List of female scientists before the 20th century

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

Marble herm in the Vatican Museums inscribed with Aspasia's name at the base. Discovered in 1777, this marble herm is a Roman copy of a 5th-century BC original and may represent Aspasia's funerary stele.
Hypatia by Julia Cameron

Middle Ages

Herrad of Landsbert
  • Abella (11th century), Italian physician[7]
  • Adelle of the Saracens (12th-century), Italian physician
  • Adelmota of Carrara (14th-century), Italian physician
  • Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th-century), Muslim nurse
  • Maesta Antonia (1386-1408), Florentine physician[8]
  • Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313-1325), French physician[9]
  • Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon[10]
  • Zulema L'Astròloga (1190-after 1229), Moorish astronomer
  • Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th-century), Italian-Jewish physician[11]
  • Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher[1]:126
  • Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes[12]
  • Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon[13]
  • Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician[14]
  • Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine[15]
  • Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye[16][17]
  • Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1276), Jewish-Sicilian physician[18]
  • Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician[19]
  • Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon[20]
  • Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician[21]
  • Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
  • Fava (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician[22]
  • Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
  • Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th-century), Catalan physician [23]
  • Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon[24]
  • Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[25]
  • Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician[26]
  • Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[27]
  • Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher[28]
  • Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
  • Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician[16][17]
  • Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
  • Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon[17]
  • Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician[29]
  • Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician[30]
  • Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician[31]
  • Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician[32]
  • Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon[33]
  • Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician[17]
  • Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main[34]
  • Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon[16]
  • Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician[35]
  • Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon[36]
  • Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician[37]
  • Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
  • Perette Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon[38]
  • Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
  • Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician[39]
  • Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician[40]
  • Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
  • Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician[41]
  • Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon[42]
  • Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon[43]
  • Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician[44]
  • Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon[45]
  • Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon[46]
  • Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician[47]

16th century

17th century

Margaret Cavendish

18th century

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville
Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour

19th century

Anthropology

Archeology

Astronomy

Biology or natural history

Mary Anning

Chemistry

Engineers

Geology

Inventors

Mathematics

Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)

Microbiology

Medicine

Nuclear physics

  • Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

Psychology

Science education

Sociology

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Yount 2007
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
  3. 1 2 Ogilvie 1986
  4. ↑ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.
  5. ↑ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81-84. Irby-Massie , 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
  6. ↑ Gabriele Kass-Simon, Patricia Farnes, Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
  7. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  8. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  9. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  10. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  11. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  12. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  13. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  14. ↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.
  15. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  16. 1 2 3 Walsh 1911
  17. 1 2 3 4 Howard 2006
  18. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  19. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  20. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  21. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  22. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  23. ↑ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra»
  24. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  25. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  26. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  27. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  28. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  29. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  30. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  31. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  32. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  33. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  34. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  35. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  36. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  37. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  38. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  39. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  40. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  41. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  42. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  43. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  44. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  45. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  46. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  47. ↑ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
  48. ↑ Alic 1986
  49. ↑ Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". Malta: Women, History, Books and Places (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). pp. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016.
  50. ↑ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
  52. ↑ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.

References

  • Alic, Margaret (1986). Hypatia's heritage : a history of women in science from antiquity through the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807067314. 
  • Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. Retrieved 24 October 2013. 
  • Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9. 
  • Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762. 
  • Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7. 
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X. 
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963422. 
  • Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277. 
  • Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434. 
  • Walsh, James J. (2014). "VIII. Medieval Women Physicians". Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Students and Teachers of Medicine During the Middle Ages. Auckland: The Floating Press. pp. 150–169. ISBN 9781776530236. 
  • Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950. 
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