Agrostis

Bentgrass
Agrostis capillaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Agrostis
L.
Type species
Agrostis canina
L.[1][2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Vilfa Adans.
  • Trichodium Michx.
  • Decandolia T.Bastard
  • Agraulus P.Beauv.
  • Notonema Raf.
  • Candollea Steud.
  • Bromidium Nees & Meyen
  • Anomalotis Steud.
  • Didymochaeta Steud.
  • Agrestis Bubani
  • Podagrostis (Griseb.) Scribn. & Merr.
  • Pentatherum Nábelek
  • Senisetum Honda
  • Neoschischkinia Tzvelev
  • Linkagrostis Romero García, Blanca & C.Morales

Agrostis (bent or bentgrass) is a large and very nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family, found in nearly all the countries in the world.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] It has been bred as a GMO creeping bent grass.[14]

Species

  1. Agrostis aequivalvi (Arctic bent)[3]
  2. Agrostis agrostiflora
  3. Agrostis alpina
  4. Agrostis ambatoensis
  5. Agrostis × amurensis
  6. Agrostis anadyrensis
  7. Agrostis angrenica
  8. Agrostis arvensis
  9. Agrostis atlantica
  10. Agrostis australiensis
  11. Agrostis bacillata
  12. Agrostis balansae
  13. Agrostis barceloi
  14. Agrostis basalis
  15. Agrostis bergiana
  16. Agrostis bettyae
  17. Agrostis × bjoerkmannii
  18. Agrostis blasdalei
  19. Agrostis boliviana
  20. Agrostis boormanii
  21. Agrostis bourgaei
  22. Agrostis boyacensis
  23. Agrostis brachiata
  24. Agrostis brachyathera
  25. Agrostis breviculmis
  26. Agrostis burmanica
  27. Agrostis calderoniae
  28. Agrostis canina (velvet bent)
  29. Agrostis capillaris (common bent, browntop)
  30. Agrostis carmichaelii
  31. Agrostis castellana (highland bent)
  32. Agrostis × castriferrei
  33. Agrostis clavata (northern bent)
  34. Agrostis × clavatiformis
  35. Agrostis clemensorum
  36. Agrostis comorensis
  37. Agrostis congestiflora
  38. Agrostis continuata
  39. Agrostis curtisii (bristle bent)
  40. Agrostis cypricola
  41. Agrostis decaryana
  42. Agrostis delicatula
  43. Agrostis delislei
  44. Agrostis densiflora (California bent)
  45. Agrostis diemenica
  46. Agrostis dimorpholemma
  47. Agrostis divaricatissima
  48. Agrostis dshungarica
  49. Agrostis durieui
  50. Agrostis dyeri
  51. Agrostis elliotii
  52. Agrostis elliottiana
  53. Agrostis emirnensis
  54. Agrostis eriantha
  55. Agrostis exarata (spike bent)
  56. Agrostis exserta
  57. Agrostis filipes
  58. Agrostis flaccida
  59. Agrostis foliata
  60. Agrostis × fouilladeana
  61. Agrostis gelida
  62. Agrostis ghiesbreghtii
  63. Agrostis gigantea (black bent, redtop)
  64. Agrostis × gigantifera
  65. Agrostis glabra (J.Presl)
  66. Agrostis goughensis
  67. Agrostis gracilifolia
  68. Agrostis gracililaxa
  69. Agrostis griffithiana
  70. Agrostis hallii
  71. Agrostis × hegetschweileri
  72. Agrostis hendersonii
  73. Agrostis hesperica
  74. Agrostis hideoi
  75. Agrostis hirta
  76. Agrostis holgateana
  77. Agrostis hookeriana
  78. Agrostis hooveri
  79. Agrostis howellii
  80. Agrostis hugoniana
  81. Agrostis humbertii
  82. Agrostis humilis
  83. Agrostis hyemalis (winter bent)
  84. Agrostis hygrometrica
  85. Agrostis idahoensis
  86. Agrostis imbecilla
  87. Agrostis imberbis
  88. Agrostis inaequiglumis
  89. Agrostis inconspicua
  90. Agrostis infirma
  91. Agrostis innominata
  92. Agrostis insularis
  93. Agrostis isopholis
  94. Agrostis jahnii
  95. Agrostis joyceae
  96. Agrostis juressii
  97. Agrostis keniensis
  98. Agrostis kilimandscharica
  99. Agrostis koelerioides
  100. Agrostis kolymensis
  101. Agrostis korczaginii
  102. Agrostis lacuna-vernalis
  103. Agrostis laxissima
  104. Agrostis lazica
  105. Agrostis lehmannii
  106. Agrostis lenis
  107. Agrostis leptotricha
  108. Agrostis liebmannii
  109. Agrostis longiberbis
  110. Agrostis mackliniae
  111. Agrostis magellanica
  112. Agrostis mannii
  113. Agrostis marojejyensis
  114. Agrostis masafuerana
  115. Agrostis media
  116. Agrostis mertensii (Arctic bent)
  117. Agrostis merxmuelleri
  118. Agrostis meyenii
  119. Agrostis micrantha
  120. Agrostis microphylla
  121. Agrostis montevidensis
  122. Agrostis muelleriana
  123. Agrostis munroana
  124. Agrostis × murbeckii
  125. Agrostis muscosa
  126. Agrostis musjidii
  127. Agrostis nebulosa
  128. Agrostis nervosa
  129. Agrostis nevadensis
  130. Agrostis nevskii
  131. Agrostis nipponensis
  132. Agrostis novogaliciana
  133. Agrostis × novograblenovii
  134. Agrostis olympica
  135. Agrostis oregonensis
  136. Agrostis oresbia
  137. Agrostis pallens (dune bent, seashore bent)
  138. Agrostis pallescens
  139. Agrostis × paramushirensis
  140. Agrostis parviflora
  141. Agrostis paulsenii
  142. Agrostis peninsularis
  143. Agrostis perennans (upland bent)
  144. Agrostis personata
  145. Agrostis peschkovae
  146. Agrostis petriei
  147. Agrostis philippiana
  148. Agrostis pilgeriana
  149. Agrostis pilosula
  150. Agrostis pittieri
  151. Agrostis platensis
  152. Agrostis pleiophylla
  153. Agrostis pourretii
  154. Agrostis producta
  155. Agrostis propinqua
  156. Agrostis quinqueseta
  157. Agrostis reuteri
  158. Agrostis rosei
  159. Agrostis rossiae
  160. Agrostis rupestris
  161. Agrostis salaziensis
  162. Agrostis salsa
  163. Agrostis sandwicensis
  164. Agrostis × sanionis
  165. Agrostis scabra (rough bent, tickle bent)
  166. Agrostis scabrifolia
  167. Agrostis schaffneri
  168. Agrostis schleicheri
  169. Agrostis schmidii
  170. Agrostis sclerophylla
  171. Agrostis serranoi
  172. Agrostis sesquiflora
  173. Agrostis sichotensis
  174. Agrostis sikkimensis
  175. Agrostis sinocontracta
  176. Agrostis sinorupestris
  177. Agrostis × stebleri
  178. Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent)
  179. Agrostis × subclavata
  180. Agrostis subpatens
  181. Agrostis subrepens
  182. Agrostis subulata
  183. Agrostis subulifolia
  184. Agrostis tandilensis (Kennedy's bent)
  185. Agrostis tateyamensis
  186. Agrostis taylorii
  187. Agrostis tenerrima
  188. Agrostis thompsoniae
  189. Agrostis thurberiana
  190. Agrostis tibestica
  191. Agrostis tileni
  192. Agrostis tolucensis
  193. Agrostis × torgesii
  194. Agrostis trachychlaena
  195. Agrostis trachyphylla
  196. Agrostis trichodes
  197. Agrostis trisetoides
  198. Agrostis tsaratananensis
  199. Agrostis tsiafajavonensis
  200. Agrostis tsitondroinensis
  201. Agrostis turrialbae
  202. Agrostis tuvinica
  203. Agrostis uliginosa
  204. Agrostis umbellata
  205. Agrostis ushae
  206. Agrostis × ussuriensis
  207. Agrostis variabilis (mountain bent)
  208. Agrostis venezuelana
  209. Agrostis venusta
  210. Agrostis vidalii
  211. Agrostis vinealis (brown bent)
  212. Agrostis virescens
  213. Agrostis volkensii
  214. Agrostis wacei
  215. Agrostis zenkeri
Formerly included
[3]

Hundreds of species were listed in the Agrostis genus, but are now considered better suited to other genera: Achnatherum, Aira, Alloteropsis, Apera, Arundinella, Calamagrostis, Chaetopogon, Chionochloa, Chloris, Cinna, Colpodium, Crypsis, Cynodon, Deschampsia, Dichelachne, Digitaria, Eremochloa, Eriochloa, Eustachys, Gastridium, Graphephorum, Gymnopogon, Lachnagrostis, Leptochloa, Muhlenbergia, Pentameris, Phippsia, Piptatherum, Poa, Polypogon, Puccinellia, Reimarochloa, Relchela, Schismus, Sporobolus and Zingeria.

Uses

Some species of bents are commonly used for lawn grass. This is a desirable grass for golf course tees, fairways and greens.

Bentgrass is used in turf applications for its numerous advantages: it can be mowed to a very short length without damage, it can handle a great amount of foot traffic, it has a shallow root system that is thick and dense allowing it to be seeded and grow rather easily, and it has a pleasing, deep green appearance. The name "bent" refers to the shallow roots, which bend just below the surface of the soil to propagate laterally.

Creeping bent

(Agrostis stolonifera) is the most commonly used species of Agrostis. Historically, it was often called Orcheston long grass, after a village on Salisbury Plain, England. It is cultivated almost exclusively on golf courses, especially on putting greens. Creeping bent aggressively produces horizontal stems, called stolons, that run along the soil's surface. These allow creeping bent to form dense stands under conducive conditions and outcompete bunch-type grass and broadleaf weeds. As such, if infested in a home lawn, it can become a troublesome weed problem. The leaves of the bentgrass are long and slender. It can quickly take over a home lawn if it is not controlled and has very shallow roots.[15]

Creeping bentgrass has been genetically engineered to be glyphosate tolerant, as "one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops". In 2003 the Scotts Company planted it as part of a large (about 160 ha) field trial in central Oregon near Madras. In 2004, its pollen was found to have reached wild growing bentgrass populations up to 14 kilometres away. Cross-pollinating Agrostis gigantea was even found at a distance of 21 kilometres.[14] The grower could not remove all genetically engineered plants and in 2007, the U.S. Department of Agriculture fined the grower $500,000 for non-compliance with regulations in 2007.[16]

Common bent

(Agrostis capillaris or Colonial bent) was brought to America from Europe. This was the type of grass that was used on the lawns of most estates. It is the tallest of the bents with very fine texture and like most bent grasses grows very densely. Although this species has been used on golf courses and sporting fields it is better suited for lawns. Colonial bent is fairly easy to grow from seeds and fertilization of the lawn is not as intense. This grass also takes longer to establish than creeping bent. However it does not require the intense maintenance.

Velvet bent

(Agrostis canina) gets it name for the velvet appearance that this grass produces. It has the finest texture of all the bent grasses. This grass was used in Europe for estate lawns and golf courses because it could be cut so short. Velvet bent grass requires similar upkeep and maintenance to creeping bent. Velvet bent has recently had a resurgence in the UK due to the high demands on greens from inclement weather and speed expectations. This species also has a lighter color than the two previous species.

Butterfly food plant

Butterflies whose caterpillars feed on Agrostis include:

See also

References

  1. lectotype designated by Philipson, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 51 (1937)
  2. Tropicos, Agrostis L.
  3. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  4. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 61-63
  5. Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). "The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references". The Grass Genera of the World. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  6. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 340 剪股颖属 jian gu ying shu Agrostis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 61. 1753.
  7. Flora of Pakistan
  8. Altervista Flora Italiana genere Agrostis includes photos and distribution maps of several species
  9. Ausgrass, Grasses of Australia
  10. Cabi, E. & M. Doğan. 2012. Poaceae. 690–756. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul
  11. Rúgolo de Agrasar, Z. E. & A. M. Molina. 1997. Las especies del género Agrostis L. (Gramineae: Agrostideae) de Chile. Gayana, Botánnca 54(2): 91–156
  12. Soreng, R. J. & P. M. Peterson. 2003. Agrostis. 48: 42–89. In R. J. Soreng, P. M. Peterson, G. Davidse, E. J. Judziewicz, F. O. Zuloaga, T. S. Filgueiras & O. Morrone (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): IV. Subfamily Pooideae, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C
  13. Zon, A. P. M. v. 1992. Graminées du Cameroun. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 92–1(2): 1–557.
  14. 1 2 Watrud, L.S., Lee, E.H., Fairbrother, A., Burdick, C., Reichman, J.R., Bollman, M., Storm, M., King, G.J., Van de Water, P.K. (2004) Evidence for landscapelevel, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(4): 14533-14538. PMID 15448206
  15. Johnson, Tim (7 June 2016). "Bentgrass will take over unless you act. Here's what to do.". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  16. USDA USDA CONCLUDES GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CREEPING BENTGRASS INVESTIGATION USDA Assesses The Scotts Company, LLC $500,000 Civil Penalty. 26 November 2007
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