The Trouble with Normal (book)

The Trouble with Normal

Cover of the book. The use of the "Billy" leather doll is intended to subvert the trope showing two "bridegroom" figurines atop a wedding cake.[1]
Author Michael Warner
Country United States
Language English
Subject Same-sex marriage
Publisher The Free Press
Publication date
 1999
Media type Print
ISBN 0-684-86529-7
OCLC 247327043

The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life is a book by Michael Warner that discusses the role of same-sex marriage as a goal for gay rights activists. First published in 1999 by The Free Press, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, it was re-published in 2000 in paperback by Harvard University Press. Warner argues that the right to marry is an inadequate and ultimately undesirable goal for gay rights activism.[2] As well as addressing marriage, he considers other areas in which public discourse stigmatizes certain sexual behaviors, including through sensationalist coverage of sex scandals, public zoning initiatives that marginalize the sex industry, and the attempted use of shame to manage sexually transmitted disease. The book has been described as a classic of the debates on normalcy as a goal for the gay rights movement,[3] and as an important contribution to queer theory.[4]

Overview

The Trouble with Normal argues that same-sex marriage should not be the sole goal for gay rights activism; that gay activists should work toward equal benefits for domestic partners and unconventional families. When national LGBT activists insist on the overriding importance of marriage, the book argues, it stigmatizes queer people who choose other types of relationships, while ignoring a broad range of legal benefits that could help the entire community, not just legally married couples. Criticizing those who present gay marriage and the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy as the sole remaining aims of the (American) gay rights movement, Warner contends that the institutional sanctioning of certain types of relationship always comes at the expense of others, which are constituted by contrast as abnormal, inferior, and shameful.[5] He argues that any queer rights movement would do better to abandon the pursuit of normality in favour of campaigning for the recognition of broader varieties of sexual expression as dignified.[6] He discusses the part played by the idea of normality in the uneven distribution of sexual shame that inhibits lives, and the negative consequences — including greater risk of violence and disease — that result.[7]

Synopsis

Chapter One, "The Ethics of Sexual Shame", criticizes the idea that there is some morally compelling aspect to "normality", arguing that the normal range is simply a statistical category to which there is no ethical obligation to correspond: "If normal just means within a common statistical range, there is no reason to be normal or not"[8] (see also Hume's Guillotine). Warner uses the example of former US president Bill Clinton's impeachment after a sexual scandal to argue that public and political discourse uses shame disingenuously, to portray certain kinds of sexual behaviour as intolerable, when private morality generally recognises the compatibility of sex with dignity.[9]

The second chapter, titled "What's Wrong with Normal?", argues that as well as being a limited goal, less urgent than the elimination of violence and discrimination against queer people, same-sex marriage actively causes negative consequences both for queer and straight people, because in validating a single, prescribed type of relationship it devalues and makes more difficult other kinds of interpersonal relationship. Warner argues that the campaign for gay marriage threatens to turn the gay rights movement, previously a powerful force against the stigmatization of sex, into a tool for the normalization of queer life.[10]

In Chapter Three, "Beyond Gay Marriage", Warner proposes that by restricting its campaigning to demands for same-sex marriage, the gay rights movement has marginalized and ignored queer counterpublics that it would have served better by presenting a broad range of sexual lives as moral.[6]

In the fourth chapter, "Zoning Out Sex", Warner examines the history of zoning regulation changes in 1990s New York City. He argues that stricter regulation of the city's sex-related businesses represents a trend toward the repression of sex and the "erosion of queer publics."[11] By removing problematic, visible, queer sex from public spaces, Warner argues, these policies relegated sexuality to a private sphere of presumed heterosexuality. The net effect was to heighten hypocrisy over the conduct of sexual relationships, supporting the impression that the best any sexuality campaigner can aspire to is admission to a limited sphere of normality that is politically sanctioned, but also deliberately placed outside the sphere of the politically debatable.[12]

In the final chapter, "The Politics of Shame and HIV Prevention", Warner challenges the assertion, made by gay authors like Larry Kramer, that sexual recklessness is to blame for continuing cases of HIV infection. Warner argues that, on the contrary, the political use of shame to stigmatize certain kinds of sexual activity actually puts more people at risk of contracting HIV and developing AIDS, by marginalizing those in at-risk communities and restricting access to condoms and safer sex advice.[13] He also criticizes abstinence-only sex education as "an appalling insult to gay men and lesbians among others"[14] and an inadequate response to the problems of public sexual health, asserting that "shame and stigma are often among the most intractable dimensions of risk."[15]

Commercial and critical reception

As the Library Journal noted, The Trouble With Normal was sometimes construed as a straightforward response to Andrew Sullivan's 1995 Virtually Normal.[16] David Bell, in Contemporary Sociology, accordingly characterized The Trouble with Normal as a move in the "assimilationist debates", over the extent to which gay people should aspire to 'normality', that characterized 1990s and 2000s gay rights activism.[17] In these debates Warner was ranged against Andrew Sullivan and Larry Kramer, who argued that the most radical goals the movement could seek were the acceptance of gay life into the political and cultural mainstream, through rights like marriage. Warner insisted that, on the contrary, queer people were ideally positioned to critique and challenge mainstream institutions and should not settle for mere tolerance. The debate was impassioned; Warner told the Guardian that "This Fifties version of how gay life should be that we've been handed is actually not making a lot of people happy", while Sullivan asked "What could be more boring than to still be referring to yourself as "queer"?"[18] In 2003 the Library Journal described Warner's book as a classic in the field of the debate on normalcy.[3]

Queer theorist Judith Butler, with whose idea of the necessarily transgressive nature of queerness Warner takes issue, called the book "brave and timely", applauding its analysis of sexual shame and noting that "one may not concur with every word, but everyone will attest to the power and necessity of the invaluable critical voice offered here."[19] Martha Nussbaum, writing in The New Republic, praised the book's moral opposition to "the domination of the 'normal': "Warner is a deft and thoughtful writer who turns his own experience of the margins into a source of genuine understanding about America and its sexual politics...what Warner's book finally demands of us is...genuine reflection."[20] Nussbaum later called the book "clearly written and argued, insightful about human life, and valuable both in its theoretical analysis and its recommendations for practice."[4]

Kirkus Reviews praised the "lapidary skill" with which the book criticized heteronormativity, but objected to its emphasis on the need for an already marginalized gay community to change: "Telling gay people that, for various ethical reasons, they shouldn't even want to marry, when they already can't, does not change the fact that laws that enfranchise some while disenfranchising others are discriminatory. Warner's rhetoric persuasively reveals the hierarchical parameters of marriage and the constraints of normalcy, but a more universal approach to his topic would delineate the limitations of marriage for all people, not just queer people. In the end, his polemic leaves standing discriminatory treatment of queers for the sake of a theoretical attack on normalcy."[21]

Release details

Publishers Weekly noted that, though The Trouble with Normal engaged with a broad social context through its analysis of the Clinton affair, the degree to which Warner criticized the positions of gay advocates Kramer, Michelangelo Signorile, and William Eskridge "positions his arguments as an intra-community fight and may limit his readership."[22] The Library Journal recommended the book as a "provocative polemic" for "specialized collections"[16] The New York Times characterized Warner as one of the Free Press's "contrarian" writers, quoting editorial director Elizabeth Macguire as noting that the book's anti-mainstream message had not been universally popular at the publishing house, but insisting that "If you don't embrace a book, really believe you produced with the author a good book, it doesn't work. That doesn't have much to do with ideology."[23]

Editions

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jagose, Annamaria (2000). "Queer World Making: Annamarie Jagose interviews Michael Warner". Genders (31). Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  2. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. vii. At a time when the largest gay organizations are pushing for same-sex marriage, I argue that this strategy is a mistake and that it represents a widespread loss of vision in the movement.
  3. 1 2 Azzolina, David. "Archer, Bert. The End of Gay (and the Death of Heterosexuality).(Book Review)". Library Journal. 2003 (February): 288.
  4. 1 2 Nussbaum, Martha (Spring 2001). "How Should Feminists Criticize One Another?". American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy. 00 (2). Retrieved 16 February 2009.
  5. ↑ Kurth, Peter (8 December 1999). ""THE TROUBLE WITH NORMAL" by Michael Warner". Salon.com. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
  6. 1 2 Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 147.
  7. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. pp. 211–12.
  8. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 54.
  9. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 40.
  10. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 80.
  11. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 161.
  12. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 184. It rests in a fantasy that persons in their political capacities as citizens and historical actors are nonsexual... Persons in their sexual capacities remain in the zone of privacy whose heterosexuality is legally mandated and whose isolation from public culture the zoning bill tries to preserve. These twin fantasies, of dead citizens and sexual subjects, require massive and complementary amnesias. Citizens must routinely forget everything they know about sex. And sexual subjects must routinely forget everything they know about public culture.
  13. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 201. Publicly funded [safer sex] campaigns [in the US] are scarce, vague, and ineffective. To walk around the streets or to consult the media, one would be hard pressed to find any indication that safer sex is commonly practiced.
  14. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 205.
  15. ↑ Warner, Michael (1999). The Trouble with Normal. The Free Press. p. 211.
  16. 1 2 Van Buskirk, James E. (1999). "The Trouble With Normal (review)". The Library Journal.
  17. ↑ Bell, David (September 2003). "Review (untitled) of Warner, Michael Publics and Counterpublics". Contemporary Sociology. 32 (5): 617–618. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
  18. ↑ Hellmore, Edward (30 April 2000). "America rallies to a teenage gay icon". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
  19. ↑ "Butler review reproduced at Amazon.com".
  20. ↑ Nussbaum, Martha (January 3, 2000). ""Experiments in Living," review of Michael Warner, The Trouble With Normal". The New Republic. 221 (1): 31–36.
  21. ↑ "The Trouble With Normal (review)". Kirkus Reviews. 1999.
  22. ↑ "Review: The Trouble with Normal". Publishers Weekly (November 1999).
  23. ↑ Arnold, Martin (22 July 1999). "MAKING BOOKS; Stumping At the Bookshelf". New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
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