of São Paulo revolt against the 1930 coup d'état.[177]
1932 2 October The São Paulo rebels are defeated by government forces.
1932 October Brazilian Integralism, a Fascist movement, is founded by Plínio Salgado.[178]
1933 10 October The Anti-war Treaty of Non-aggression and Conciliation, an inter-American treaty, is signed in Rio de Janeiro by representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay.[179]
1934 16 July The Vargas government introduces what will be the shortest-lived Constitution of Brazil, lasting only 3 years (until 1937).[180] It is the first time a Brazilian constitution has been written from scratch by directly elected deputies in multi-party elections, and incorporates a number of improvements to Brazilian political, social and economical life.
1934 17 July In the presidential election, carried out by the Constituent Assembly, acting president Getúlio Vargas receives 175 of the 248 votes.[181]
1934 The University of São Paulo is established.
1934 The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics is founded under the title of the National Institute of Statistics.
1935 November A Communist insurrection, the "Red Revolt of 35"[182] or the Intentona Comunista, fails to unseat President Vargas. Olga Benário Prestes and her husband Luís Carlos Prestes are among the conspirators arrested.[183]
1936 16 October President Vargas signed the decree, which gives the name of the aviator Alberto Santos Dumont Airport located in Ponta do Calabouço, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, currently named Santos Dumont Airport, Brazil's first civilian airport.[184]
1937 7 May One of the leaders of the communist revolution, Luis Carlos Prestes, is sentenced to 16 years and eight months in prison.[185]
1937 10 June National Democratic Union, ahead of support for the candidacy of Armando Sales de Oliveira for president in the 1938 elections is created.[186]
1937 14 June President Getúlio Vargas signed the decree establishing the Itatiaia National Park, the first national park in Brazil.[187][188]
1937 13 August The National Union of Students is founded in Rio de Janeiro.
1937 10 November The fourth Brazilian Constitution is granted by President Vargas, starting the Estado Novo.[189]
1937 21 December President Vargas signs the ordinance which extinguishes all political parties in the country.[190]
1938 May The Brazilian integralist movement attempt a coup d'état, supported by the Axis powers. The failure of the "Pajama Putsch" leads to the dissolution of the AIB.[191]
1938 28 July Folk hero Lampião and his band are ambushed in one of his hideouts, the Angicos farm, in the state of Sergipe.
1939 30 November Serra dos Órgãos National Park is created.
1939 5 December The Imperial Mausoleum is officially inaugurated at the Cathedral of Petrópolis.[192]
1942 28 January Brazil breaks diplomatic relations with the Axis countries.[193]
1942 July–August Several Brazilian vessels are torpedoed by the Germans.
1942 22 August President Getúlio Vargas signs the declaration of war against Germany and Italy.[194][195]
1942 1 November The Cruzeiro "antigo" is adopted as the official currency.[196]
1943 11 June The Order of Military Merit is established by President Getúlio Vargas.[197]
1943 13 July On the recommendation of the National Petroleum Council, Brazil bans the use of private motorcycles throughout the nation in order to conserve fuel. Use of gasoline-powered automobiles had been prohibited the year before.[198]
1943 31 July The Brazilian passenger ship and freighter Bagé, largest commercial ship in Brazil's fleet, is torpedoed and sunk off the coast of the Sergipe state. The Bagé, carrying 129 passengers and 102 crew, was en route from Belém to Rio de Janeiro when it was struck by a German U-boat. Seventy-eight people (41 passengers and 37 crew) are lost.[199]
1944 1 January The former Royal Military Academy expends into the city of Resende.
1944 2 July Second World War: The first five thousand Brazilian Expeditionary Force soldiers, the 6th RCT, leave Brazil for Europe aboard the USNS General Mann.
1944 September Brazilian air-land forces go into action in Italy.[200]
1944 13 October Brazilian pilots begin operations, as individual elements of flights attached to 350th FG squadrons.
1944–1945 25 November 1944 – 21 February 1945 Second World War, Battle of Monte Castello: The battle marks the Brazilian Expeditionary Force's entry into the land war in Europe.[201][202]
1945 February A fourth transport of troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force reaches Italy, in preparation for the Spring 1945 offensive.
1945 12 May Brazilian troops arrive in Turin on the same day that the cessation of hostilities is announced.
1945 May Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, an outspoken critic of the regime of President Getúlio Vargas and of the Vatican's alleged relationship with fascist regimes,[203] gives newspaper interviews accusing Brazil's Papal nuncio of Nazi-Fascist spying, and accusing Rome of having aided and abetted Hitler. Shortly afterwards he establishes the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church.
1945 29 October President Vargas resigns, beginning the period known as the Second Brazilian Republic. José Linhares becomes acting president.
1945 2 December A general election is held, the first since the establishment of Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo.[125] The presidential election is won by Eurico Gaspar Dutra of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), which also wins a majority of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
1946 18 September A new constitution is introduced, and the position of Vice President of Brazil is recreated; Nereu Ramos is selected as the first incumbent.
1947 19 January Parliamentary elections are held, for 19 vacant seats in the Chamber of Deputies, one additional Senator for each state (except Santa Catarina, which elected two), and for all state Governors and legislatures[125] The Brazilian Communist Party wins nearly 10% of the vote in the state elections, becoming the third party in the state of São Paulo (ahead of the UDN) and the single largest party in the federal capital, Rio de Janeiro.
1947 6 August The Brazilian Socialist Party is founded.
1947 2 October The São Paulo Museum of Art opens to the public.
1949 The Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas is founded by Cesar Lattes, José Leite Lopes, and Jayme Tiomno.
1950 16 June The Maracanã Stadium opens in Rio de Janeiro.
1950 24 June – 16 July Brazil hosts the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the local national team is beaten 1–2 by Uruguay in the final game.
1950 18 September First television broadcasting in Brazil by TV Tupi.[204]
1950 3 October The Brazilian general election[125] is won by the Social Democratic Party, who remain the largest party in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, although they lose their majority in the former. The presidential election is won by former President Getúlio Vargas of the Brazilian Labour Party
1951 The Brazilian Medical Association is founded.[205]
1951 The Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing is founded in São Paulo.[206]
1952 4 March Anchieta rail disaster: A crowded steam-powered passenger train derails while crossing a bridge over the Pavuna River near Anchieta station,[207] sending two old wooden carriages broadside onto the adjacent line. A modern high-speed electric freight train travelling in the opposite direction ploughs into the wooden carriages, telescoping them upwards. The severity of the accident was compounded by the fact that the suburban train is overloaded, with passengers clinging to the sides, underneath and between the carriages. A witness says they saw "passengers flying in all directions when the crash occurred". 119 people are killed and the resulting outcry prompts major new investment in Brazilian railways.
1952 28 April Pan Am Flight 202 crashes in the Amazon Basin approximately 220 nautical miles (410 km) southwest of Carolina, Brazil. All 50 people on board are killed in the worst-ever accident involving the Boeing 377.[208]
1952 12 August 1952 Transportes Aéreos Nacional Douglas C-47 mid-air explosion: A Douglas C-47A registered PP-ANH is destroyed after a in-flight fire causes it to crash near Palmeiras de Goiás. All 24 people on board are killed.[209]
1952 Bob's, Brazil's first fast food chain, opens in Rio de Janeiro.
1954 24 August Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas commits suicide after being accused of involvement in a conspiracy to murder his chief political opponent, Carlos Lacerda.[210]
1954 3 October Brazilian legislative election, 1954
1955 3 October The presidential election results in victory for Juscelino Kubitschek, who receives 35.7% of the vote.[125]
1955 3 November Café Filho is forced to give up the presidency of Brazil on health grounds.[211] Kubitschek does not take office until the following year.
1955 The Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro, is completed, a Modernist concrete museum building, designed by Affonso Eduardo Reidy, with gardens designed by Burle Marx.[212]
1956 31 January Juscelino Kubitschek is inaugurated as the 21st President of Brazil.
1957 October The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil.
1957 16 October Antônio Vilas Boas, a Brazilian farmer, claims to have been abducted by extraterrestrials; the first famous alien abduction case.
1958 29 June Brazil beats Sweden 5–2 in the final game to win the football World Cup in Sweden.[213]
1960 21 April The country's capital (Federal District) is relocated from the city of Rio de Janeiro to the new city, Brasília, in the highlands. The actual city of Rio de Janeiro becomes the State of Guanabara.
1960 3 October Jânio Quadros is elected President of Brazil for a five-year term.
1961 25 August João Goulart replaces Jânio Quadros as President of Brazil.
1961 17 December A circus tent fire in Niterói, Brazil kills 323.[214]
1962 17 June Brazil beats Czechoslovakia 3–1 to win the 1962 FIFA World Cup.
1964 31 March The military overthrows Brazilian President João Goulart in a coup, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil.
1964 1 April Deployed military rule in Brazil ended the then government of president João Goulart.
1964 11 April Brazilian presidential election, 1964: The Brazilian Congress elects Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco as President of Brazil.
1965 26 April Rede Globo, the 3rd largest TV broadcaster of the world, is founded, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1965 27 October Brazilian president Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.
1966 5 March A massive theft of nuclear materials is revealed in Brazil.
1967 1 March Brazilian police arrest Franz Stangl, ex-commander of Treblinka and Sobibór extermination camps.
1967 15 March The Republic of the United States of Brazil is renamed the Federative Republic of Brazil.
1968 28 March Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death is one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.
1968 13 December Prompted by growing unrest and proliferation of pro-communist terrorist actions, Brazilian president Artur da Costa e Silva enacts the so-called AI-5, the fifth of a series of non-constitutional emergency decrees that helped stabilize the country after the turmoils of the early 1960s.
1969 31 August – 30 October Brazilian Military Junta of 1969 rules the country following sudden illness and resignation of President da Costa e Silva. The junta consists of Army General Aurélio de Lyra Tavares, Navy Admiral Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grunewald and Air Force Brigadier Márcio de Souza e Mello
1969 19 November Playing for Santos against Vasco in Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian footballer Pelé scored his 1,000th goal.[215]
1970 11 March Japanese consul-general in São Paulo Nobuo Okuchi is kidnapped by the leftist guerrilla group Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária.[216]
1970 15 March Japanese consul-general in São Paulo Nobuo Okuchi is ransomed by the Brazilian government, he is released in exchange for five political prisoners.[216]
1970 11 June West German ambassador Ehrenfried von Holleben is kidnapped by the Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária and by the Ação Libertadora Nacional.[217]
1970 21 June Brazil defeats Italy 4–1 to win the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico.
1970 1 December Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil, is kidnapped by the Ação Libertadora Nacional in Rio de Janeiro; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political prisoners.[218]
1971 14 January Seventy Brazilian political prisoners are released in Santiago, Chile; Giovanni Enrico Bucher is released 16 January.
1971 16 January Giovanni Enrico Bucher is released by the Ação Libertadora Nacional.
1971 20 November A bridge still in construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de Frontin Avenue, in Rio de Janeiro; 48 people are killed and several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is currently a part of the Linha Vermelha elevate.
1974 1 February Fire breaks out in the Joelma Building in São Paulo, Brazil; 177 die, 293 are injured, 11 die later of their injuries.[219][220]
1974 4 March The Rio–Niterói Bridge opens.[221]
1975 15 March Guanabara State merges into the state of Rio de Janeiro. The state's capital moves from the city of Niterói to the city of Rio de Janeiro.
1977 President Geisel closed Congress briefly to control presidential succession as conflict erupted between Geisel, the duristas, Congress, the Church, and the media.
1977–1978 Operação Prato.[222][223][224][225][226][227]
1979 7 February Nazi criminal Josef Mengele suffers a stroke and drowns while swimming in Bertioga, Brazil. His remains are found in 1985.
1980 9 July Pope John Paul II visits Brazil; 7 people are crushed to death in a crowd meeting him.
1981 20 September The Brazilian river boat Sobral Santos capsizes in the Amazon River, Óbidos, Brazil, killing at least 300.
1983 19 December The Jules Rimet Trophy is stolen from the Brazilian Soccer Confederation building in Rio de Janeiro.
1984 16 April More than one million people, led by Tancredo Neves, occupy the streets of São Paulo to demand direct presidential elections during the Brazilian military government of João Figueiredo. It is the largest protest during the Diretas Já civil unrest, as well as the largest public demonstration in the history of Brazil. The elections are granted in 1989.
1984 May The Itaipu Dam is inaugurated on the border of Brazil and Paraguay after 9 years of construction, making it the largest hydroelectric dam in the world at the time.
1985 15 January Tancredo Neves is elected president of Brazil by the Congress, ending the 21-year military rule.
1985 15 March Vice-President José Sarney, upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil, as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill, the day before. Sarney will become Brazil's first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death on 21 April.
1985 21 April Brazilian President Tancredo Neves dies, he is succeeded by Vice President José Sarney. The Vice President post is left vacant until 1990.
1985 6 June The remains of Josef Mengele, the physician notorious for Nazi human experimentation on inmates of Auschwitz concentration camp, buried in 1979 under the name of Wolfgang Gerhard, are exhumed in Embu das Artes, Brazil.
1988 25 June PSDB is founded by members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party linked to the European social democratic movement as an attempt to clarify their ideals.[228]
1988 5 October Brazil adopts a new constitution.[229]
1988 22 December Brazilian union and environmental activist Chico Mendes is assassinated.
1988 31 December The Bateau Mouche cruise ship capsized and sank in the South Atlantic off Rio de Janeiro with the loss of at least 51 of the 149 people on board.[230]
1989 12 November Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.
1989 15 November Brazil holds the first round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva are qualified to the second round, which will be disputed the following month.
1989 17 December Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello is elected to serve as President from 1990.
1990 15 March Fernando Collor de Mello takes office as President of Brazil, Brazil's first democratically elected president since Jânio Quadros in 1961. The next day, he announces a currency freeze and freezes large bank accounts for 18 months.
1991 26 March Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing the South Common Market (Mercosur is its acronym in Spanish).
1991 30 September A tornado destroys parts of Itu, a city in southeastern Brazil, killing 16 and leaving 176 injured.
1992 8 June The first World Ocean Day is celebrated, coinciding with the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1992 24 August A special commission in Brazil concludes that there is sufficient evidence to begin impeachment proceedings against President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello, finding he had accepted millions of dollars worth of illegal payments from business interests.
1992 29 September The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil votes to impeach President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello, the country's first democratically elected leader in 29 years. Vice President Itamar Franco becomes acting president.
1992 2 October A riot breaks out in the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil, resulting in the Carandiru massacre.[231][232]
1992 29 December Brazil's president Fernando Collor de Mello is found guilty on charges that he stole more than $32 million from the government, preventing him from holding any elected office for 8 years.
1993 21 April A constitutional referendum is held to determine the form of government of the country.[233]
1993 23 July Candelária massacre: Brazilian police officers kill eight street kids in Rio de Janeiro.
1993 29 August Vigário Geral massacre.[234]
1993 16 December Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption.
1994 1 July Brazil introduces its new currency, the Real.[235]
1994 17 July Brazil wins the 1994 FIFA World Cup, defeating Italy by 3–2 in penalties (full-time 0–0).
1995 1 January Fernando Henrique Cardoso becomes President of Brazil.
1996 20 January Varginha UFO incident in Minas Gerais.[236][237]
1996 2 March A Learjet 25 (registration PT-LSD) carrying the Brazilian satirical rock band Mamonas Assassinas attempts a go-around at São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, but crashes in the Serra da Cantareira mountain range, killing all eight people on board including all five members of the band.[238]
1996 17 April Eldorado dos Carajás massacre.[239]
1999 6 June In São José dos Campos, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate.[240]

21st century

Year Date Event
2001 10 September Antônio da Costa Santos, mayor of Campinas, Brazil is assassinated.
2001 11 September Three Brazilians are killed in the September 11 attacks in the United States.[241]
2002 30 June Brazil wins its 5th FIFA World Cup title by defeating Germany 2-0 in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final.
2002 27 October Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva wins the Brazilian general election, 2002 with 52.7 million votes (61.3% of the total).[242]
2003 1 January Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is inaugurated as president of Brazil.[243]
2003 30 January The Fome Zero program is introduced by president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[243]
2003 19 August A car-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy Sérgio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees.[244][245][246]
2004 28 March The first ever reported South Atlantic hurricane makes landfall in southern Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina – the hurricane is dubbed Cyclone Catarina.
2004 1 June The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) is established, its military component is led by Brazil.[247]
2005 6 June Mensalão scandal threatens to bring down the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[248]
2005 6 August Banco Central burglary at Fortaleza
2005 23 October Brazilian firearms and ammunition referendum, 2005
2006 30 March Marcos Pontes becomes the first Brazilian and the first native Portuguese-speaking person to go into space, where he stays on the International Space Station for a week. During his trip, Pontes carries out eight experiments selected by the Brazilian Space Agency. He lands in Kazakhstan on 8 April 2006, with the crew of Expedition 12.[249]
2006 May May 2006 São Paulo violence
2006 July July 2006 São Paulo violence
2006 7 August Lei Maria da Penha is sanctioned by president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
2006 29 September Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 leads to the 2006–07 Brazilian aviation crisis.
2007 18 March Cesare Battisti, convicted in absentia of two murders in Italy in the 1970s and who later became a crime writer in France, is arrested in Brazil.[250]
2007 May Pope Benedict XVI visits Brazil to reaffirm Catholicism in the country.[251]
2007 11 May Pope Benedict XVI canonizes Brazil's first native-born saint, Frei Galvão, an 18th-century Franciscan monk.
2007 26 June Bolivia reclaims two oil refineries from Brazilian state-owned energy company Petrobras.[252]
2007 27 June Complexo do Alemão massacre.
2007 7 July The New Seven Wonders of the World are announced. These are The Great Wall of China, Petra in Jordan, the Christ the Redeemer statue in Brazil, Machu Picchu in Peru, Mexico's Chichen Itza Mayan site, the Colosseum in Rome and the Taj Mahal in India.[253]
2007 July The Fifteenth Pan American Games take place in Rio de Janeiro.
2007 17 July TAM Linhas Aéreas Flight 3054 carrying 186 people crashes in Congonhas International Airport, São Paulo, Brazil. The death toll is estimated to be at least 200 people.[254][255][256][257][258]
2007 4 November At least six people are killed as a Learjet 35 crashes into a residential district in São Paulo, Brazil.[259]
2007 25 November At least eight football fans die when part of the Fonte Nova stadium in Salvador, Brazil, collapses.[260]
2007 2 December Brazil starts free-to-air digital television transmissions in São Paulo, but broadcasting companies must transmit signals in both analogue and digital formats until June 2016.[261]
2007 20 December The Portrait of Suzanne Bloch (1904), by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, and O Lavrador de Café by Brazilian modernist painter Cândido Portinari, are stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art.[262]
2007 17 December The leaders of Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile agree to build a highway by 2009 that will link the Atlantic (in Santos, Brazil) and the Pacific (in Iquique, Chile) coasts of South America.[263]
2008 9 January The police recoveres the Portrait of Suzanne Bloch (1904), by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, and O Lavrador de Café by Brazilian modernist painter Cândido Portinari, which had been stolen in December 2007.[264]
2008 24 November The 2008 Santa Catarina floods in Santa Catarina, Brazil, kill 126 and force the evacuation of over 78,000 people.
2009 1 June Air France Flight 447, en route from Rio de Janeiro, to Paris, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 228 on board.
2009 2 October The International Olympic Committee awards the 2016 Summer Olympics to Rio de Janeiro.
2009 16 October Brasil de Pelotas bus crash: two players and a coach die.[265]
2010 January January 2010 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides
2010 17 February Sinking of the Concordia.[266]
2010 April April 2010 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides
2010 June 2010 northeastern Brazil floods[267]
2010 21–28 November 2010 Rio de Janeiro Security Crisis
2011 1 January Inauguration of Dilma Rousseff as the 36th President of Brazil.[268]
2011 11 January January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides: Over 900 people are killed[269] as a result of freak weather conditions.
2011 7 April Rio de Janeiro school shooting: 12 children aged between 12 and 14 are killed[270] and 12 others seriously wounded after an armed man opens fire at an elementary school in Realengo
2011 13 July Noar Linhas Aéreas Flight 4896: A Noar Linhas Aéreas Let L-410 Turbolet crashes in Boa Viagem, Recife, killing all 16 people on board).[271]
2011 7 November Campos Basin oil spill: A Chevron-owned oil well began leaking causing 32,000 to 52,000 litres (200 to 330 bbl) of crude oil to enter the ocean every day. The leak took place in Campos Basin, Brazil 120 kilometres (75 mi) off the coast of Rio de Janeiro.[272]
2012 13 February Lindemberg Alves begins to be tried for the death of ex-girlfriend Elóa Pimentel, in the city of Santo André.[273]
2013 27 January A nightclub fire in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul kills at least 242 people.[274]
2013 April – July 2013 protests in Brazil.[275]
2013 23 July World Youth Day began in Rio de Janeiro.[276]
2014 17 March Operation Car Wash begins.[277][278]
2014 May – July 2014 protests in Brazil.
2014 12 June – 13 July The 2014 FIFA World Cup is held in Brazil, and is won by Germany.
2014 3 July Belo Horizonte overpass collapse
2014 13 August Governor Eduardo Campos, a candidate in the upcoming Brazilian presidential election, dies in a plane crash in Santos, São Paulo, together with six other people on board the aircraft. It also sparks a large fire.[279]
2014 13 August 2014 Cessna Citation 560 XLS+ crash
2014 October Brazilian general election, 2014[280]
2014 10 December 26-year-old Sailson José das Graças is arrested for the serial murder as many as 41 people in a string of suspected racist hate crimes.
2015 6 January Two commuter trains collide at Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro, injuring 158 people.[281]
2015 15 March Hundreds of thousands of people in Brazil protest against corruption and denounce the government of President Dilma Rousseff.[282]
2015 5 November An iron ore tailings dam in Bento Rodrigues, a subdistrict of Mariana, Brazil, suffered a catastrophic failure, causing flooding, killing 17 and injuring 16.[283]
2016 13 March Hundreds of thousands of people all over Brazil protest against corruption and denounce the government of President Dilma Rousseff.[284]
2016 9 June A bus plunges over a ravine in Brazil's São Paulo state, resulting in at least 18 people killed and 28 injured.[285]
2016 5–21 August The 2016 Summer Olympics are held in Rio de Janeiro.[286]
2016 31 August The Senate votes 61–20 in favor of removing Dilma Rousseff from office as President of Brazil. Current Acting President Michel Temer will serve out the remainder of the term, which ends 1 January 2019.[287]
2016 15 October A wildlife sanctuary for rescued elephants opens in Mato Grosso.[288]
2016 17 October Clashes between rival gangs in at least two prisons, leave at least 18 people killed.[289]
2016 29 November A chartered Avro RJ85 plane carrying 77 people, including the Chapecoense football team, crashes near Medellín, Colombia. Rescuers report at least six survivors have been found in the wreckage. The 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals are suspended.[290] The title is later awarded to Chapecoense.[291][292]
2017 2 January At least 56 people are killed in rebellion at Anisio Jobim penitentiary complex in Amazonas state.[293][294]
2017 6 January Members of the Primeiro Comando da Capital prison gang kill 31 inmates in the Monte Cristo prison in the state of Roraima. This action was revenge for an earlier massacre in a prison in Amazonas that killed 56 inmates.[295]
2017 6 February A police strike leads to a wave of violence and looting in Espírito Santo, including dozens of murders in the state capital, Vitória.[296][297]
2017 17 March Operation Carne Fraca starts.[298]
2017 28 April A general strike is held in the country, the first one in twenty years.[299]

References

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  2. ↑ Davenport, ed., 107–111.
  3. ↑ Leslie Ronald Marchant, The Papal Line of Demarcation and Its Impact in the Eastern Hemisphere on the Political Division of Australia, 1479–1829 (Greenwood, Western Australia: Woodside Valley Foundation, 2008) ISBN 978-1-74126-423-4.
  4. ↑ "Pinzón ou Cabral: quem chegou primeiro ao Brasil?".
  5. ↑ Geo Brasil Granito do Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brasil
  6. ↑ Direito 2 Projeto pode mudar data do descobrimento do Brasil
  7. ↑ Quem descobriu o Brasil?
  8. ↑ COUTO, Jorge: A Construção do Brasil, Edições Cosmos, 2ª Ed., Lisboa, 1997.primeiro
  9. ↑ Vianna 1994, p. 44.
  10. ↑ Fonseca (1908: p.225)
  11. ↑ Flavin, Susan Flavin. Consumption and Culture in Sixteenth-century Ireland: Saffron, Stockings and Silk. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 128. ISBN 1843839504.
  12. ↑ The Coelho expedition is also known as the "Fourth Voyage" of Vespucci, and is related in the letter of Amerigo Vespucci to Piero Soderini, c. 1504–05. See the English translation of the account in Letter to Soderini
  13. ↑ "Recife—A City Made by Sugar". Awake! (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  14. ↑ Henderson, James D. A Reference Guide to Latin American History. p. 91. ISBN 1563247445. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  15. ↑ Taques, Pedro. História da Capitania de São Vicente. Brasília: Edições do Senado Federal, 2004. Available at http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/sf000043.pdf%7Caccessdate=24/10/2011
  16. ↑ R. J. Knecht, Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I p.375
  17. 1 2 Rachel Lawrence: 2010, Page 183
  18. ↑ "donatario (Portuguese history)". britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  19. ↑ "Discovery and Colonization (1500 – 1808)". soulbrasileiro.com. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  20. ↑ "International Workshop on Ultracold Rydberg Physics". Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  21. ↑ "American Colonies - Brazil". historyfiles.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  22. ↑ Marley, D. (2005). Historic Cities of the Americas: North America and South America. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 683. ISBN 978-1576070277.
  23. ↑ "Cronologia do Cultivo do Dendezeiro na Amazônia" (PDF). Embrapa (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  24. ↑ Graham, Sandra Lauderdale (2002). Caetana Says No: Women's Stories from a Brazilian Slave Society (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-521-89353-4. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  25. ↑ Staden, Hans (2008). Hans Staden’s True History: An Account of Cannibal Captivity in Brazil. Duke UP. p. 17. ISBN 9780822342311.
  26. ↑ David Marley (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
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  28. ↑ António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal. 1972, page 322. Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, page 40.
  29. ↑ Dória, Palmério (2013). ""Só um bobo dá a telefonia para estrangeiros"". O Príncipe da Privataria (in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo: Geração Editorial. p. 274. ISBN 978-85-8130-201-0.
  30. ↑ "Um ataque dos piratas na noite de Natal - II". Novo Milênio (in Porrtuguese). Retrieved 30 April 2017.
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  32. ↑ Bicheno pg 308-09
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  34. ↑ "Invasões francesas em São Luís do Maranhão". portalsaofrancisco.com.br. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
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  36. ↑ Dobyns, Henry F. (1993). "Disease Transfer at Contact". Annual Review of Anthropology. 22: 273–291. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.22.1.273.
  37. ↑ "Veja como foi a fundação de Belém em 1616 e conheça sua história". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  38. ↑ "A FORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL DO ESPAÇO PARAENSE: dos fortes à criação de municípios". Revista UFRR (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  39. ↑ Francis A. Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, p. 415.
  40. ↑ Dutra, "Dutch in Colonial Brazil" p. 415.
  41. ↑ "Carnival Around the World: Brazil". Where Y'at. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  42. ↑ "Isaac Aboab de Fonseca". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
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  261. ↑ ""TV digital vai estrear para ninguém", diz diretor da TVA". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
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  263. ↑ "Nations agree S American highway". BBC News. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
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  266. ↑ "Students safe after capsizing of N.S.-based ship". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  267. ↑ "Floods in north-east Brazil kill dozens of people". British Broadcasting Corporation. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  268. ↑ (in Portuguese) Araújo, Glauco. "Professora critica cerimonial por iniciar desfile de Dilma sob chuva". G1. 1 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
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  273. ↑ Tiros aconteceram entre explosão e entrada da PM, diz amiga de Eloá (primeira página do caderno Cotidiano), Folha de S.Paulo (14 de fevereiro de 2012).
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  275. ↑ "Protests in Brazil". The Economist. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  276. ↑ "Roman Catholics attend mass in Rio for World Youth Day". BBC News. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
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  278. ↑ "Operação Lava Jato".
  279. ↑ "Brazil presidential candidate dies in plane crash". Yahoo. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  280. ↑ Ronak Gopaldas (15 April 2014). "SA, Brazil and India face key elections to restart growth". iol.co.za/business. Independent Newspapers (Pty) Limited. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  281. ↑ "Brazil train collision leaves 158 injured". 6 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  282. ↑ Magalhaes, Luciana; Jelmayer, Rogerio (15 March 2015). "Protesters Across Brazil Demonstrate Against President on Sunday". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  283. ↑ Rifai, Ryan (22 November 2015). "Toxic sludge reaches Atlantic after Brazil dams burst". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  284. ↑ "Protesters in Brazil push to impeach President Dilma Rousseff". CNN. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  285. ↑ "Sobe o número de mortos em grave acidente na rodovia Mogi Bertioga". Globo.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  286. ↑ "Rio 2016 Olympic Games". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
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  288. ↑ "Brazil opens Latin America's first elephant sanctuary". BBC. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  289. ↑ "Prison clashes in Brazil kill 18: media". Reuters. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  290. ↑ "Brazil's Chapecoense football team in Colombia plane crash". BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  291. ↑ "Chape é declarada campeã e garante ao menos US$ 4,8 mi em premiações" (in Portuguese). Atlético Nacional de Medellín. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  292. ↑ "CONMEBOL otorga el título de Campeón de la Sudamericana 2016 a Chapecoense y reconoce a Atlético Nacional con el premio del Centenario de la Conmebol al Fair Play". CONMEBOL.com. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016.
  293. ↑ "Dozens killed in prison riot in Brazil city of Manaus". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  294. ↑ "Around 60 killed as drug gangs clash in Brazil prison massacre". Reuters. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  295. ↑ "Brazil gang kills 31, many hacked to death, as prison violence explodes". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  296. ↑ "Brazil sends troops to state torn by violence due to police strike". Reuters. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  297. ↑ "Brazil sends 200 troops to control lethal violence sparked by police strike". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  298. ↑ Agência Brasil, ed. (March 17, 2017). "Justiça Federal no Paraná bloqueia R$1 bilhão dos maiores frigoríficos do país" (in Portuguese). EBC. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
  299. ↑ "In Brazil, protesters clash with police as a general strike empties schools and brings business to a halt". LA Times. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
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