Jarabe Tapatío
The "Jarabe Tapatío", better known internationally as "The Mexican Hat Dance", is a popular Mexican dance also popular in other countries such as Cuba, Peru, and the Dominican Republic, that has come to symbolize Latin America both domestically and internationally.[1]
History
The word jarabe is likely from the Arab word xarab which means "herb mixture".[2] Tapatío is a nickname for the people of Guadalajara .[1] The jarabe tapatío shares its name with a number of dances from the center and south of Mexico, including the jarabe de Jalisco, the jarabe de atole and the jarabe moreliano, but the tapatío version is by far the best known.[2] There is some dispute as to the jarabe tapatío’s authenticity. Music researcher Nicolás Puentes Macías from Zacatecas states that true jarabes are almost extinct in Mexico, found today only in small fractions of Zacatecas and Jalisco and that the jarabe tapatío is really a form of a dance called "tonadilla."[3]
The earliest evidence of the dance comes from the late 18th century. It was originally danced by female couples in order to avoid the disapproval of the church. Shortly before the Mexican War of Independence, mixed couples began to perform it, with a public performance at the Coliseo Theater in 1790 in Mexico City.[1][4] Shortly after that performance, The jarabe was banned by colonial and religious authorities as it was considered to be morally offensive and a challenge to Spain’s control over the territory. However, this only served to make the dance more popular as a form of protest and rebellion, with people holding illegal dances in public squares and neighborhood festivals.[1]
Just after Independence, the jarabe and other dances grew and spread in popularity even more, with colonial-era restrictions lifted. People celebrated the end of the war in 1821 with large fiestas, which prominently featured the jarabe. Jarabe and other folk dances came to be seen as part of Mexico’s emerging identity as a country. The jarabe would maintain various regional forms, but that associated with Guadalajara gained national status, becoming not only popular in that city but also in Mexico City as well, as a dance for the elite around the 1860s.[1][4] By the Mexican Revolution, it had become popular with the lower classes as well.[1] During the Revolution, the dance's popularity waned somewhat until Guadalajara music professor Jesús González Rubio composed a standard melody for it as a symbol of national unity, leading the dance to become the "national dance" of Mexico and the melody to gain wide popular recognition.[1][2] It became internationally famous after Russian dancer Anna Pavlova added it to her permanent repertoire after visiting Mexico in 1919.[2]
The jarabe remained in vogue in Mexico until about 1930, especially in Mexico City.[2] It remains taught in nearly every grade school in Mexico.[1]
Performance
The dance represents the courtship of a man and a woman, with the woman first rejecting the man’s advances, then eventually accepting them.[4] It has a definite sexual component in metaphor, which was the original reason for disapproval by authorities.[1]
As the dance has lost its controversial status and gained status as a representative of Mexico, the dancers have come to wear garb that is also highly representative of Mexican women and men.[4] For women, the most traditional outfit is called the "China Poblana."[2] The blouse and skirt combination is named after a woman from India who came to Mexico on the Manila Galleon to work as a servant in the early 19th century. Her Asian dress was copied and then adapted in the State of Puebla, with the skirt now heavily embroidered and otherwise decorated with patriotic images. The traditional outfit for men is that of the charro, generally heavily decorated in silver trim.[1][2]
The music played to accompany the dance was written to be danced to and its played either by mariachi bands or by bands playing only string instruments such as various types of guitars, harps and violin.[1][3]
Popularity
The song's popularity has led it to be used in many forms of media. For example, "Yakko's World" and "All the Words in the English Language" on Animaniacs are performed to the song's tune. In The Simpsons TV series it is used to reference the Bumblebee Man, a Mexican stereotype character.
The Jarabe's tune was used in adverts for Morrisons, primarily in the 1980s and 1990s, and some adverts in the mid-2000s. The supermarket's slogan and jingle at that time, 'More reasons to shop at Morrisons', had its tune derived from the Jarabe's melody which was used in all adverts in these eras.
A Jarabe also appears in Aaron Copland's ballet Billy the Kid, played in 5
8 time, the tune on a solo trumpet (with orchestral accompaniment).[5]
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pedelty, Mark (2004). Musical Ritual in Mexico City : From the Aztec to NAFTA. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-0-292-70231-8.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 José Luis Ovalle. "Jarabe Tapatío" [(Mexican hat dance)] (in Spanish). Chicago: The Mexican Folkloric Dance Company of Chicago. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- 1 2 Arreola, Gerardo (September 19, 2007). "El jarabe tapatío ni es jarabe ni es tapatío: Nicolás Puentes Macías" [The jarabe tapat+io is not jarabe or from Guadalajara: Nicolás Puentes Macías]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 "El Jarabe Tapatío (Jalisco)" [(Mexican hat dance)Jalisco] (in Spanish). Mexico City: The Mexico Desconocido magazine. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- ↑ Elizabeth Bergman Crist (Dec 11, 2008). Music for the Common Man: Aaron Copland during the Depression and War. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780199888801.