Timeline of Belgian history
This is a timeline of Belgian history, including important legal and territorial changes and political events in Belgium and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Belgium. See also the list of Belgian monarchs.
Centuries BC: 1st · Centuries AD: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st · Further: See also · References · Further reading
1st century BC
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
57 BC | Roman General Julius Caesar invades and conquers the lands of the Belgae: Battle of the Sabis. | |
54–53 BC | Revolt of the Eburones under Ambiorix and Cativolcus. | |
22 BC | Romans create the province Gallia Belgica. | |
1st century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
c.90 | Domitian restructures provinces of the Roman Empire: Gallia Belgica divided into the provinces of Belgica Prima, Belgica Secunda, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior. | |
2nd century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
172–174 | Chauci launch maritime raids on the coasts of Gallia Belgica.[1] | |
3rd century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
286 | Carausius, a Menapian general in the Roman army, declares himself emperor of Britain and Gaul.[2] | |
293 | Death of Carausius |
4th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
343 | Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Sardica. | |
357 | Land south of the Rhine delta ceded to Frankish foederati | |
359 | Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Ariminum.[3] |
5th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
431 | Salian Franks take possession of Tournai.[4] | |
482 | Childeric I buried in Tournai. | |
6th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
561 | Sigebert I inherits the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia. | |
7th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
659 | 17 March | Death of Gertrude of Nivelles |
675 | Death of Amandus | |
687 | Pepin of Herstal and his wife Plectrude found what will become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[5] | |
693 | 17 December | Death of Begga of Andenne |
8th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
705 | 17 September | Death of Lambert of Maastricht: murdered at a site that would become Liège.[6][7] |
717 | See of Maastricht moved to the location of Lambert of Maastricht's murder, now Liège. | |
727 | 30 May | Death of Hubertus, Bishop of Liège.[8] |
9th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
819 | 13 April | Louis the Pious confirms the liberties granted to St Bavo's Abbey by Charlemagne (oldest extant original charter in a Belgian archive)[9] |
820 | First recorded Viking raid on the Flemish coast.[10] | |
825 | 30 September | The remains of St Hubert (died 727) installed in the monastery that would become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[11] |
843 | August | Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire between the three sons of Louis the Pious: Lothair I, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, creating the kingdom of Middle Francia (including most of the Low Countries) for Lothair and assigning Flanders to Charles the Bald. |
850 | Norsemen raid Flanders.[12] | |
855 | Treaty of Prüm divides Middle Francia into the kingdom of Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries), the kingdom of Arles and the kingdom of Italy. | |
861 | Norsemen raid Flanders.[13] | |
864 | Norsemen raid Flanders.[14] | |
870 | Treaty of Meerssen partitions Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries) between East Francia (Germany) and West Francia (France). | |
879 | Norsemen raid Taxandria.[15] | |
880 | Norsemen raid Tournaisis.[16] | |
881 | Norsemen plunder Cambrai and encamp near Maastricht, extorting tribute from Maastricht, Tongeren, Liège, Sint-Truiden, Malmedy, Stavelot, and Prüm.[17] | |
891 | September or October | Norse invaders defeated in Battle on the Dijle.[18] |
895 | Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia appoints his illegitimate son Zwentibold as king of Lotharingia.[19] | |
900 | 13 August | Zwentibold slain by Count Reginar I of Hainault; Lotharingia reincorporated into East Francia. |
10th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
908 | Bishop of Liège granted right to levy a toll in Maastricht.[20] | |
910 | Count Reginar I of Hainault appointed margrave of Lotharingia; historically regarded as the first Duke of Lorraine. | |
915 | Death of Reginar, Duke of Lorraine, at his palace in Meerssen; succeeded by his son Giselbert.[21] | |
918 | 10 September | Death of Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders at Blandijnberg; succeeded by his son Arnulf. |
925 | Henry the Fowler invades Lotharingia and receives oaths of loyalty from the local aristocracy.[22] | |
936 | 7 August | Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, attends the coronation of Otto I in Aachen.[23] |
939 | 2 October | Battle of Andernach: death of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine; end of independence of Lotharingia (referred to as "Belgica" in the 10th-century histories of Richer of Rheims).[24][25] |
around 940 | Saint-Ghislain Abbey reformed by Gérard of Brogne | |
948 | Death of Isaac, Count of Cambrai; powers of count transferred to Fulbert, Bishop of Cambrai.[26] | |
953 | Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne, appointed Duke of Lotharingia.[27] | |
954 | Hungarian attackers raid Lower Lotharingia, besiege Cambrai.[28] | |
959 | Bruno the Great divides Lotharingia into Upper Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lorraine) and Lower Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lothier).[29] | |
3 October | Death of Gerard of Brogne. | |
964 | Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, dies in Italy; no immediate successor. | |
965 | 28 March | Death of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders |
2 June | Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms Godfrey of Lower Lotharingia's gift to Saint-Ghislain Abbey of 18 mansi of land in Villers-Saint-Ghislain.[30] | |
11 October | Death of Bruno the Great, Duke of Lotharingia. | |
966 | 5 May | Lothar, King of the Franks, confirms the possessions of St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent, including those bequeathed by Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and contested by his heirs.[31] |
968 | Richar, Count of Mons, appointed Duke of Lower Lotharingia. | |
973 | Richar, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, dies; no immediate successor. | |
977 | Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, appoints Charles, brother of Lothair of France, as Duke of Lower Lotharingia.[32] | |
980 | Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms all previous endowments to Notker, Bishop of Liège, and issues a general immunity for the bishopric's lands: beginning of the establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.[33] | |
985 | Otto III, King of Germany, endows Notker, Bishop of Liège, with the County of Huy: full establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.[34] | |
987 | 30 March | Death of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders. |
11th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1035 | 30 May | Death of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders |
1060 | Baldwin V, Count of Flanders becomes regent of France | |
1067 | 1 September | Death of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders |
1070 | 17 July | Death of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf III, Count of Flanders |
1071 | 22 February | Battle of Cassel between Robert the Frisian and his nephew, Arnulf III, Count of Flanders. Arnulf was killed in the battle and Robert succeeded him as Count of Flanders. |
1087 | Godfrey of Bouillon becomes Duke of Lower Lorraine | |
1093 | 13 October | Death of Robert I, Count of Flanders; succession of Robert II, Count of Flanders |
1096 | August | Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, sets off as one of the leaders of the First Crusade.[35] |
1100 | 18 July | Death of Godfrey of Bouillon |
12th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1105 | Baldric of Noyon, Bishop of Tournai, awards the right of presentment for Tielt to the chapter of St Salvator in Harelbeke[36] | |
1107 | The hermit Ligerius founds a community that would become Ten Duinen Abbey (the Abbey of Dunes).[37] | |
1111 | 5 October | Death of Robert II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders |
1119 | 17 July | Death of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders; succession of Charles I, Count of Flanders (Charles the Good) |
1125 | Godfrey I, Count of Louvain confirms the agreement of Ava of Waver and her sons with the priory of Forest, transferring ownership of an allod in Woluwe.[38] | |
1127 | 2 March | Murder of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders |
30 March | William Clito claims countship of Flanders | |
1128 | 28 July | William Clito dies while laying siege to Aalst; Thierry of Alsace established his claim to the countship of Flanders |
1141 | 17 August to 22 September | Siege of Bouillon Castle by Albero, prince-bishop of Liège. |
1146 | 24 June | Pope Eugene III confirms Wibald, Abbot of Stavelot and Malmedy, in possession of the goods of the abbey.[39] |
1147 | after 11 May | Henry II of Leez, Bishop of Liège, confirms Affligem Abbey in possession of its property in the diocese of Liège.[40] |
Arnout IV, Count of Aarschot, and Christian of Ghistelles, leaders of forces from the Low Countries on the Second Crusade, are diverted to the Siege of Lisbon | ||
1163 | June | Henry the Blind, Count of Namur and of Luxembourg, being childless, names his sister Alice of Namur with her husband Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, and their son Baldwin, as heirs of all his allodial possessions, "with sod and twig", retaining usufruct during his own lifetime.[41] |
1168 | 17 January | Death of Thierry, Count of Flanders; succession of Philip of Alsace as count of Flanders |
Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, confirms the privileges of the borough of Tienen (oldest extant civic charter from the Duchy of Brabant)[42] | ||
1178 | Gislebert of Mons becomes chancellor to Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut.[43] | |
1184 | 1 April | Henry the Blind, Count of Namur and of Luxembourg, being childless, names his nephew, Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, already heir to all his allodial possessions, as heir equally to all his feudal possessions, "with sod and twig", retaining usufruct during his own lifetime.[44] |
1186 | July | birth of Ermesinde, later countess of Luxembourg, only child of Henry the Blind. As a female heir she would inherit his allodial possessions, but not his feudal possessions.[45] |
1191 | 1 August | Death of Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders; succession of his daughter Margaret I, Countess of Flanders, and her husband and co-ruler Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut |
1192 | 21 November | Murder of Albert of Louvain, Bishop of Liège, by supporters of Emperor Henry VI |
1193 | 19 May | Relics of Saint Alena enshrined in Forest Priory.[46] |
1194 | 20 August | Peace treaty between Henry I, Duke of Brabant and Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, ending twelve years of conflict between the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Hainaut.[47] |
15 November | Death of Margaret I, Countess of Flanders; her husband Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut continues to rule as Baldwin VIII of Flanders | |
1195 | 17 December | Death of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut; succession of his son Baldwin as count of Flanders and Hainaut |
1198 | Baldwin VI, Count of Hainaut, donates all his possessions in the village of Horrues to the collegiate church of Soignies to endow a Lady chapel and a chantry.[48] | |
13th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1205 | 14 April | Battle of Adrianople: Baldwin I of Constantinople, count of Flanders and Hainaut, captured by the Bulgarians |
1213 | 30-31 May | Battle of Damme: English fleet destroys French fleet at anchor near Damme.[49] |
13 October | Battle of Steppes: army and allies of Hugh Pierrepont, Bishop of Liège, defeat the forces of Henry I, Duke of Brabant.[50] | |
1214 | 27 July | Battle of Bouvines: decisive French victory against the forces of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Count of Flanders carried captive to Paris.[51] |
1224 | 12 August | Guy of Saint-Pol and his brother, Hugo of Saint-Pol, stand surety for a loan of 3693 pounds borrowed from citizens of Arras by Daniel, Lord of Béthune: an early example of the use of French rather than Latin in legal documents.[52] |
1232 | 20 September | Ferdinand, Count of Flanders and Joan, Countess of Flanders release inhabitants of the Brugse Vrije from the feudal relief of "best beast".[53] |
1236 | Statutes of the Ghent Leper Hospital translated from Latin: the earliest known example of a legal document entirely in Dutch.[54] | |
1237 | Charters of the city of Ghent translated into Dutch.[55] | |
1238 | Benedictine priory at Vorst, a dependency of Affligem Abbey, becomes the independent Forest Abbey.[56] | |
1245 | 14 June | Pope Innocent IV authorizes the canons regular of St Augustine to establish a grammar school in Leuven.[57] |
1255 | Gothic choir of Tournai Cathedral completed | |
1270 | 1 September | Margaret of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders, impounds wares of English merchants in Flanders in retaliation for their king's non-payment of a money fief, sparking a trade war between Flanders and England.[58] |
1274 | 28 July | Treaty of Montreuil-sur-Mer between Edward I of England and Guy, Count of Flanders, ending four years of economic warfare and providing for free movement of merchants between their territories.[59] |
1288 | 5 June | Battle of Worringen |
1293 | 7 May | Aldermen of Nieuwpoort accept the mediation of Guy, Count of Flanders in their dispute with the abbeys of Duinen and Bourbourg concerning a dyke built near the town.[60] |
1296 | 2 November | Edward I of England grants Flemish merchants the right to buy wool for export anywhere in the British Isles, rather than being limited to the wool staple.[61] |
1297 | 12 June | Treaties of alliance between Philip IV of France and John of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut, culminate in a trade treaty allowing merchants from Hainaut to trade freely in the kingdom of France.[62] |
1297 | 5 November | Guy, Count of Flanders and Marquis of Namur transfers government of Namur to John of Namur, his eldest son by Isabelle of Luxembourg, breaking the personal union of Namur with the County of Flanders (which would pass to Robert, Guy's son by Matilda of Béthune).[63] |
14th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1302 | 11 July | Battle of the Golden Spurs: Flemish forces defeat knights of Philip IV of France near Kortrijk |
1303 | 9 July | Aldermen of the city of Namur authorize formation of a butchers' guild, with obligations to arm themselves, follow their own banner, and bury their own dead.[64] |
1312 | 27 September | The Charter of Kortenberg finalised at Kortenberg Abbey, establishing fundamental rights for the inhabitants of the Duchy of Brabant such as no punishment without trial according to due process. Council of four knights and ten representatives of the boroughs established (beginnings of representative institutions in the duchy). |
1323 | June | Rebellion of the commoners in maritime Flanders, sparked by Louis I, Count of Flanders, ceding Sluis to John I, Marquis of Namur.[65] |
1327 | 30 August | Pope John XXII provides a dispensation for the marriage of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III of England. The marriage itself took place by proxy in Valenciennes in October.[66] |
1328 | 24 January | Marriage of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III of England celebrated in York Minster.[67] |
1328 | 23 August | Battle of Cassel: Philip VI of France defeats Flemish rebels led by Nicolaas Zannekin.[68] |
1339 | 3 December | Treaty of mutual support between John III, Duke of Brabant and Louis I, Count of Flanders, and the cities subject to them, providing for offensive and defensive alliance and free trade between their territories.[69] |
1345 | 24 July | Jacob van Artevelde killed in Ghent.[70] |
1355 | 8 March | The boroughs of the Duchy of Brabant and the Duchy of Limburg undertake to remain united under a single prince after the death of John III, Duke of Brabant, not allowing the territory to be divided among his heirs.[71] |
1356 | 3 January | Joyous Entry of 1356: Joanna, Duchess of Brabant and her husband Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg sign the great charter of liberties of the Duchy of Brabant.[72] |
1370 | Extirpation of small Jewish population of Brabant after accusations of profaning eucharistic hosts. | |
1386 | 15 February | Philip the Bold founds the Lille Chamber of Accounts to audit the accounts of his functionaries in the county of Flanders.[73] |
1387 | 2 November | Oldest record of the incorporation of the Brussels guild of painters, goldbeaters and glassmakers.[74] |
1389 | John of Bavaria elected Prince-Bishop of Liège (resigned 1418). | |
1390 | 28 September | Joanna, Duchess of Brabant secretly relinquishes possession of the Duchy of Brabant to her niece, Margaret of Male, and offspring thereof.[75] |
1392 | 1 November | John of Bavaria, bishop-elect of Liège, writes to Philip the Bold to intercede for merchants from Liège arrested by the officers of Rethel.[76] |
15th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1408 | 9 September | John the Fearless takes fiscal measures to pay Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar's archers joining him on the Liège campaign. (Letter bearing only known surviving signature of John the Fearless).[77] |
28 September | Battle of Othée: forces of John the Fearless and John of Bavaria defeat Liège rebels. | |
1421 | 23 April | Philip the Good transfers usufruct of the County of Namur to John of Flanders, Lord of Béthune, for the duration of his life.[78] |
1425 | 9 December | Pope Martin V issues papal bull founding University of Leuven. |
1441 | Tapestry weavers of Oudenaarde form the Guild of St Barbara.[79] | |
1451 | 28 October | Guilds of Ghent take up arms against the Count of Flanders, Philip the Good. |
1452 | 31 May | Philip the Good declares war on the city of Ghent. |
1453 | 23 July | Battle of Gavere: forces of Philip the Good defeat rebels of Ghent, ending their rebellion. |
1454 | 17 February | The Feast of the Pheasant, a banquet given by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, held in Lille. |
1464 | 9 January–12 February | Estates General of 1464: first joint meeting of representatives of various territories of the Burgundian Netherlands.[80] |
1465 | 20 October | Battle of Montenaken: forces of Philip the Good defeat Liège militiamen.[81] |
22 December | Treaty of Saint-Trond ends hostilities between Liège and Burgundy, subjecting the prince-bishopric of Liège to Burgundian control.[82] | |
1466 | 19 to 25 August 1466 | Dinant sacked by the forces of Philip the Good, commanded by Charles the Bold |
1467 | 15 June | Death of Philip the Good; Charles the Bold succeeds as Duke of Burgundy. |
28 October | Battle of Brustem: forces of Charles the Bold, defeat forces of Liège. | |
12 November | City of Liège surrenders to Charles the Bold. | |
1468 | 3 July | Marriage of Charles the Bold and Margaret of York (Now commemorated with the five-yearly Procession of the Golden Tree) |
September | Liège again rises against Burgundian rule.[83] | |
27 October | Army of Charles the Bold reaches Liège.[84] | |
29 October | Six hundred Franchimontois raid the Burgundian encampment outside Liège, failing to dislodge besiegers.[85] | |
30 October to 2 November | City of Liège pillaged by Burgundian troops. | |
3 November | Charles the Bold orders the city of Liège systematically razed, sparing only the churches and the houses of canons.[86] | |
1469 | 1 July | Charles the Bold grants Prince-Bishop Louis of Bourbon permission to begin rebuilding Liège.[87] |
1473 | 24 April | Charles the Bold appointed mediator in the peace negotiations between Poland and Hungary.[88] |
December | Charles the Bold overhauls the administrative structures of the Burgundian Netherlands: establishes Great Council of Mechelen; orders the chambers of accounts of Lille and Brussels be combined and sit in Mechelen.[89] | |
1477 | 5 January | Charles the Bold dies in the Battle of Nancy. |
29 May | Joyous Entry of Mary of Burgundy in Leuven as Duchess of Brabant.[90] | |
18 August | Maximilian of Austria makes his entry into Ghent. | |
19 August | Marriage between Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian of Austria celebrated. | |
1478 | 22 July | Birth of Philip the Fair |
1479 | 7 August | Battle of Guinegate: forces of Mary of Burgundy and her husband Maximilian I of Habsburg defeat forces of Louis XI of France. |
1480 | 10 January | Birth of Margaret of Burgundy |
1482 | 27 March | Mary of Burgundy dies as a result of having fallen from her horse while hawking some weeks earlier. |
3 April | Funeral of Mary of Burgundy in Church of Our Lady, Bruges | |
23 December | Treaty of Arras between Louis XI of France and Maximilian I of Habsburg as heir of the Burgundian Netherlands, ceding Burgundy and Artois to France. | |
Oldest surviving parish register from the territory of what is now Belgium: marriage register from the Church of St Gudula in Brussels.[91] | ||
1493 | 23 May | Treaty of Senlis: Charles VIII of France cedes the County of Flanders and County of Artois to the House of Habsburg.[92] |
1495 | 20 January | Wedding contracts concluded for the double marriage of Philip the Fair and Margaret of Burgundy to Joanna of Castile and John, Prince of Asturias.[93] |
5 November | Double wedding by proxy of Philip the Fair and Margaret of Burgundy to Joanna of Castile and John, Prince of Asturias.[94] | |
1500 | 24 February | Birth of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent. |
7 March | Christening of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, with Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria, Charles, Prince of Chimay, and John, Lord of Bergen op Zoom as godparents.[95] | |
May | Philip of Burgundy received as ruler in Béthune, Saint-Omer and Dunkirk.[96] | |
9 June | Conference outside Calais between Henry VII of England and Philip of Burgundy.[97] | |
16th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1501 | 18 July | Birth of Isabella of Austria, daughter of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, future Queen of Christian II of Denmark. |
1509 | 25 June | Pope Julius II grants indulgence for those contributing to the rebuilding of the collegiate church of Dinant, equal to the indulgence for a pilgrimage to Rome.[98] |
1511 | 2 April | Érard de La Marck, Prince-Bishop of Liège, orders publication of Julius II's bull granting an indulgence for those contributing to the rebuilding of the collegiate church of Dinant.[99] |
1521 | 8 May | Charles V issues decree for the Habsburg Netherlands prohibiting Lutheran preaching, teaching, printing or disputation, largely parallel to the Edict of Worms that he was to sign for the Empire as a whole on 26 May but providing more repressive powers to secular authorities.[100] |
1523 | 1 July | Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes burned at the stake in Brussels for their adherence to Lutheran doctrines.[101] |
8 September | Pope Adrian VI draws up a last will and testament to dispose of his possessions in the Habsburg Netherlands, among other bequests founding a papal college for students of Theology at the University of Leuven.[102] | |
1526 | 14 January | Peace of Madrid temporarily ends the war between Charles V and Francis I of France, with France briefly relinquishing all claim to the County of Flanders, County of Artois, Tournai and the Tournaisis, and the Duchy of Burgundy.[103] |
1531 | 26 September | Mary of Hungary appointed regent over the Habsburg Netherlands.[104] |
1532 | 11 September | Charles V issues decree establishing protocols and procedure of the reorganized Council of Luxembourg.[105] |
1540 | 4 October | New edict requiring printers and booksellers to provide local magistrates with inventories of their stock.[106] |
1546 | 9 May | University of Leuven issues the first index of prohibited books.[107] |
1542 | August | French forces plunder Arlon.[108] |
1 September | Francis I of France appoints Claude, Duke of Guise as governor of the Duchy of Luxembourg. | |
1544 | Peace of Crépy ends the war between Charles V and Francis I of France, returning status quo of 1538: Duchy of Luxembourg restored to the Habsburg Netherlands.[109] | |
1549 | 12 September | Edict regulating the organization of markets throughout the Habsburg Netherlands.[110] |
1566 | 5 April | Compromise of Nobles petition Margaret of Parma to suspend the laws on heresy.[111] |
31 July | Philip II of Spain authorises Margaret of Parma to abolish the inquisition in the Habsburg Netherlands.[112] | |
August to September | Iconoclastic Fury: churches and monasteries vandalised and plundered in many parts of the Habsburg Netherlands. | |
1567 | 15 March | Attempted Calvinist coup in Antwerp.[113] |
June | Margaret of Parma reinstitutes suspended edicts against heresy.[114] | |
1568 | 18 May | Duke of Alva banishes thirty inhabitants of the city of Antwerp and their spouses, with forfeiture of property, for supporting or disseminating Calvinism – including the pensionary of the city, Jacques van Wesenbeke, and the head of the Calvinist consistory in Antwerp, the Portuguese merchant Marcus Perez.[115] |
1574 | 6 June | Don Luis de Requesens, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, issues general pardon to rebels willing to return to loyalty.[116] |
1575 | 16 June | Philip II of Spain decrees that the change of year is to be counted from 1 January throughout the Habsburg Netherlands, rather than from Christmas day (25 December), the Feast of the Annunciation (25 March) or Easter day, as was the custom in various parts.[117] |
1576 | 4 November | Sack of Antwerp by Spanish mutineers from the Army of Flanders |
8 November | Pacification of Ghent: alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands to drive mutineers from the Army of Flanders from the country and promote a peace treaty with the rebellious provinces Holland and Zeeland | |
1600 | 5 February | Battle of Lekkerbeetje in the countryside outside 's-Hertogenbosch |
2 July | Battle of Nieuwpoort between the armies of Maurice of Nassau and the Archduke Albert. | |
17th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1601 | 5 July | Siege of Ostend begins. |
1604 | 16 September | End of the Siege of Ostend |
1605 | 17 May | Don Íñigo de Borja repulses attempted Dutch landing at Blokkersdijk, near Antwerp.[118] |
1609 | 9 January | Death of Joannes Bochius, secretary to the city of Antwerp |
9 April | Twelve Years' Truce agreed in Antwerp | |
1611 | 12 July | Perpetual Edict (1611) reforming the basic rules of criminal and civil procedure in the courts of the Habsburg Netherlands.[119] |
1614 | 6 May | Aylid, wife of Giele le Hayverlin, sentenced to death for witchcraft by the magistrates of Ouffet: one of the first trials in a local spate of witchcraft accusations.[120] |
27 December | Death of Maximiliaan de Vriendt, secretary to the city of Ghent | |
1617 | Fund-raising lottery held to fund the opening of Mounts of piety in the Low Countries.[121] | |
1618 | 28 September | Opening of Mount of piety (low-interest loan bank) in Brussels, founded by Wenceslas Cobergher.[122] |
1619 | May to September | Tax resistance by Guilds of Brussels.[123] |
1620 | 19 February | First Flemish newspaper, Nieuwe Tijdinghen, begins regular publication.[124] |
3 May | Chamber of Rhetoric De Peoene hosts a rhetoric competition in Mechelen.[125] | |
1621 | April | Twelve Years' Truce expires. |
13 July | Death of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria; Spanish Netherlands revert to Philip IV of Spain; Isabella Clara Eugenia remains in Brussels as Governess General | |
1622 | 29 August | Battle of Fleurus: Army of Flanders defeats Protestant German invasion force. |
1629 | 30 April to 14 September | Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch: one of the four chief cities of the Duchy of Brabant falls to the Dutch Republic. |
1632 | Political crisis: Conspiracy of Nobles and Siege of Maastricht prompt Isabella Clara Eugenia, Governess General of the Spanish Netherlands, to summon the final session of the Estates General.[126] | |
1633 | 1 December | Death of Isabella Clara Eugenia |
1634 | 4 November | Arrival of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria as new governor general.[127] |
1635 | May to July | Beginning of hostilities in the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59): Battle of Les Avins, Sack of Tienen, Siege of Leuven |
1637 | 17 April | Exiled Dutch nobleman René van Renesse van Elderen, count of Warfusée, has the mayor of Liège, Sébastien de La Ruelle, murdered by Spanish soldiers.[128] |
1638 | 24 May to 16 July | Siege of Saint-Omer: French army fails to take the city of Saint-Omer |
20 June | Battle of Kallo: Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria prevents Dutch forces from encircling Antwerp. | |
1639 | 7 June | Relief of Thionville: imperial forces under Ottavio Piccolomini break the French siege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg |
1648 | 15 May | Peace of Münster ends the war with the Dutch Republic. |
1658 | 14 June | Battle of the Dunes: the Army of Flanders and British Royalist allies fail to raise the French-Cromwellian Siege of Dunkirk, leading to the loss of the city. |
1695 | 2 July to 1 September | Siege of Namur |
13-15 August | Bombardment of Brussels by the army of Louis XIV | |
18th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1704 | 20 June | Edict in the name of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, reorganises office of notary in the Habsburg Netherlands.[129] |
1713 | 29 January | Second Barrier Treaty confirms the closing of the Scheldt.[130] |
1714 | 6 March | Treaty of Rastatt signed: hostilities between France and Austria arising from War of the Spanish Succession cease; Spanish Netherlands become Austrian Netherlands.[131] |
1715 | Start of Flemish China trade.[132] | |
1719 | 5 February | The Saint-Joseph sets sail from Ostend for Canton.[133] |
3 August | The Saint-Joseph, from Ostend, arrives in Canton.[134] | |
19 September | Frans Anneessens, dean of the masons' guild, beheaded in Brussels for resisting innovations in city government detrimental to the power of the guilds of Brussels.[135] | |
27 November | The Saint-Joseph, from Ostend, sets sail from Canton laden with tea, porcelain, silk and Chinese roots.[136] | |
1720 | 3 June | The Saint-Joseph reaches its home port of Ostend from a voyage to Canton.[137] |
1722 | 19 December | Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor grants a charter to the Ostend Company to trade with the Indies.[138] |
1723 | 11-12 August | Shares in the Ostend Company issued on Antwerp Exchange.[139] |
1727 | 18 July | Ostend Company petitions for the harbour of Ostend to be deepened.[140] |
1734 | 16 February | Ostend Company officially ceases trading in accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1731).[141] |
1737 | 16 February | Ostend Company officially wound up.[142] |
1771 | 7 January | Privy Council grants necessary permits for artillery general Joseph de Ferraris to chart Mechelen and Brabant.[143] |
1778 | 6 August | Government edict regulating registration of baptisms, weddings and funerals: parish priests ordered to ensure that registrations of baptisms include the child's date of birth and the parents' places of birth; of weddings include the full names, status, place of birth and place of residence of the parties; of funerals include the date and time of death; and that a copy of each year's new entries in the parish register be deposited with the provincial authorities every January.[144] |
1780 | 29 November | Death of Maria Theresa. |
1782 | 1 August | Council of Luxembourg becomes a "sovereign" court: its legal decisions can no longer be appealed to the Great Council of Mechelen.[145] |
1787 | 1 January | Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees the abolition of the Council of Brabant and the institution of new law courts for the Duchy of Brabant,[146] to take effect from 1 May 1787.[147] |
20 April | Council of Brabant declares its abolition unconstitutional.[148] | |
21 September | Joseph II's interim minister plenipotentiary, Sir Joseph Murray, 3rd Baronet, postpones the abolition of the Council of Brabant.[149] | |
1788 | 22 January | Council of Brabant refuses to issue a new decree by Joseph II's minister plenipotentiary, Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff.[150] |
1789 | 26 August | Republic of Liège proclaimed.[151] |
October | Army of émigré volunteers invades the Austrian Netherlands.[152] Manifesto of the People of Brabant published. Government forces defeated in Battle of Turnhout (1789). | |
1790 | 11 January | United States of Belgium proclaimed. |
22 September | Battle of Falmagne: short-lived restoration of Austrian rule in the Low Countries | |
1791 | 13 February | Austrian military intervention restores César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck as prince-bishop of Liège |
1792 | 16 November | Battle of Jemappes: French gain control of Belgium and Liège. |
1793 | 18 March | Battle of Neerwinden: short-lived restoration of Austrian rule in the Low Countries. |
1794 | 26 June | Battle of Fleurus: decisive French victory in the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars. |
17–18 September | Battle of Sprimont: final Austrian defeat in the Low Countries | |
1795 | 1 October | Former Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric of Liège unilaterally annexed to the French First Republic.[153] |
6 November | Decree of 14 Brumaire, Year IV brings into force in Belgium the French laws of 1791 abolishing craft guilds.[154] | |
1796 | 17 June | Decree of 29 Prairial, Year IV establishes civil registration of births, marriages and deaths throughout what is now Belgium.[155] |
August | Moveables and archives of the guilds of Brussels sold at public auction on the Grand Place.[156] | |
1797 | Suppression of religious life begins in earnest.[157] | |
18 October | By the Treaty of Campo Formio the Austrian monarchy accepts the French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.[158] | |
1798 | October to December | Peasants' War (Boerenkrijg) in Flanders and Brabant; peasant army defeated near Hasselt on 5 December. |
1799 | 21 June | Execution of Pieter Corbeels, one of the leaders of the Peasant Army, in Tournai. |
19th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1801 | 9 February | Treaty of Lunéville reaffirms French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.[159] |
1810 | 2 May | Napoleon Bonaparte attends the launching of the warship Friedland in Antwerp.[160] |
1814 | 21 July | Belgium made part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.[161] |
1815 | 16 June | Battle of Ligny: Napoleon Bonaparte's last victory. |
18 June | Battle of Waterloo: final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. | |
1822 | Société Générale founded | |
1830 | 25 August | Belgian Revolution begins |
26 December | Allied powers recognise Belgian independence.[162] | |
1831 | 21 July | Leopold, Prince of Coburg, sworn in as king of the Belgians.[163] |
2–12 August | Ten Days' Campaign: Dutch attempt to re-establish rule over Belgium fails, but Dutch forces retain control of Antwerp Citadel. | |
1832 | 11 July | Order of Leopold established.[164] |
9 August | Leopold I of Belgium marries Louise of Orléans.[165] | |
20 October | Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella replaces Félix de Muelenaere as Prime Minister | |
15 November to 23 December | Siege of Antwerp by Belgian army with French support removes Dutch forces from Antwerp Citadel. | |
1834 | 4 August | Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella as Prime Minister |
1839 | 4 February | The Kingdom of the Netherlands recognises Belgian independence.[166] |
19 April | Treaty of London signed, finalising international guarantees of Belgian independence and neutrality.[167] | |
1840 | 18 April | Joseph Lebeau replaces Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt as Prime Minister |
1841 | 13 April | Jean-Baptiste Nothomb replaces Joseph Lebeau as Prime Minister |
1845 | 30 July | Sylvain Van de Weyer replaces Jean-Baptiste Nothomb as Prime Minister |
1846 | 31 March | Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Sylvain Van de Weyer as Prime Minister |
1847 | 12 August | Charles Rogier replaces Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt as Prime Minister |
1848 | 1 April | French Republican agitators seeking to foment revolution in Belgium arrested at Quiévrain.[168] |
13 June | Belgian general election, 1848 | |
1850 | 5 May | National Bank of Belgium founded |
11 June | Partial legislative elections of 1850 | |
4 August | Mediation by the King of the Belgians leads to the restoration of diplomatic relations between Spain and the United Kingdom.[169] | |
1851 | 27 October | Commercial treaty between Belgium and the United Kingdom concluded in London.[170] |
1852 | 12 February | State visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to Belgium.[171] |
8 June | Partial legislative elections of 1852 | |
31 October | Henri de Brouckère replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister | |
1853 | 22 August | Marriage of Leopold, Duke of Brabant, heir to the Belgian throne, and Marie Henriette of Austria.[172] |
1854 | 13 June | Partial legislative elections of 1854 |
1855 | 30 March | Pierre de Decker replaces Henri de Brouckère as Prime Minister |
1856 | 10 June | Partial legislative elections of 1856 |
1857 | 9 November | Charles Rogier replaces Pierre de Decker as Prime Minister |
10 December | Belgian general election, 1857 | |
1859 | 14 June | Partial legislative elections of 1859 |
31 August | Lower House of the Belgian Parliament passes a motion for the fortification of Antwerp.[173] | |
1860 | 9 July | Belgian consulate in Damascus destroyed during anti-Christian pogroms.[174] |
1861 | 11 June | Partial legislative elections of 1861 |
1 October | Commercial treaty between Britain, France and Belgium comes into effect.[175] | |
1863 | 9 June | Partial legislative elections of 1863 |
11 August | State visit of Queen Victoria to Belgium.[176] | |
1864 | 11 August | Belgian general election, 1864 |
1865 | 2 November | Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between China and Belgium, negotiated by Auguste t'Kint, signed in Beijing.[177] |
10 December | Death of Leopold I of Belgium. | |
16 December | Auguste t'Kint, consul general, arrives in Yokohama as the first Belgian diplomat in Japan.[178] | |
17 December | Leopold II of Belgium sworn in as head of state. | |
1866 | 6 March | Belgian-Chinese Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation ratified in Brussels.[179] |
12 June | Partial legislative elections of 1866 | |
1 August | Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Belgium, negotiated by Auguste t'Kint, signed in Edo.[180] | |
20 October | State banquet at Brussels for British Volunteers on visit to Belgium.[181] | |
21 October | Risk Allah Bey brought to trial in Brussels on charges of murder and forgery.[182] | |
27 December | Belgian-Japanese Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation ratified in Brussels.[183] | |
1867 | 11–18 July | 2,400 Belgian Volunteers arrive in London, received by the Lord Mayor, entertained by the Wimbledon Volunteers, and a ball held in their honour at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, with Prince Albert in attendance.[184] |
1868 | 3 January | Walthère Frère-Orban replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister |
9 June | Partial legislative elections of 1868 | |
6 August | 47 miners killed by a fire damp explosion in the Sainte Henriette mine near Jemappes.[185] | |
23 October | Frederick Doulton, MP, brought to trial in Brussels on charges of fraud in public works, but acquitted of having broken any law.[186] | |
1869 | 22 January | Death of nine-year-old Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant, heir to the Belgian throne.[187] |
20 February | Belgian senate passes a law prohibiting any French company from purchasing Belgian railways.[188] | |
25 April | Protocol signed to settle railway disputes between France and Belgium.[189] | |
26 August | Death of the painter Henri Leys.[190] | |
1870 | 11 June | Partial legislative elections of 1870 return a hung parliament |
2 July | Jules d'Anethan replaces Walthère Frère-Orban as Prime Minister | |
2 August | Belgian general election, August 1870, to break impasse of hung parliament | |
23 September | Sumptuous public celebration of the 40th anniversary of Belgian independence.[191] | |
1871 | 21 February | Regular railway services between France and Belgium resumed.[192] |
7 December | Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Jules d'Anethan as Prime Minister | |
1872 | 11 June | Partial legislative elections of 1872 |
1874 | 9 June | Partial legislative elections of 1874 |
21 August | Prime Minister Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt dies in office; succeeded by Jules Malou | |
1875 | 8 April | Birth of future king Albert I of Belgium |
1876 | 13 June | Partial legislative elections of 1876 |
1878 | June to July | Partial legislative elections of 1878 |
19 June | Walthère Frère-Orban replaces Jules Malou as Prime Minister | |
1880 | 8 June | Partial legislative elections of 1880 |
1882 | 6 May | North Sea Fisheries Convention signed, to come into effect in 1884. |
13 June | Partial legislative elections of 1882 | |
1884 | 15 May | North Sea Fisheries Convention (signed 1882) comes into effect. |
16 June | Jules Malou replaces Walthère Frère-Orban as Prime Minister | |
June and July | Belgian general election, 1884 | |
26 October | Auguste Beernaert replaces Jules Malou as Prime Minister | |
1885 | 6 April | Inaugural meeting of the Belgian Labour Party held in Brussels |
2 May to 2 November | World Exhibition in Antwerp | |
1886 | 8 June | Partial legislative elections of 1886 |
1885 | 12 June | Partial legislative elections of 1888 |
1889 | 15 April | Death of Father Damien |
1890 | 10 June | Partial legislative elections of 1890 |
8 November | Composer César Franck dies | |
1892 | 14 June | Belgian general election, 1892 |
1893 | 15 April | Inaugural meeting of the Christene Volkspartij held in Okegem, with a party programme drafted by Adolf Daens |
1894 | 26 March | Jules de Burlet replaces Auguste Beernaert as Prime Minister |
5 May to 5 November | International Exposition (world's fair) in Antwerp | |
14 October | Belgian general election, 1894 | |
1896 | 25 February | Paul de Smet de Naeyer replaces Jules de Burlet as Prime Minister |
5 and 12 July | Partial legislative elections of 1896 | |
1897 | 10 May to 8 November | Exposition Internationale (world's fair) held in Brussels |
1898 | 22 May | Partial legislative elections of 1898 |
1899 | 24 January | Jules Vandenpeereboom replaces Paul de Smet de Naeyer as Prime Minister |
5 August | Paul de Smet de Naeyer replaces Jules Vandenpeereboom as Prime Minister | |
3 December | Antoon Stillemans, bishop of Ghent, suspends Adolf Daens as a diocesan priest due to his political activism[193] | |
1900 | 27 May | Belgian general election, 1900 |
2 October | Wedding of King Albert I of Belgium and Elisabeth of Bavaria. |
20th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1901 | 3 November | Birth of future king Leopold III of Belgium. |
1902 | 25 May | Belgian general election, 1902 |
15 November | Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino attempts to assassinate Leopold II | |
1904 | 1 May | Belgium national football team play their first official game, against France. |
29 May | Belgian general election, 1904 | |
1905 | 27 April to 6 November | Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Liège takes place.[194] |
12 October | First stone of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels laid.[195] | |
17 November | Heir of the Belgian Throne, Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, dies. | |
1906 | 27 May | Belgian general election, 1906 |
1908 | 24 May | Belgian general election, 1908 |
1909 | 17 December | Death of Leopold II, King of the Belgians |
23 December | Accession of Albert I as King of the Belgians | |
1910 | 23 April to 1 November | Exposition Universelle et Internationale (world's fair) held in Brussels. |
22 May | Belgian general election, 1910 | |
1911 | Stoclet Palace completed | |
Maurice Maeterlinck awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature | ||
1912 | 2 June | Belgian general election, 1912 |
1913 | 6 April to 31 October | Exposition universelle et internationale (1913), World's Fair in Ghent. |
1914 | 24 May | Belgian general election, 1914 |
4 August | German invasion with attendant atrocities: beginning of Belgian involvement in the First World War. | |
1918 | 11 November | Armistice ends First World War. |
1919 | 16 November | Belgian general election, 1919 |
1921 | June | Crown Prince Hirohito's official visit to Belgium.[196][197] |
20 November | Belgian general election, 1921 | |
1923 | 23 May | Sabena is founded at Brussels Airport |
1925 | 6 March | Annexation of Eupen and Malmedy to the Kingdom of Belgium. |
5 April | Belgian general election, 1925 | |
Henri, Comte de Baillet-Latour is elected President of the International Olympic Committee | ||
1926 | 10 November | Wedding of King Leopold III of Belgium and Astrid of Sweden. |
1929 | 10 January | The Adventures of Tintin first published in Le Petit Vingtième |
26 May | Belgian general election, 1929 | |
1930 | 3 May to 3 November | Exposition internationale held in Liège |
7 September | Birth of future king Baudouin of Belgium | |
1931 | 12 May | Eugène Ysaÿe dies. |
1932 | 27 November | Belgian general election, 1932 |
1934 | 17 February | Death of Albert I, King of the Belgians. |
6 June | Birth of King Albert II of Belgium | |
1935 | 27 April to 6 November | Brussels International Exposition (1935) held in Heysel, near Brussels. |
29 August | Queen Astrid dies in a car crash | |
1936 | 24 May | Belgian general election, 1936 |
1937 | 22–25 May | King Baudouin makes a state visit to Britain.[198] |
1939 | 2 April | Belgian general election, 1939 |
30 July | Exposition internationale de l'eau opens in Liège. | |
1940 | 10 May | German invasion: beginning of Belgian involvement in the Second World War. |
1941 | 11 September | Lilian, Princess of Réthy, secretly marries King Leopold III |
1944 | 4 September | Liberation of Brussels and Antwerp. |
5 September | Customs Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed.[199] | |
16 December | German reinvasion: the Battle of the Bulge begins. | |
1945 | 25 January | Liberation of Belgium completed. |
8 May | End of World War II in Europe. | |
1946 | 17 February | Belgian general election, 1946 |
12 April | Flemish nationalist leader August Borms executed by firing squad as a collaborator | |
1947 | 8 September | Victor Horta dies. |
1948 | 1 January | Customs Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg comes into force.[200] |
17 March | Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.[201] | |
25 August | Treaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence, comes into effect.[202] | |
1949 | 26 June | Belgian general election, 1949 |
1950 | 12 March | Royal Question brought to a head with Belgian monarchy referendum, 1950 |
4 June | Belgian general election, 1950 | |
1951 | 18 April | Treaty of Paris signed, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.[203] |
16 July | King Leopold III abdicates | |
17 July | Baudouin of Belgium sworn in as king | |
1952 | 25 July | Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community comes into force.[204] |
1953 | 31 January to 1 February | North Sea flood damages Belgian coastal defences, killing 28 |
1954 | 11 April | Belgian general election, 1954 |
23 October | Paris Protocol agreed, transforming the Brussels Pact into the Western European Union (with Germany and Italy joining).[205] | |
1955 | 6 May | Paris Protocol transforming the Brussels Pact into the Western European Union comes into effect.[206] |
5 November | Convention establishing the Interparliamentary Consultative Council of the Benelux.[207] | |
1956 | 8 August | Mining accident of Marcinelle claims 262 lives, including 136 Italian foreign workers |
1957 | 25 March | Belgium a signatory to the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community. |
1958 | 17 April to 19 October | Expo 58, the first major World’s Fair since the Second World War. |
1960 | 15 April | Birth of future King Philippe of Belgium |
June | Belgian Congo becomes independent; on the eve of the celebrations Ambroise Boimbo snatches the ceremonial sabre of King Baudouin. | |
1 November | Treaty establishing Benelux Economic Union comes into force, providing for the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.[208] | |
1961 | 17 January | Patrice Lumumba killed in Congo |
26 March | Belgian general election, 1961 | |
1962 | 14 October | Rioting in Brussels between Flemish nationalist and Francophone demonstrators.[209] |
1963 | Jeanne Deckers, the Singing Nun, becomes world famous. | |
1964 | Salvatore Adamo becomes one of the most commercially successful musicians in the world. | |
1965 | 31 March | Treaty to establish a Benelux Court of Justice signed.[210] |
23 May | Belgian general election, 1965 | |
1966 | 10 February | Belgium ratifies London Fisheries Convention. |
15 March | London Fisheries Convention regulating fisheries in the North Sea comes into force. | |
1968 | 31 March | Belgian general election, 1968 |
1971 | 29 September to 1 October | Emperor Hirohito's state visit to Belgium.[211] |
7 November | Belgian general election, 1971 | |
1974 | 10 March | Belgian general election, 1974 |
1977 | 17 April | Belgian general election, 1977 |
11 October | Award of Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Ilya Prigogine announced[212] | |
1978 | 9 October | Jacques Brel dies. |
11 October | Leo Tindemans resigns as Prime Minister after the failure of the Egmont pact. | |
17 November | Belgian general election, 1978 | |
1981 | 8 November | Belgian general election, 1981 |
1985 | 16 to 21 May | Pope John Paul II visits Belgium. |
13 October | Belgian general election, 1985 | |
1987 | 13 December | Belgian general election, 1987 |
1990 | 4–5 April | Constitutional crisis: King Baudouin suspended as king for 36 hours after refusing to sign a law legalising abortion |
1991 | 18 July | Assassination of Socialist politician André Cools.[213] |
24 November | Belgian general election, 1991 | |
1992 | Dirk Frimout is the first Belgian in Space | |
1993 | 31 July | King Baudouin of Belgium dies in Motril |
9 August | Albert, Prince of Liège becomes 6th King of the Belgians | |
1995 | 21 May | Belgian federal election, 1995 |
June | Pope John Paul II visits Belgium. | |
1996 | 20 October | White March: approximately 300,000 people demonstrate to protest police and judicial inefficiency and demand improved child protection in the wake of the Dutroux affair |
Famous cyclist Eddy Merckx created baron by King Albert | ||
1999 | 13 June | Belgian federal election, 1999 |
12 July | Verhofstadt I Government sworn in | |
4 December | Wedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz | |
2000 | 22 September | Stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris merge as Euronext.[214] |
21st century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
2001 | 25 October | Elisabeth, duchess of Brabant is born in Anderlecht. |
6 November | Belgian national airline Sabena declared bankrupt | |
2002 | 1 January | Euro enters into circulation to replace the Belgian franc |
November | Frank De Winne is the second Belgian in space | |
Strépy-Thieu boat lift is completed | ||
2003 | 18 May | Belgian federal election, 2003 leads to formation of Verhofstadt II Government (sworn in 12 July) |
2004 | 1-22 March | Trial of serial killer and child molester Marc Dutroux, sentenced to life imprisonment |
2005 | Celebration of 175 years of Belgian independence and 25 years of federalism | |
2007 | 10 June | Belgian federal election, 2007 |
2008 | 20 March | Leterme I Government sworn in |
30 December | Van Rompuy Government sworn in following Yves Leterme's resignation as Prime Minister | |
2009 | 4 January | Johan Bonny consecrated as bishop of Antwerp |
11 October | Father Damien canonised by Pope Benedict XVI | |
December | Herman Van Rompuy becomes the first President of the European Council | |
2010 | 27 February | André-Joseph Léonard succeeds Godfried Danneels as archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels |
22 April | Fall of Leterme II Government | |
23 April | Pope Benedict XVI accepts the resignation of child molester Roger Vangheluwe as bishop of Bruges | |
13 June | Belgian federal election, 2010 leads to formation of Di Rupo Government 541 days later | |
2011 | October | Sixth Belgian state reform finalised |
6 December | Di Rupo Government sworn in 541 days after the Belgian federal election, 2010 | |
2012 | 24 October | Closure of Ford Genk announced, to be completed in 2014 with loss of over 4,000 jobs.[215] |
2013 | 21 July | Philippe becomes 7th king of the Belgians |
2014 | 24 May | Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting kills four |
25 May | Belgian federal election, 2014 | |
2015 | 21 to 25 November | Brussels lockdown |
2016 | 22 March | 2016 Brussels bombings |
History of the Low Countries | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frisii | Belgae | |||||||
Cana- nefates |
Chamavi, Tubanti | Gallia Belgica (55 BC – 5th c. AD) Germania Inferior (83 – 5th c.) |
||||||
Salian Franks | Batavii | |||||||
unpopulated (4th–5th c.) |
Saxons | Salian Franks (4th–5th c.) |
||||||
Frisian Kingdom (6th c.–734) |
Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | |||||||
Austrasia (511–687) | ||||||||
Middle Francia (843–855) | West Francia (843–) |
|||||||
Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) |
||||||||
Frisia | |
|||||||
Frisian Freedom (11–16th century) |
County of Holland (880–1432) |
Bishopric of Utrecht (695–1456) |
Duchy of Brabant (1183–1430) Duchy of Guelders (1046–1543) |
County of Flanders (862–1384) |
County of Hainaut (1071–1432) County of Namur (981–1421) |
P.-Bish. of Liège (980–1794) |
Duchy of Luxem- bourg (1059–1443) | |
Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) |
||||||||
Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) |
||||||||
Dutch Republic (Seven United Netherlands) (1581–1795) |
Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) |
|||||||
Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) |
||||||||
United States of Belgium (1790) |
R. Liège (1789–'91) |
|||||||
Batavian Republic (1795–1801) Batavian Commonwealth (1801–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) |
associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | |||||||
Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) |
||||||||
United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | ||||||||
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) |
Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) |
Gr D. L. (1839–) | ||||||
Gr D. of Luxem- bourg (1890–) |
See also
- History of Belgium
- Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries
- List of Belgian historians
- Cities in Belgium
- Timeline of Antwerp
- Timeline of Bruges
- Timeline of Brussels
- Timeline of Ghent
- Timeline of Leuven
- Timeline of Liège
References
- ↑ Fred Stevens and Axel Tixhon, L'Histoire de la Belgique pour les nuls (Paris, 2010), p. 31.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 9.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 7.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 7.
- ↑ J. Dury and J.-P. Delville, "Liège, 2: L’expansion généralisée du christianisme (viie siècle)", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 32 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015), 150-151.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 17.
- ↑ J. Keunen, "Lambertus", Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 3 (Brussels, 1968), 484-489.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 17.
- ↑ C. Vleeschouwers, "Diploma van keizer Lodewijk de Vrome voor de Sint-Baafsabdij te Gent, 819", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 3-6.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ P. Bertrand, "Hubert (Saint)", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 25 (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1995), 23-24.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 38.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 39.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), pp. 42-43.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 57.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 45.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 46.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 47.
- ↑ Cited in Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 46, note 2.
- ↑ Richerus of Rheims, Histoire de son temps, edited by G.-H. Pertz, translated and annotated by J. Guadet, vol. 1 (Paris, 1845), pp. 72, 82.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 55.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 55.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 (Ghent, 1902), p. 55.
- ↑ Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", in New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Timothy Reuter, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 318-319.
- ↑ D. Van Overstraeten, "Diploma van keizer Otto I voor de abdij van Saint-Ghislain, 965", tr. C. Vleeschouwers, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 10-13.
- ↑ G. Maréchal, "Bekrachtiging van de goederen van de Gentse Sint-Pietersabdij", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 10-13.
- ↑ Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", in New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Timothy Reuter, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1999), p. 319.
- ↑ Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", in New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Timothy Reuter, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1999), p. 323.
- ↑ Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", in New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Timothy Reuter, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1999), p. 323.
- ↑ Alan V. Murray, The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099: Structure and dynamics of a contingent on the First Crusade, Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 70/2 (1992), pp. 301-329.
- ↑ K. Maddens, "Schenking van het altaar van Tielt aan het Sint-Salvatorskapittel van Harelbeke, 1105", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 15-17.
- ↑ M.-A. Dimier, "Dunes", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 14 (Paris, 1960), 1039-1044.
- ↑ M. Soenen, "Verkoop allodiaal domein te Woluwe, 1125", tr. C. Vleeschouwers, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 17-21.
- ↑ G. Hansotte, "Bevestiging van de bezittingen van de abdij van Stavelot, 1146", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 21-22.
- ↑ M. Grauwen, "Bekrachtiging der goederen van de abdij van Affligem, 1147", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 23-25.
- ↑ F. Ladrier, "De erfopvolging van Hendrik de Blinde, graaf van Namen, 1163–1184", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 29-33.
- ↑ A. Graffart, "Godfried III en Tienen, 1168", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 26-29.
- ↑ G. Wymans, "Oorkonde van het kapittel van Zinnik, geschreven door Gillebert van Bergen, kanselier van Henegouwen, 1198", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 37-39.
- ↑ F. Ladrier, "De erfopvolging van Hendrik de Blinde, graaf van Namen, 1163–1184", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 29-33.
- ↑ F. Ladrier, "De erfopvolging van Hendrik de Blinde, graaf van Namen, 1163–1184", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 29-33.
- ↑ Bart Fransen, "Recherches historiques / Historisch onderzoek", Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, 32 (2006-2008), pp. 95-101.
- ↑ G. Wymans, "Vredesverdrag tussen Hendrik I, hertog van Brabant, en Boudewijn V, graaf van Henegouwen en Vlaanderen, 1194", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 33-37.
- ↑ G. Wymans, "Oorkonde van het kapittel van Zinnik, geschreven door Gillebert van Bergen, kanselier van Henegouwen, 1198", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 37-39.
- ↑ F. W. Brooks, "The Battle of Damme, 1213", Mariner's Mirror 16 (1930), 264-271.
- ↑ John France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 (London, 2002), p. 166.
- ↑ Georges Duby, Le Dimanche de Bouvines, 27 juillet 1214 (Gallimard, 1985).
- ↑ C. Wyffels, "Het verschijnen in ons land van Nederlands en Frans in de ambtelijke schrijftaal", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 43-45.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Vrijstelling van 'beste hoofd', 1232", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 46-48.
- ↑ C. Wyffels, "Het verschijnen in ons land van Nederlands en Frans in de ambtelijke schrijftaal", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 43-45.
- ↑ C. Wyffels, "Het verschijnen in ons land van Nederlands en Frans in de ambtelijke schrijftaal", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 45.
- ↑ Bart Fransen, "Recherches historiques / Historisch onderzoek", Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, 32 (2006-2008), pp. 95-101.
- ↑ M. Grawuen, "Inrichting van een school te Leuven, 1245", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 48-50.
- ↑ C. Wyffels, "Economische oorlog tussen Vlaanderen en Engeland", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 54-56.
- ↑ C. Wyffels, "Economische oorlog tussen Vlaanderen en Engeland", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 54-56.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Geschil over een dijk bij Nieuwpoort", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 63-65.
- ↑ J. Danhieux, "Handel tussen Engeland en Vlaanderen, 1296", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 65-67.
- ↑ C. Dumont, "Handelsverdrag tussen Filips de Schone, koning van Frankrijk, en Jan van Avesnes, graaf van Henegouwen, 1297", tr. H. Coppens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 68-69.
- ↑ J. Bovesse, "Verbreking van de persoonlijke dynastieke band tussen de graafschappen Vlaanderen en Namen op het eind van de 13de eeuw", tr. H. Coppens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 70-72.
- ↑ J. Bovesse, "Statuten van het Naamse beenhouwersambacht, 1303", tr. E. Persoons, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 72-76.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Le Soulèvement de la Flandre Maritime de 1323 à 1328 (Brussels, 1900).
- ↑ W. De Keyzer, "Huwelijksdispensatie voor Edward III, koning van Engeland en Filippa van Henegouwen, 1327", tr. E. Persoons, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 76-78.
- ↑ W. De Keyzer, "Huwelijksdispensatie voor Edward III, koning van Engeland en Filippa van Henegouwen, 1327", tr. E. Persoons, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 76-78.
- ↑ L. Danhieux, "Bruggelingen als gijzelaars in Frankrijk, 1328", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 78-82.
- ↑ A. Graffart, "Verdrag van bondgenootschap tussen Brabant en Vlaanderens, 1339", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 83-87.
- ↑ Patricia Carson, James Van Artevelde: The Man from Ghent (Ghent, 1980).
- ↑ R. Wellens, "Verbond der steden, 1355", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 88-89.
- ↑ R. Wellens, "Blijde Inkomst van Brabant, 1356", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 89-92.
- ↑ "Chambre des comptes. Lille", data.bnf.fr (website of the Bibliothèque nationale de France), last updated 7 Feb. 2017. Accessed 25 June 2017.
- ↑ A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en glazenmakersambacht van Brussel, 1707–1794", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 268.
- ↑ A. Van Nieuwenhuysen, "De erfopvolging in Brabant, 1392", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1, tr. J. Verhelst, (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 97-99.
- ↑ G. Hansotte, "De betrekkingen tussen Luikenaren en Bourgondiërs in de XIVde eeuw", tr. J. Verhelst, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 99-100.
- ↑ A. Zoete, "Brief van Jan zonder Vrees, 1408", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 103-106.
- ↑ J. Bovesse, "Verkoop van het graafschap Namen wan Filips de Goede, heritage van Bourgondië, 1421", tr. J. Verhelst, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 108-111.
- ↑ G. gadijn, "Wandtapijtkunst te Oudenaarde, 1596", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 190-192.
- ↑ Wim Blockmans, "De samenstelling van de staten van de Bourgondische landsheerlijkheden omstreeks 1464", Standen en Landen 47 (1968), pp. 57-112.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), pp. 72-73.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), pp. 72-73.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), p. 74.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction]", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), p. 78.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), p. 79.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), p. 84.
- ↑ Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen age à nos jours (Brussels, 1999), pp. 86-87.
- ↑ J. Verhelst, "Vredesonderhandelingen tussen Polen en Hongarije, 1473", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 112-113.
- ↑ D. Van Derveeghde, "Poging tot reorganisatie en centralisatie van de financiën onder Karel de Stoute, 1473", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 113-115.
- ↑ R. Wellens, "Blijde Inkomst in Brabant, 1477", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 115-117.
- ↑ A. Libois, "Tekening in een parochieregister: het huwelijk", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 179-190.
- ↑ U. Vermeuelen, "Bekrachtiging van het verdrag van Senlis, 1493", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 118-119.
- ↑ Joni M. Hand, Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350-1550 (Ashgate, 2013), p. 84
- ↑ Joni M. Hand, Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350-1550 (Ashgate, 2013), p. 84
- ↑ Adriaan van Meerbeeck, Chronijcke vande gantsche Werelt (Antwerp, 1620), p. 3.
- ↑ Adriaan van Meerbeeck, Chronijcke vande gantsche Werelt (Antwerp, 1620), p. 4.
- ↑ Adriaan van Meerbeeck, Chronijcke vande gantsche Werelt (Antwerp, 1620), p. 4.
- ↑ A. Smolar-Meynart, "Aflaatbul voor de wederopbouw van de collegiale kerk van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw the Dinant, 1509", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 122-124.
- ↑ A. Smolar-Meynart, "Aflaatbul voor de wederopbouw van de collegiale kerk van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw the Dinant, 1509", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 122-124.
- ↑ E. Persoons, "Edikt van Worms, 8 mei 1521. Speciale tekst voor de Nederlanden. France versie", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 124-126.
- ↑ E. Persoons, "Edikten of 'placcaten' van Karel V tegen het Lutheranisme", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 150-153.
- ↑ M. Grauwen, "Testament van paus Adriaan VI, 1523", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 127-129.
- ↑ U. Vermeulen, "Vrede van Madrid, 1526", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 129-130.
- ↑ J. Buntinx, "Maria van Hongarije landvoogdes, 1531", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 131-132.
- ↑ R. Petit, "Keizerlijke verordening houdend reglement van de Raad van Luxemburg, 1532", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 132-141.
- ↑ E. Persoons, "Edikten of 'placcaten' van Karel V tegen het Lutheranisme", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 150-153.
- ↑ E. Persoons, "Edikten of 'placcaten' van Karel V tegen het Lutheranisme", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 150-153.
- ↑ R. Petit, "Rekwest van de burgers van Aarlen tot het bekomen van de alleenhandel in de proosdij, 1548", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 156-159.
- ↑ R. Petit, "Rekwest van de burgers van Aarlen tot het bekomen van de alleenhandel in de proosdij, 1548", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 156-159.
- ↑ R. Petit, "Rekwest van de burgers van Aarlen tot het bekomen van de alleenhandel in de proosdij, 1548", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 156-159.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Het eedverbond der edelen, 1565-1566", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 164-169.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Het eedverbond der edelen, 1565-1566", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 164-169.
- ↑ H. Delvaux, "Veroordeling van Antwerpse hervormden, 1568", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 171-173.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Het eedverbond der edelen, 1565-1566", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 164-169.
- ↑ H. Delvaux, "Veroordeling van Antwerpse hervormden, 1568", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 171-173.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Het eedverbond der edelen, 1565-1566", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 164-169.
- ↑ J. De Keyzer, "Kalenderhervorming in de Spaanse Nederlanden, 1575", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 173-176.
- ↑ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), pp. 83-84. Partial view on Google Books.
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- ↑ P. Bauwens, "Heksenproces, 1614", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 200-203.
- ↑ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), p. 82. Partial view on Google Books.
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- ↑ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), p. 76. Partial view on Google Books.
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- ↑ De Schadt-kiste der philosophen ende poeten (Mechelen, Henry Jaye, 1621)
- ↑ Louis Prosper Gachard, Actes des États Généraux de 1632, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1853), pp. 3-5.
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- ↑ Henri Lonchay, "La Ruelle (Sébastien de)", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 11 (Brussels, 1891), 374.
- ↑ A. Libois, "Huwelijkskontrakt tussen Amand Thirion en Marie Joseph Fontaine, 1733", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 234-241.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ M. Soenen, "Gedrukte tekst van het Verdrag van Rastadt, 1714", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 219-222.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ Alphonse Wauters, "Anneessens, François", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1866), 300-317.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, Vol. 5: Het einde van het Spaansch stelsel. Het Oostenrijksch stelsel. De Brabantsche omwenteling en de Luiksche omwenteling (Ghent, 1929), p. 195.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Dossier van werken in de haven van Oostende, 1727", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 233-234.
- ↑ L. Michielsen, "Het einde van de Oostendsche Kompagnie", Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis 28 (1937), 128-129.
- ↑ J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224-228.
- ↑ W. Buntinx, "Vervaardiging van de kaart van de Zuidelijke Nederlanden genaamd 'Kaart van Ferraris', 1771–1777", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 251-254.
- ↑ A. Libois, "Tekening in een parochieregister: het huwelijk", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 179-190.
- ↑ R. Petit, "Keizerlijke verordening houdend reglement van de Raad van Luxemburg, 1532", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 132-141.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 262-267.
- ↑ "Causes of the discontents in the Austrian Netherlands", The Annual Register 29 (1789), p. 208.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 262-267.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 262-267.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 262-267.
- ↑ Bruno Demoulin, Recueil des instructions aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France (Principauté de Liège 31; 1998), p. xxxviii.
- ↑ D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 262-267.
- ↑ Jan Roegiers, "Revolutie in de seminaries", Trajecta 9 (2000), 112-133.
- ↑ A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en glazenmakersambacht van Brussel, 1707–1794", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 270.
- ↑ A. Libois, "Tekening in een parochieregister: het huwelijk", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 179-190.
- ↑ A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en glazenmakersambacht van Brussel, 1707–1794", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 270.
- ↑ Jan Roegiers, "Revolutie in de seminaries", Trajecta 9 (2000), 112-133.
- ↑ s.v. "Austrian Netherlands", Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History since 1789, edited by Nicholas Atkin, Michael Biddiss, Frank Tallett (Oxford, 2011).
- ↑ s.v. "Austrian Netherlands", Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History since 1789, edited by Nicholas Atkin, Michael Biddiss, Frank Tallett (Oxford, 2011)
- ↑ http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1036116001&objectId=3226625&partId=1 Le Friedland de quatre-vingt canons lancé dans le port d'Anvers], The British Museum. Accessed 16 June 2017.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 39.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 244.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 308.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 338.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 389.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 556.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 577.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 612.
- ↑ William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 77.
- ↑ Dirk De Ruyver, "The First Treaty between Belgium and Japan", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 21-111.
- ↑ Dirk De Ruyver, "The First Treaty between Belgium and Japan", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 21-111.
- ↑ Dirk De Ruyver, "The First Treaty between Belgium and Japan", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 21-111.
- ↑ Dirk De Ruyver, "The First Treaty between Belgium and Japan", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 21-111.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 755.
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- ↑ Dirk De Ruyver, "The First Treaty between Belgium and Japan", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 21-111.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), pp. 781, 783.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 836.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 843.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 857.
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- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 869.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 883.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 949.
- ↑ Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871), p. 985.
- ↑ Jan de Maeyer, Arthur Verhaegen, 1847-1917: de rode baron (Leuven University Press, 1994), p. 306.
- ↑ Liège et l'Exposition universelle de 1905, edited by Christine Renardy (Brussels, 2005).
- ↑ Jean van Cleven, Neogotisch project: H. Hartbasiliek van Koekelberg, Vlaanderen, 40 (1991), pp. 200-201.
- ↑ David De Cooman, "Crown Prince Hirohito's Visit to Belgium", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 131-145.
- ↑ La Libre Belgique, 21 June 1921.
- ↑ "Belgium's Policy. King's Visit. Vital Talks. Neutrality and Colonies". Sydney Morning Herald. 24 March 1937. p. 17. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 978.
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- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 905.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 655.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 655.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 905.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 905.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 978.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 978.
- ↑ "20 Wounded in Brussels Word Riots". Chicago Tribune. 15 October 1962. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ↑ H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968), p. 978.
- ↑ Belgium Hirohito Visit, AP Archive.
- ↑ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/press.html
- ↑ Marc Cools and Veerle Pashley, "Shadows of Power: Agusta, a Belgian Affair", in The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe edited by Judith van Erp, Wim Huisman, Gudrun Vande Walle (Routledge, 2015), pp. 336-345.
- ↑ Handbook of Finance. Volume I: Financial Markets and Instruments, edited by Frank J. Fabozzi (Hoboken NJ, 2008), p. 143.
- ↑ "Ford Genk sluit in 2014". De Standaard (in Dutch). 24 October 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Further reading
Belgian history
- Paul Arblaster, A History of the Low Countries (Palgrave Essential Histories, 2012)
- Samuel Humes, Belgium: Long United, Long Divided (Hurst, 2014)
Timelines
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Belgium". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg – via HathiTrust.
- B.B. Woodward; William L.R. Cates (1872). "Belgium". Encyclopedia of Chronology. London: Longmans, Green and Company.
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Belgium", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- "Belgium". Political Chronology of Europe. Europa Publications. 2003. ISBN 978-1-135-35687-3.
External links
- "Belgium profile: timeline", BBC News
- History page at Belgian government web portal. Accessed 8 February 2015.
- History page at Visit Belgium website. Accessed 8 February 2015.
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