39th United States Congress
| 39th United States Congress | |
|---|---|
|
38th ← → 40th | |
|
United States Capitol (1877) | |
| March 4, 1865 – March 4, 1867 | |
| Senate President |
Andrew Johnson (D) until April 15, 1865 Vacant from April 15, 1865 |
| Senate Pres. pro tem |
Lafayette S. Foster (R) Benjamin Wade (R) |
| House Speaker | Schuyler Colfax (R) |
| Members |
54 Senators 193 Representatives 9 Non-voting members |
| Senate Majority | Republican |
| House Majority | Republican |
| Sessions | |
|
Special: March 4, 1865 – March 11, 1865 1st: December 4, 1865 – July 28, 1866 2nd: December 3, 1866 – March 4, 1867 | |
The Thirty-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1865, to March 4, 1867, during the first month of Abraham Lincoln's fifth year as president, and the first two years of his successor, U.S. President Andrew Johnson.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
Major events
- March 4, 1865: Second inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln.
- April 9, 1865: Surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War
- April 15, 1865: Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson became President of the United States
- December 11, 1865: Creation of the House Appropriations Committee and the House Banking and Commerce Committee, reducing the tasks of the House Ways and Means Committee
- January, 1866: The second and current United States Capitol dome completed after 11 years of work.
- July 24, 1866: Tennessee became the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.
- November 5, 1866: United States House of Representatives elections, 1866
- January 8, 1867: African American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia
Major legislation
- April 9, 1866: Civil Rights Act of 1866, Sess. 1, ch. 31, 14 Stat. 27
- July 16, 1866: Freedmen's Bureau Bill, Sess. 1, ch. 200, 14 Stat. 173
- July 23, 1866: Judicial Circuits Act, Sess. 1, ch. 210, 14 Stat. 209, reduced the number of United States circuit courts to nine and the number of Supreme Court justices to seven
- July 25, 1866: An Act to revive the Grade of General in the United States Army, Sess. 1, ch. 232, 14 Stat. 223, (now called "5-star general"); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became the first to have this rank.
- July 28, 1866: Metric Act of 1866, Sess. 1, ch. 301, 14 Stat. 339, legalized the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States.
Constitutional amendments
- December 18, 1865: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declared ratified
- June 13, 1866: Approved an amendment to the Constutiton addressing citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification[1]
- Amendment was later ratified on July 9, 1868, becoming the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution[2]
States admitted
- July 24, 1866: Tennessee readmitted to representation.
- March 1, 1867: Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, Sess. 2, ch. 36, 14 Stat. 391 (over president's veto)
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
During this Congress, two seats were added for the new state of Nebraska.
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (D) |
Republican (R) | Unionist (U) | Unconditional Unionist (UU) | |||
| End of the previous congress | 10 | 33 | 3 | 4 | 50 | 22 |
| Begin | 9 | 37 | 1 | 1 | 48 | 24 |
| End | 8 | 41 | 3 | 2 | 54 | 20 |
| Final voting share | 14.8% | 75.9% | 5.6% | 3.7% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 8 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 21 |
House of Representatives
During this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nebraska.
| Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates majority/plurality caucus) |
Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (D) |
Republican (R) |
Independent Republican (IR) |
Unionist (U) |
Unconditional Unionist (UU) |
Other | Vacant | ||
| End of previous Congress | 72 | 84 | 2 | 9 | 16 | 0 | 183 | 56 |
| Begin | 40 | 132 | 1 | 4 | 14 | 0 | 191 | 51 |
| End | 41 | 134 | 13 | 193 | 49 | |||
| Final voting share | 21.2% | 69.9% | 2.1% | 6.7% | 0.0% | |||
| Beginning of the next Congress | 45 | 140 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 188 | 55 |
Leadership
President of the Senate
Andrew Johnson, until April 15, 1865
Andrew Johnson, until April 15, 1865
Senate
- President: Andrew Johnson (D), until April 15, 1865; vacant thereafter.
- President pro tempore: Lafayette S. Foster (R), until March 2, 1867
- Benjamin F. Wade (R), elected March 2, 1867
- Republican Conference Chairman: Henry B. Anthony
House of Representatives
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1868; Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1870; and Class 3 meant their term ended in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1866.
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- replacements: 8
- Democratic: 2-seat net loss
- Republican: 2-seat net gain
- Unionist: no net change
- Unconditional Union: no net change
- deaths: 4
- resignations: 2
- vacancy: 1
- seats of newly admitted states: 2
- seats of re-admitted states: 2
- Total seats with changes: 12
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maryland (3) | Vacant | Sen. Thomas Hicks had died during previous congress. Successor elected March 9, 1865. |
John Creswell (UU) | March 9, 1865 |
| New Jersey (2) | Vacant | Although elected in time for this Congress, the Senator-elect was not seated until March 15, 1865. Senator was later removed in election dispute, see below. |
John P. Stockton (D) | March 15, 1865 |
| Tennessee (2) | Vacant | Tennessee re-admitted to the Union. Senators were elected July 24, 1866. |
Joseph S. Fowler (U) | July 24, 1866 |
| Tennessee (1) | David T. Patterson (U) | July 28, 1866 | ||
| Iowa (3) | James Harlan (R) | Resigned May 15, 1865, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Successor elected January 13, 1866. |
Samuel J. Kirkwood (R) | January 13, 1866 |
| Vermont (3) | Jacob Collamer (R) | Died November 9, 1865. Successor was appointed November 21, 1865, to continue the term. Appointee was elected October 24, 1866, to finish the term.[3] |
Luke P. Poland (R) | November 21, 1865 |
| New Jersey (2) | John P. Stockton (D) | Disputed election led to Senate vacating the seat March 27, 1866. Successor elected September 19, 1866. |
Alexander G. Cattell (R) | September 16, 1866 |
| Vermont (1) | Solomon Foot (R) | Died March 28, 1866. Successor was appointed April 3, 1866, to continue the term. Appointee was elected October 24, 1866, to finish the term.[3] |
George F. Edmunds (R) | April 3, 1866 |
| Kansas (2) | James H. Lane (R) | Died July 11, 1866, after being mortally wounded from a self-inflicted gunshot 10 days earlier Successor was appointed July 19, 1866, to continue the term. Appointee was elected January 23, 1867, to finish the term.[4] |
Edmund G. Ross (R) | July 19, 1866 |
| New Hampshire (3) | Daniel Clark (R) | Resigned July 27, 1866, after being appointed Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of New Hampshire. Successor was appointed August 31, 1866. |
George G. Fogg (R) | August 31, 1866 |
| New Jersey (1) | William Wright (D) | Died November 1, 1866. Successor was appointed November 12, 1866. Appointee was elected January 23, 1867, to finish the term.[5] |
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (R) | November 12, 1866 |
| Nebraska (1) | New seat | Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. | Thomas Tipton (R) | March 1, 1867 |
| Nebraska (2) | John M. Thayer (R) |
House of Representatives
- replacements: 9
- Democratic: 1-seat net gain
- Republican: 2-seat net gain
- Unconditional Unionist: 1 seat net loss
- Unionist: 0 net change
- deaths: 4
- resignations: 4
- contested election: 3
- seats from newly admitted states: 1
- seats from re-admitted states: 8
- Total seats with changes: 21
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tennessee 1st | Vacant | Tennessee re-admitted into the Union | Nathaniel G. Taylor (U) | July 24, 1866 |
| Tennessee 2nd | Horace Maynard (UU) | |||
| Tennessee 3rd | William B. Stokes (UU) | |||
| Tennessee 4th | Edmund Cooper (U) | |||
| Tennessee 5th | William B. Campbell (U) | |||
| Tennessee 6th | Samuel M. Arnell (UU) | |||
| Tennessee 7th | Isaac R. Hawkins (U) | |||
| Tennessee 8th | John W. Leftwich (UU) | |||
| Maryland 2nd | Edwin H. Webster (UU) | Resigned some time in July, 1865 after being appointed Collector of Customs for the port of Baltimore | John L. Thomas Jr. (UU) | December 4, 1865 |
| New York 16th | Orlando Kellogg (R) | Died August 24, 1865 | Robert S. Hale (R) | December 3, 1865 |
| Massachusetts 6th | Daniel W. Gooch (R) | Resigned September 1, 1865, after being appointed Navy Agent for the port of Boston | Nathaniel P. Banks (R) | December 4, 1865 |
| Pennsylvania 16th | Alexander H. Coffroth (D) | Lost contested election February 19, 1866 | William H. Koontz (R) | July 18, 1866 |
| Indiana 7th | Daniel W. Voorhees (D) | Lost contested election February 23, 1866 | Henry D. Washburn (R) | February 23, 1866 |
| New York 8th | James Brooks (D) | Lost contested election April 7, 1866 | William E. Dodge (R) | April 7, 1866 |
| New York 3rd | James Humphrey (R) | Died June 16, 1866 | John W. Hunter (D) | December 4, 1866 |
| Kentucky 6th | Green C. Smith (UU) | Resigned some time in July, 1866 after being appointed Governor of the Montana Territory. | Andrew H. Ward (D) | December 3, 1866 |
| Kentucky 5th | Lovell Rousseau (UU) | Resigned July 21, 1866, after being reprimanded for his assault of Iowa Rep. Josiah B. Grinnell. Was re-elected to fill his own seat. | Lovell Rousseau (UU) | December 3, 1866 |
| Kentucky 3rd | Henry Grider (D) | Died September 7, 1866 | Elijah Hise (D) | December 3, 1866 |
| Pennsylvania 11th | Philip Johnson (D) | Died January 29, 1867 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Nebraska Territory At-large | Phineas Hitchcock (R) | Nebraska achieved statehood March 1, 1867 | District eliminated | |
| Nebraska At-large | New State | Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. Seat remained vacant until March 2, 1867 | Turner M. Marquette (R) | March 2, 1867 |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
Senate
- Agriculture
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
- Claims
- Coins, Weights and Measures (Select)
- Commerce
- Compensation (Select)
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
- District of Columbia
- Finance
- Foreign Relations
- Indian Affairs
- Interior Department Clerical Force (Select)
- Judiciary
- Manufactures
- Military Affairs
- Mines and Mining
- Mississippi River Levees Reconstruction (Select)
- National Banks (Select)
- National Telegraph Company (Select)
- Naval Affairs
- Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
- Pacific Railroad
- Patents and the Patent Office
- Pensions
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Private Land Claims
- Public Lands
- Retrenchment
- Revolutionary Claims
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Territories
- Whole
House of Representatives
- Accounts
- Agriculture
- Appropriations
- Banking and Currency
- Claims
- Commerce
- District of Columbia
- Elections
- Expenditures in the Interior Department
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the State Department
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings
- Foreign Affairs
- Freedmen's Affairs
- Indian Affairs
- Invalid Pensions
- Manufactures
- Mileage
- Military Affairs
- Militia
- Mines and Mining
- Naval Affairs
- Pacific Railroads
- Patents
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Public Expenditures
- Public Lands
- Revisal and Unfinished Business
- Revolutionary Claims
- Roads and Canals
- Rules (Select)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories
- Ways and Means
- Whole
Joint committees
- Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
- Conduct of the War
- Enrolled Bills
- Retrenchment
- To Inquire into the Condition of the States which Formed the So-Called Confederate States
Employees
- Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter, resigned May 26, 1865
- Edward Clark, appointed August 30, 1865
- Librarian of Congress: Ainsworth Rand Spofford
Senate
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: Charles B. Boynton (Congregationalist)
- Clerk: Edward McPherson
- Doorkeeper: Ira Goodnow
- Messenger to the Speaker: William D. Todd
- Postmaster: Joshua Given
- Reading Clerks: [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
- Sergeant at Arms: Nehemiah G. Ordway
See also
- United States elections, 1864 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1866 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
References
- ↑ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". National Archives. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ↑ Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). "Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution" (PDF). Congressional Research Service reports. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.
- 1 2 Byrd & Wolff, page 176
- ↑ Byrd & Wolff, page 108
- ↑ Byrd & Wolff, page 142
Further reading
- Aynes, Richard L. "The 39th Congress (1865–1867) and the 14th Amendment: Some Preliminary Perspectives," Akron Law Review, 42 (no. 4, 2009), 1019–49.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Byrd, Robert C.; Wolff, Wendy (October 1, 1993). "The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992" (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.
External links
- Statutes at Large, 1789–1875
- Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: House History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
- Congressional Directory for the 39th Congress, 1st Session.
- Congressional Directory for the 39th Congress, 2nd Session.
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