Metropolitan Police Service

Metropolitan Police Service
Common name	The Met[1]
Abbreviation	MPS[2]
Logo
Flag
Motto	Total Policing[1]
Agency overview
Formed	29 September 1829[3]
Preceding agencies	Bow Street Runners[4] Marine Police Force[5]
Employees	43,272 (total)[6] 32,125 police officers[6] 9,521 police staff 1,626 PCSOs[7]
Volunteers	3,271 special constables 1,500 Met Police volunteers 3,658 volunteer police cadets
Annual budget	£3.24 billion[8]
Legal personality	Non government: Police force
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction*	Police area of Metropolitan Police District in the county of Greater London, UK
Map of police area
Size	1,578 km2 (609 sq mi)
Population	8.5 million[7]
Legal jurisdiction	England and Wales (throughout the whole of the United Kingdom, including Scotland and Northern Ireland, under certain limited circumstances)
Primary governing body	Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime
Secondary governing body	Home Office
Constituting instruments	Metropolitan Police Act 1829 Metropolitan Police Act 1839 Police Act 1996
General nature	Law enforcement Local civilian police
Operational structure
Overviewed by	Home Office/HMIC/IPCC
Headquarters	New Scotland Yard
Police officers	32,125 full time[6] 3,271 special constables[6]
PCSOs	1,626[6]
Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime responsible	Sophie Linden
Agency executives	Cressida Dick, Commissioner Craig Mackey, Deputy Commissioner
Facilities
Stations	180
Airbases	Lippitts Hill​ Police Air Base
Boats	22
Helicopters	3
Dogs	250
Website
www.met.police.uk
Footnotes
* Police area agency: Prescribed geographic area in the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction.

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The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), formerly and still commonly known as the Metropolitan Police, formally called the Metropolitan Police Force, and informally referred to as the Met, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London, which is the responsibility of the City of London Police.^[9]

The Met also has significant national responsibilities, such as co-ordinating and leading on UK-wide national counter-terrorism matters, and the protection of the senior members of the British Royal Family, and also members of The Cabinet and other ministerial members of Her Majesty's Government.^[10]

As of March 2016, the Met employed 43,272 full-time personnel. This included 32,125 sworn police officers, 9,521 police staff, and 1,626 non-sworn police community support officers. This number excludes the 3,271 Special Constables, who work part-time (a minimum of 16 hours a month) and who have the same powers and uniform as their regular colleagues.^[6] This makes the Metropolitan Police the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin, and one of the biggest in the world.^[11]

The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, usually known as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner and commonly also known simply as the Commissioner, is the overall operational leader of the force, and the Commissioner is answerable, responsible and accountable to The Queen, the Home Office and the Mayor of London, through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime.

The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. As of June 2017, the post was occupied by Cressida Dick, with Deputy Commissioner Craig Mackey.

A number of informal names and abbreviations are applied to the Metropolitan Police Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London (or Cockney slang), it is sometimes referred to as the Old Bill.^[12] The Met is also referred to by the metonym Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall.^[13] The Met's current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, in Victoria.

History

The Metropolitan Police Service, whose officers became affectionately known as "bobbies", was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. In 1839, the Marine Police Force, which had been formed in 1798, was amalgamated into the Metropolitan Police.^[14] In 1837, it also incorporated with the Bow Street Horse Patrol that had been organised in 1805.^[15]

Governance

Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the Metropolitan Police through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The mayor is able to appoint someone to act on his behalf; the current office-holder is Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime, Sophie Linden. The work of MOPAC is scrutinised by the Police and Crime Committee (also known as a police and crime panel) of the London Assembly. These structures were created by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 and replaced the Metropolitan Police Authority appointed board created in 2000 by Greater London Authority Act 1999.

Police area and other forces

The area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police District (MPD). In terms of geographic policing, the Met is divided into a number of Borough Operational Command Units, which directly align with the 32 London boroughs covered. The City of London (which is not a London borough) is a separate police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Police.

The Ministry of Defence Police are responsible for policing of Ministry of Defence property throughout the United Kingdom, including its headquarters in Whitehall and other MoD establishments across the MPD.^[16]

The British Transport Police are responsible for policing of the rail network in the United Kingdom, including London. Within London, they are also responsible for the policing of the London Underground, Tramlink, The Emirates Air Line (cable car) and the Docklands Light Railway.^[17]

The English part of the Royal Parks Constabulary, which patrolled a number of Greater London's major parks, was merged with the Metropolitan Police in 2004, and those parks are now policed by the Royal Parks Operational Command Unit.^[18] There is also a small park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Gardens, whose officers have full police powers within the park. A few London borough councils maintain their own borough park constabularies, though their remit only extends to park by-laws, and although they are sworn as constables under laws applicable to parks, their powers are not equal to those of constables appointed under the Police Acts, meaning that they are not police officers.^[19]

It should be noted that, despite these specialist police forces, the Met is statutorily responsible for law and order throughout the MPD and can take on primacy of any incident or investigation within it.

Metropolitan Police officers have legal jurisdiction throughout all of England and Wales, including areas that have their own special police forces, such as the Ministry of Defence, as do all police officers of territorial police forces.^[20] Officers also have limited powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland.^[21] Within the MPD, the Met will take over the investigation of any serious crime from the British Transport Police and Ministry of Defence Police, if it is deemed appropriate. Terrorist incidents and complex murder enquiries will almost always be investigated by the Met,^[22][23] with the assistance of any relevant specialist force, even if they are committed on railway or Ministry of Defence property. A minor oddity to the normal jurisdiction of territorial police officers in England and Wales is that Met officers involved in the protection duties of the Royal Family and other VIPs have full police powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland in connection with those duties.^[24]

Organisation and structure

The Metropolitan Police Service is organised into the following directorates:

• Territorial Policing
• Specialist Crime & Operations
• Specialist Operations
• Directorate of Professionalism
• Shared Support Services (part of Met Headquarters)

Each is overseen by an Assistant Commissioner, or in the case of administrative departments, a director of police staff, which is the equivalent civilian staff grade. The management board is made up of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioners and Directors.

In June 2015, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe, said there was some justification in claims that the Metropolitan Police Service is institutionally racist.^[25] Hogan-Howe suggested that society as a whole was institutionally racist and that it was not a problem confined to the police: “I don’t think people often understand what the term means. It’s a label, but in some sense there is a truth there for some people and we’ve got to accept that. “I think society is institutionally racist. You see lack of representation in many fields – of which the police are one – from judges to doctors, to journalists, to editors, to governments.” ^[26]

Ranks

The Metropolitan Police Service uses the standard British police ranks, indicated by shoulder boards, up to Chief Superintendent, but uniquely has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three; namely Commander, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner.^[27] All senior officers of the rank of Commander and above are chief police officers of NPCC (previously ACPO) rank.

The Met approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new recruits wearing the Velcro badges from September 2004. The badge consists of the wearer's rank, followed by their surname.^[28]

Following controversy over assaults by uniformed officers with concealed shoulder identification numbers^[29] during the G20 summit, Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson said, "the public has a right to be able to identify any uniformed officer whilst performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.^[30]

The Met uniformed officer rank structure, with shoulder badge features, is as follows:

• Police Constable (PC): Divisional call sign and shoulder number. Note that Detective Constables and Police Constables are the same rank.
• Sergeant (Sgt or PS): Three pointing-down chevrons above the divisional call sign and shoulder number. An "acting" sergeant, such as a substantive constable being paid an allowance to undertake the duties of a sergeant for a short period of time, displays two pointing-down chevrons above the divisional call sign, and shoulder number. The use of three chevrons by an acting sergeant is technically incorrect. Three chevrons should only be used during a period of temporary (as oppose to acting) promotion or when substantively in the rank.
• Inspector (Insp): Two Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips".
• Chief Inspector (C/Insp): Three pips.
• Superintendent (Supt): Single crown.
• Chief Superintendent (C/Supt): Single crown over one pip.
• Commander (Cmdr): Crossed tipstaves in a bayleaf wreath. This is the first ACPO rank.
• Deputy Assistant Commissioner (DAC): One pip over Commander's badge.
• Assistant Commissioner (Asst Comm): Crown over Commander's badge.
• Deputy Commissioner (D/Comm): Crown above two side-by-side small pips, above Commander's badge.
• Commissioner (Comm): Crown above one pip above Commander's badge.

The Met also has several active Volunteer Police Cadet units, which maintain their own internal rank structure.^[31] The Metropolitan Special Constabulary (MSC) is a contingent of part-time volunteer police officers and is attached to most Borough Operational Command Units. The MSC has its own internal rank structure.

The prefix "Woman" in front of female officers' ranks has been obsolete since 1999. Members of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) up to and including the rank of Chief Superintendent prefix their ranks with "Detective". Detective ranks are equivalent in rank to their uniform counterparts. Other departments, such as Special Branch and Child Protection, award non-detectives "Branch Detective" status, allowing them to use the "Detective" prefix. None of these detective ranks confer on the holder any extra pay or supervisory authority compared to their uniformed colleagues.

Resources

The Metropolitan Police Service consists of warranted regular police officers and special constables (police officers are not employees), and employed civilian staff and police community support officers.^[32] The Met was the first force to introduce PCSOs.

Police numbers

• Regular police officers: 32,125^[33]
• Police Community Support Officers: 1,626^[33]
• Special Constables: 3,271^[33]
• Designated Officers: 695^[34]
• Dogs: around 250^[35]
• Horses: 120^[36]
• Police staff: 9,521^[33]

Historic numbers of police officers

• 2014: 30,932 (this excludes Special Constables who volunteer part-time, of which there were 4,587)^[37]
• 2013: 30,398 (this excludes Special Constables who volunteer part-time, of which there were 5,303)^[38]
• 2011: 32,380 (this excludes Special Constables who volunteer part-time, of which there were 4,459)^[39]
• 2010: 33,260 (this excludes Special Constables who volunteer part-time, of which there were 3,125)^[40]
• 2009: 32,543 (this excludes Special Constables who volunteer part-time, of which there were 2,622)^[41]
• 2004: 31,000 (approx)^[42]
• 2003: 28,000 (approx)^[42]
• 2001: 25,000 (approx)^[43]
• 1984: 27,000 (approx)^[44]
• 1965: 18,016^[45]
• 1952: 16,400^[46]
• 1912: 20,529^[47]

Fleet

The Met operates and maintains a fleet of more than 8,000 vehicles,^[48] which are used for a range of duties, including:^[49]

• Area Cars: used for patrol and 999 emergency response and are driven by advanced drivers.
• Incident Response Vehicles (IRV) or Response Cars: used for patrol and 999 emergency response.
  

  Met Police IRV
  

  One of the Met's BMW Area Cars
• Traffic Units : used to patrol the motorways and are pursuit authorized, enforce traffic laws and encourage road safety.
• Protected Carriers: used for public order duties.
• Control Units: used for incident command and control purposes.
• Armoured Multi-role Vehicles: used for public order duties, airport duties or as required.
• General Purpose Vehicles: used for general support and transportation duties of officers or equipment.
• Training Vehicles: used to train police drivers under lights and sirens.
• Miscellaneous Vehicles: such as horseboxes and trailers.

The majority of vehicles have a service life of three to five years; the Met replaces or upgrades between 800 and 1,000 vehicles each year. As of 2012, the Met has transitioned all new vehicles into the Battenburg markings, which is a highly-reflective material on the side of the vehicles, chequered blue and yellow (symbol of police). The old livery was an orange stripe through the vehicle, with the force's logo. However, these liveries are becoming hard to find, as all new vehicles are being fitted with Battenburg.

A London-based element of the National Police Air Service operates three Eurocopter EC 145 helicopters, using the call signs India 97, India 98 and India 99. The helicopters are marked in police livery and used for a range of operations. They each cost £5.2 million and have a service life of ten years, meaning they will become due for replacement in 2017.

A marine policing unit operates 22 vessels from its base in Wapping.

Cost of the service

Annual expenditure for single years, selected by quarter centuries.^[50]

• 1829/30: £194,126
• 1848: £437,441
• 1873: £1,118,785
• 1898: £1,812,735
• 1923: £7,838,251
• 1948: £12,601,263
• 1973: £95,000,000
• 1998/9: £2,033,000,000

In 2014/15, The Met had total expenditure of £3,208m (down from £3,692m in 2011/12), of which £2,475m went on pay (down from £2,754m).^[51][52]

Crime figures

Crimes reported within the Metropolitan Police District, selected by quarter centuries.^[53]

• 1829/30: 20,000
• 1848: 15,000
• 1873: 20,000
• 1898: 18,838
• 1923: 15,383
• 1948: 126,597
• 1973: 355,258
• 1998/9: 934,254

Detection rates

The following table shows the percentage detection rates for the Metropolitan Police by offence group for 2010/11.^[54]

	Total	Violence against the person	Sexual offences	Robbery	Burglary	Offences against vehicles	Other theft offences	Fraud and forgery	Criminal damage	Drug offences	Other offences
Metropolitan Police	24	35	23	17	11	5	14	16	13	91	63
England and Wales	28	44	30	21	13	11	22	24	14	94	69

Specialist Units

• Protection Command - Provides personal armed protection for the Royal family, Prime Minister and other ministers, ambassadors and visiting heads of state. Special Operation units SO1 and SO14 merged in April 2015, to form RaSP (Royalty and Specialist Protection) which provides the roles above. The Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG) is responsible for providing armed officers that guard important residences such as Downing Street, but not Buckingham Palace and other palaces, as RaSP provides this.^[55] The Special Escort Group (SEG) are responsible for escorting the Royal Family, Prime Minister and other ministers, ambassadors and visiting heads of state, and occasionally prisoner transport. They use motorbikes to halt traffic, and use armed cars at the rear of the escort for armed assistance and traffic control. Once the escort has passed, the roads are immediately opened, different to how the United States handle police escorts, which tend to close the road off completely. All SEG officers are armed, even the motorbike officers which utilize the Glock 17, and the car officers which utilize the more effective firearms such as the G36 and MP5 semi-automatic carbines.
• Aviation Policing - Responsible for providing armed support and policing at Heathrow Airport and London City Airport.^[56]
• Roads and Transport Policing Command - Provides policing for the transport network in London. However, the main division, the Traffic Division, patrols the roads, capable of securing Road Traffic Collisions (RTC), pursuing fleeing suspects and enforcing speed, safety, and drink driving.^[57]
• Specialist Firearms Command - (SCO19) Responsible for providing armed response and support across the whole of London with 3 Authorised Firearms Officers (AFO) travelling in ARVs (Armed Response Vehicles) responding to calls involving firearms and weapons, which may put a unarmed officers at risk. SCO19 has a small number of SFOs (Specialist Firearms Officers), who have a higher level of training. ^[58]
• Dog Support Unit - (DSU) Provides highly trained dogs and police handlers. They are trained to detect drugs and firearms, respond to searches, missing people, and fleeing suspects . There is also a division which has bomb-detection dogs.^[59]
• Marine Policing Unit - (MPU) Provides policing on the waterways of London, responding to situations in the River Thames and tracking and stopping illegal vessels entering and exiting London.^[60]
• Mounted Branch - Provides policing on horseback in London. One of their duties is escorting the Royal Guard down The Mall, into and out of Buckingham Palace every morning from April to July, then occasionally through the remainder of the year. They also provide public order support and are commonly called to police football matches in the event of any unrest. All officers are trained in public order tactics on horseback.^[61]
• Territorial Support Group - (TSG) Highly trained officers, specialised in public order and large scale riots responding around London in marked Public Order Vehicles (POV) with 6 constables and a sergeant in each POV. They aim to: secure the capital against terrorism, respond to any disorder in London, and reduce priority crime through borough support. They respond in highly-protective uniform during riots or large disorder, protecting themselves from any thrown objects or hazards.^[62]

Vehicles

All vehicles listed are vehicles used by the Metropolitan Police at this current time.

Incident Response Vehicles (IRV) or also known as Response Cars:

• Ford Focus Estate
• Hyundai i30
• Vauxhall Astra Estate

Area Cars (Pursuit authorized):

• BMW 525D Estate
• Volvo V40

Roads Policing Units (RPU) or also known as Traffic Units (Pursuit authorized):

• Volvo V70
• Mitsubishi Shogun
• BMW 530D Estate
• BMW X5
• BMW R1200RT
• BMW F800GT

Armed Response Vehicles (ARV):

• BMW X5
• Ford C-Max
• VW Sharan
• Vauxhall Zafira

Public Order Vehicles (POV):

• Mercedes Sprinter

Dog Support Units (DSU):

• Ford Mondeo
• Mercedes Sprinter
• Mercedes Vito
• Mitsubishi Shogun

Prisoner Transport Units (PTU) and Officer Carriers:

• Ford Transit
• Ford Transit Custom
• Vauxhall Vivaro
• Ford Tourneo Custom

Special Escort Group (SEG):

• Honda VFR1200
• Range Rover Vogue

Miscellaneous Vehicles:

• Ford Super Duty (Modified/Armoured) 'Jankel' - Armed Airport Duties/Riot Control -
• Renault Midlum - Vehicle Recovery & Examination -
• Vauxhall Movano - Commercial Vehicle Unit -
• Mercedes Actros - Cycle Safety Unit -
• Land Rover Discovery - Ordinance Disposal Team -
• Iveco Stralis - Police Horse Box -
• Vauxhall Combo - Forensic Services -

Stations

In addition to the headquarters at New Scotland Yard, there are 140 police stations in London.^[63] These range from large borough headquarters staffed around the clock every day to smaller stations, which may be open to the public only during normal business hours, or on certain days of the week.

Most police stations can easily be identified from one or more blue lamps located outside the entrance, which were introduced in 1861.

The oldest Metropolitan police station, which opened in Bow Street in 1881, closed in 1992 and the adjoining Bow Street Magistrates' Court heard its last case on 14 July 2006.^[64] The oldest operational police station in London is in Wapping, which opened in 1908. It is the headquarters of the marine policing unit (formerly known as Thames Division), which is responsible for policing the River Thames. It also houses a mortuary and the River Police Museum.

Paddington Green Police Station is a station that has received much publicity for its housing of terrorism suspects in an underground complex.

Metropolitan Police stations may house a variety of roles and ranks of police staff, such as:

• Uniformed police officers and Special Constables who are responsible for attending emergency calls;
• Uniformed police officers and Special Constables who make up a "safer neighbourhood team", policing a specific area;
• Police Community Support Officers responsible for a general presence in the community mostly by foot and assisting in policing duties;
• Met-employed traffic wardens who enforce parking regulations;
• Non-police Crime Reduction Officers who are responsible for attending public functions with advice, visiting households, and handing out items such as personal alarms;
• Non-police Firearms Enquiry Officers responsible for issuing firearms certificates and related duties;
• Non-police Station Reception Officer or Station PCSO who are responsible for interaction with members of the public who enter the front office of the station, along with general administration;
• Non-police fingerprinting and identification staff who are responsible for maintaining criminal identity archives;
• Police cadets assisting police officers, PCSOs or other police staff in non-confrontational duties; and
• CID detectives concerned with criminal investigations.

Most stations have temporary holding cells where an arrested person can be held until either being released without charge, bailed to appear at court on a later date, or remanded until escort to a court.

In 2004, there was a call from the Institute for Public Policy Research for more imaginative planning of police stations to aid in improving relations between police forces and the wider community.^[65]

Notable incidents and investigations

Notable major incidents and investigations in which the Metropolitan Police has directed or been involved include:

• 1888–1891: Whitechapel murders: Suspected to have been carried out by Jack the Ripper who killed at least five prostitutes. No suspect was ever charged with the murders, and the identity of the killer remains unknown.
• 1911: Siege of Sidney Street: Members of a Latvian gang took a couple hostage on 2 January 1911 after an unsuccessful attempt to rob a jeweller's; Home Secretary Winston Churchill later arrived at the scene and authorised a detachment of Scots Guards to assist police from the Tower of London.^[66]
• 1966: Massacre of Braybrook Street: Three police officers were murdered by Harry Roberts and two other occupants of a vehicle who had been stopped for questioning.
• 1970–1990s: Provisional IRA bombing campaign: Throughout the last quarter of the 20th century, a number of bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. A list of bombings carried out within the Metropolitan Police District, and those planted in central London, can be found here.^[67]
• 1975: Balcombe Street Siege: From 6 to 12 December 1975, Provisional IRA members took a couple hostage in their home, while on the run from police.^[68]
• 1975: Spaghetti House siege: The Spaghetti House siege occurred on 18 September 1975 when alleged members of the Black Liberation Army attempted to commit an armed robbery at the Spaghetti House restaurant to gain publicity for their cause. However, the robbery was discovered by police, and the would-be robbers initiated a siege by taking hostages.^[69]
• 1975: Moorgate tube crash: A London Underground train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel, resulting in the largest loss of life during peacetime on the Tube with over 42 people killed.^[70]
• 1976: Notting Hill Carnival riot: After Metropolitan Police officers attempted to arrest an alleged pickpocket at the Notting Hill Carnival on 30 August 1976, a riot ensued leading to over 100 officers being admitted to hospital.^[71]
• 1978–1983: Muswell Hill murders: Serial killer Dennis Nilsen murdered at least 15 men and boys over a period of five years. He was known for retaining corpses for sex acts, and disposing of body parts by burning them or dumping them in drains. Some remains were found in his home at Muswell Hill when Met officers apprehended him.^[72]
• 1979: Death of Blair Peach: Teacher Peach was fatally injured in April 1979 during a demonstration in Southall by the Anti-Nazi League against a National Front election meeting taking place in the town hall. He was knocked unconscious and died the next day in hospital. Police brutality was never proven to be a contributory factor in his death, but it was claimed that he had fallen to a blow from a rubberised police radio belonging to the Met's now disbanded Special Patrol Group.^[73] In 2010, a police report was disclosed that stated that it was likely a Metropolitan Police officer "struck the fatal blow" and attributed "grave suspicion" to one unnamed officer, who it says may also have been involved in a cover-up along with two colleagues.^[74]
• 1980: Iranian Embassy Siege: Members of a terrorist group calling themselves the Democratic Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRMLA) took staff hostage in the Iranian embassy. The Met was heavily involved in negotiations, but after six days they were terminated, and the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) stormed the building. Five separatists and one hostage died.^[75]
• 1981: Brixton riot: During the early 1980s the Met began Operation Swamp which was implemented to cut street crime by the use of the Sus law which legally allowed officers to stop people on the suspicion of wrongdoing. Tensions rose within the black community after a black youth was stabbed, leading to severe rioting on 11 April 1981.^[76]
• 1982–86: The Railway Rapists: John Duffy and David Mulcahy committed 18 rapes of women and young girls at or near railway stations in London and South East England, murdering three of their victims. Metropolitan Police officers and the British Transport Police worked with neighbouring forces to solve the crimes. Duffy was convicted in 1988, but Mulcahy was not brought to justice until almost ten years later.^[77]
• 1985: Brixton riot: Rioting erupted in Brixton on 28 September 1985, sparked by the shooting of Dorothy Groce by police seeking her son Michael Groce, who was believed to be hiding in his mother's home, in relation to a suspected firearms offence. He was not there at the time, and Groce was part-paralysed by the bullet.^[78]
• 1985: Broadwater Farm riot: A week after the Brixton riot, while tensions among the black community were still high, riots broke out in Tottenham, north London, after the mother of a black man whose house was being searched died of a heart attack during the operation. During the riot, PC Keith Blakelock was murdered. Blakelock's murder remains unsolved.^[79]
• 1986: The Stockwell Strangler: Kenneth Erskine carried out a series of attacks in Stockwell on elderly men and women, breaking into their homes and strangling them to death. Most were sexually assaulted before being murdered. In 2009, Erskine's murder convictions were reduced to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility after an appeal.^[80]
• 1987: King's Cross fire: Metropolitan Police officers assisted the British Transport Police when a fire broke out under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Underground station platforms to the surface at King's Cross. The blaze and resulting smoke claimed 31 lives, including that of a senior firefighter.^[81]
• 1988: Clapham Junction rail crash: Officers assisted the British Transport Police when a packed commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train, derailing it into the path of a third oncoming train. Thirty-five people were killed and 69 others were injured.^[82]
• 1989: Marchioness disaster: The pleasure boat Marchioness was struck by a dredger and sank, killing 30 people.^[83]
• 1990: Poll Tax Riots: Rioting triggered by growing unrest against the Community Charge, and grew from a legitimate demonstration which had taken place earlier. An estimated £400,000 worth of damage was caused.^[84]
• 1993: The Gay Slayer: Former soldier Colin Ireland tortured and murdered five gay men in a deliberate bid to gain notoriety (he had read an article that said to be a "serial killer" one must have killed five times or more).^[85] Ireland was given a whole-life tariff in 1993 and died in prison on 21 February 2012.^[86]
• 1993: Murder of Stephen Lawrence: A series of operations failed to convict the killers of schoolboy Stephen Lawrence, despite substantial evidence. The resulting MacPherson inquiry found that the Met was "institutionally racist".^[87] Two men, Gary Dobson and David Norris, were convicted on 3 January 2012 for their role in Lawrence's murder. Their trial was based on newly discovered forensic evidence, following a cold case review in 2007 thar found a tiny speck of Lawrence's blood on a jacket belonging to Dobson and one of Lawrence's hairs on trousers belonging to Norris.^[88] The pair were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum term of 15 years 2 months for Dobson and 14 years 3 months for Norris.^[89] In June 2013, the Met were exposed for sending an undercover officer to smear the friends and family of Stephen Lawrence.^[90]
• 1995: Brixton riot: A large gathering protested outside Brixton police station over the death of a local man in police custody, leading to a riot. Three police officers were injured and a two-mile exclusion zone was set up around Brixton. Later reports showed that the male in custody died of heart failure, said to be brought on because of difficulties restraining him.^[91]
• 1999: The London Nailbomber: David Copeland carried out a series of hate attacks on ethnic minority areas and on a pub frequented by the gay community.^[92]
• 1999: Carnival Against Capitalism: Previously peaceful anti-capitalist demonstrations ended with disorder in the City of London, which caused widespread damage, particularly to businesses identified with global capitalism.^[93]
• 1999: Shooting of Harry Stanley: Harry Stanley, was shot dead 100 yards from his home by Metropolitan police officers in contentious circumstances.
• 2001: May Day protest: In an attempt to control crowds, the Met employed the tactic of "kettling", and were criticised for detaining bystanders for long periods of time.^[94]
• 2001: Thames murder case: The dismembered body of a young boy believed to have been between the ages of four and seven was spotted floating in the River Thames, named by police as Adam in the absence of a confirmed identity. During the investigation, a police commander and a detective chief inspector met with Nelson Mandela.^[95] The case was never solved.^[96]
• 2002: Operation Tiberius An internal report found that "Organised criminals were able to infiltrate Scotland Yard at will by bribing corrupt officers".
• 2004: Pro-hunting protests: Demonstrators protesting against the Hunting Act 2004 outside parliament were involved in violent confrontations with Metropolitan Police officers.^[97]
• 2005: 7 July bombings: Four suicide attacks occurred across central London after which the Metropolitan Police worked to a major incident plan to provide co-ordination, control and forensic and investigative resources.^[98]
• 2005: 21 July attempted bombings and death of Jean Charles de Menezes: In the aftermath of multiple attempted bombings two weeks after the 7/7 attacks, Menezes was mistaken as a suspected terrorist while boarding a train and shot dead in a deployment of Operation Kratos.^[99]
• 2006: Transatlantic aircraft bomb plot: Alleged plot to detonate liquid explosives on transatlantic aircraft and other related terrorist activities by militant Islamists were foiled by British police, including some from the Metropolitan Police.^[100][101]
• 2006: Operation Mokpo: Officers from Operation Trident made the Met's largest ever seizure of firearms after a series of raids in Dartford, Kent.^[102]
• 2007: Attempted car bombings: Attempted car bombings in central London. One of the devices, in a car outside a nightclub, was initially reported by a London Ambulance Service paramedic dealing with an unrelated incident nearby. Met bomb disposal officers defused this device and another located in an underground car park. Subsequent investigation led to convictions of those involved.

• 2008: National Black Police Association boycott: Declared against the police force on the grounds of racial discrimination. This followed high-profile controversies involving high-ranking black officers, including allegations of racism made by Tarique Ghaffur – the highest ranking Asian officer in the Met – against commissioner Ian Blair.
• 2009: G-20 summit protests and the death of Ian Tomlinson: The Met used the "kettling" technique to contain large numbers of demonstrators during the G-20 protests. Ian Tomlinson, a bystander to the protests, died from internal bleeding after he was struck with a baton and pushed to the ground by a police constable of the Territorial Support Group.^[103] The jury at the inquest into Tomlinson's death returned a verdict of unlawful killing and the officer who pushed Tomlinson was later acquitted of manslaughter. Following a separate incident, a sergeant in the Territorial Support Group was suspended after being filmed striking a woman's face with his hand and her leg with a baton, but he was later cleared of any wrongdoing.^[104]

• 2010: Pope Benedict XVI's visit: In September 2010, Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to undertake a state visit to the UK. Around 10,000 people demonstrated on the streets of London when the pope's tour of England and Scotland arrived in the capital.^[105]
• 2011: Anti-cuts protest: 201 people were arrested, and 66 were injured, including 31 police officers, as up to 500,000 people demonstrated in central London against planned public spending cuts. It was described as the largest protest in the United Kingdom since the 15 February 2003 anti-Iraq War protest and the largest union-organised rally in London since the Second World War.
• 2011: Conviction of the Night Stalker: Operation Minstead concluded after 12 years on 24 March 2011 with the conviction of the Night Stalker. Delroy Grant raped and assaulted elderly victims over a period of 17 years from 1992 to 2009 across south London, Kent and Surrey. He was found guilty of 29 charges, including burglaries, rapes and sexual assaults, but officers linked him to over 200 different offences during the 1990s and 2000s.^[106] Grant was given four life sentences and ordered to serve a minimum of 27 years in prison.^[107]
• 2011: Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton: Around 5,000 Metropolitan Police officers were deployed to police the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton at Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011. In advance of the event, assistant commissioner Lynne Owens said: "People who want to come to London to peacefully protest can do that but they must remember that it is a day of national celebration". Approximately one hundred people were pre-emptively arrested in advance of the wedding and were detained without charge for the duration of the wedding, with the apparent aim of suppressing protest. Other protestors were arrested on the day of the wedding; some were detained at railway stations on arrival. The Metropolitan Police said that one million people were present in London to watch the wedding procession.^[108]
• 2006–2011: News International phone hacking scandal: Part of the scandal revolves around the allegations that some police officers accepted payment from journalists in exchange for information.^[109]
• 2011: Nationwide riots: Dozens of officers were injured in a series of public disturbances initially in the Tottenham area, following an incident in which a suspect was shot dead by Met officers.^[110] The Met launched Operation Withern,^[111] a major investigation into the disturbances which spread into many other areas of London and included instances of arson and looting.
• 2012: London Olympic and Paralympic games: The games were the largest ever police deployment in the UK, with up to 10,500 Met officers deployed during the busiest days. ^[112]
• 2013: Lambeth slavery case: In November 2013, officers from the Met's human trafficking unit arrested two suspects in Lambeth who were alleged to have enslaved three women in a house for over 30 years.^[113]
• 2013: Project Guardian: A joint initiative with British Transport Police, City of London Police, and Transport for London to reduce sexual harassment on public transport and increase reporting of sexual offences.^[114]
• 2014: Disappearance of Alice Gross: In the largest investigation since the 7 July 2005 bombings and 21 July 2005 attempted bombings, officers from the Metropolitan Police are leading the search for the killer of teenager Alice Gross, who was last seen near the Grand Union Canal on 28 August 2014.^[115]
• 2017: Westminster Terror Attack: A terror attack on Westminster Bridge and on the grounds of the Palace of Westminster.^[116]
• 2017: June 2017 London Bridge attack A terror attack on London Bridge and on the street and buildings of Borough Market
• 2017: Grenfell Tower fire: The worst fire in London since World War II involved officers using riot shields to protect firefighters from falling debris^[117]. The devastating fire led to an extensive forensic and criminal investigation involving around 250 officers.^[118] Commander Stuart Cundy said "I would like to reassure everybody that we will be looking at all criminal offences that might have been committed by any individual or any organisation."^[119]

2015 political spying revelations

In 2015, former Metropolitan Police Special Branch officer Peter Francis revealed that the service has spied on several former and serving Labour MPs including Harriet Harman, Peter Hain, Jack Straw, Diane Abbott, Jeremy Corbyn, Bernie Grant, Ken Livingstone, Tony Benn, Joan Ruddock and Dennis Skinner.

In response, Peter Hain stated: "That the special branch had a file on me dating back 40 years ago to anti-apartheid and anti-Nazi League activist days is hardly revelatory. That these files were still active for at least 10 years while I was an MP certainly is and raises fundamental questions about parliamentary sovereignty."^[120]

Officers killed in the line of duty

The Police Memorial Trust lists and commemorates all British police officers killed in the line of duty, and since its establishment in 1984 has erected dozens of memorials to some of those officers.

Since 1900, the following officers of the Metropolitan Police Service are listed by the Trust as having been killed while attempting to prevent, stop or solve a criminal act in progress:^{[121][122][123]}

Rank	Name	Year of death	Circumstances
PC	Ernest Thompson	1900	Stabbed by a suspect causing a street disturbance
PC	Arthur John Wilkins Healey	1902	Fell through roof while searching a premises
PC	James Frederick Macey	1904	Collapsed and died after an arrest
PC	Leonard Russell	1904	Collapsed and died during an arrest
Sgt	Thomas William Perry	1905	Collapsed and died after an arrest
PC	William Percy Croft	1905	Fatally injured in a fall while pursuing burglars
PC	William Frederick Tyler	1909	Shot dead while pursuing robbery suspects
Insp	Alfred Edward Deeks	1912	Collapsed and died while dispersing a nuisance crowd
DC	Alfred Young, KPM	1915	Shot dead attempting an arrest
PC	Herbert Berry	1918	Fatally injured during an arrest
Sgt	Henry William Sawyer	1918	Fatally injured during an arrest
Sgt	Thomas Green	1919	Bludgeoned during a mob attack on a police station
PC	Thomas Eldred B. Rowland	1919	Died from injuries sustained during an arrest
PC	James Kelly	1920	Shot dead while pursuing a burglar
PC	David Fleming Ford	1929	Fell through a roof while pursuing burglars
PC	Arthur Lawes	1930	Run over while attempting to stop a stolen vehicle
PC	George William Allen	1931	Fatally injured with Cautherley when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Harry Cautherley	1931	Fatally injured with Allen when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	George Thomas Shepherd	1938	Dragged by a stolen vehicle while attempting to arrest the driver
WRC	Jack William Avery	1940	Stabbed while questioning a suspect
PC	Nathanael Edgar	1948	Shot dead while questioning a suspect
PC	Sidney George Miles	1952	Shot dead by Christopher Craig
PC	Edgar Gerald Allen	1958	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Raymond Henry Summers	1958	Stabbed while intervening in a street affray
DS	Raymond William Purdy	1959	Shot dead by Guenther Podola
PC	Ronald Alan Addison	1960	Collapsed and died while pursuing suspects
PC	Edward Roy Dorney	1960	Struck by a train while pursuing suspects
Insp	Philip Pawsey, QPM	1961	Shot dead with Hutchins by a suspect
Sgt	Frederick George Hutchins, QPM	1961	Shot dead with Pawsey by a suspect
DS	Christopher Head	1966	Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street
PC	Geoffrey Fox	1966	Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street
DC	David Wombwell	1966	Shot dead in the Massacre of Braybrook Street
PC	Desmond Morgan Acreman	1967	Accidentally run over while pursuing suspects
PC	Douglas Frederick Beckerson	1971	Fell through a roof while pursuing a suspect
PC	Michael Anthony Whiting, QPM	1973	Dragged by a vehicle while attempting to arrest the driver
Insp	David George Gisborne	1974	Collapsed and died after being assaulted in a riot
CEO	Roger Philip Goad, GC	1975	Killed attempting to defuse a bomb
PC	Clifford Lancaster	1975	Collapsed and died while searching for suspects
PC	Stephen Andrew Tibble, QPM	1975	Shot dead off-duty attempting to stop a suspect pursued by police
PC	Alan Baxter	1977	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Kevin Kelliher	1979	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Francis Joseph O'Neill	1980	Stabbed while questioning a suspect
CEO	Kenneth Robert Howorth, GM	1981	Killed attempting to defuse a bomb
PC	Robert Benjamin Mercer	1982	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
WPC	Jane Philippa Arbuthnot	1983	Killed in the Harrods bombing
Insp	Stephen John Dodd	1983	Killed in the Harrods bombing
Sgt	Noel Joseph Lane	1983	Killed in the Harrods bombing
PC	Stephen Paul Walker	1983	Accidentally run over while pursuing suspects
PC	Grant Clifford Sunnucks	1984	Fatally injured when his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit
PC	Ronald Ian Leeuw	1984	Collapsed and died while struggling with a violent prisoner
WPC	Yvonne Joyce Fletcher	1984	Shot dead while policing a political demonstration
PC	Stephen John Jones	1984	Run over while attempting to stop a drunk-driver
PC	Keith Henry Blakelock, QGM	1985	Stabbed during the Broadwater Farm riot
DC	John William Fordham	1985	Stabbed while on surveillance duty
PC	Philip Michael Olds	1986	Died after being shot and left paralysed in 1980 while attempting an arrest
PC	Martin Bickersteth Bell	1986	Run over during a police pursuit
PC	Ronan Konrad McCloskey	1987	Dragged by a vehicle while attempting to arrest the drunk driver
PC	Laurence Peter Brown	1990	Shot dead as he approached a suspect
PC	Robert Chenery Gladwell	1991	Died after being assaulted during an arrest
DC	James Morrison, QGM	1991	Stabbed attempting an arrest off-duty
Sgt	Alan Derek King	1991	Stabbed attempting an arrest
PC	Patrick Dunne	1993	Shot dead while investigating reports of gunfire in the street
Sgt	Derek John Carnie Robertson	1994	Stabbed attempting an arrest during a robbery
PC	George Pickburn Hammond	1995	Died from injuries sustained in a stabbing in 1985
PC	Phillip John Walters	1995	Shot dead attempting an arrest
WPC	Nina Alexandra Mackay	1997	Stabbed attempting an arrest
PC	Kulwant Singh Sidhu	1999	Fell through a roof while pursuing suspects
PC	Christopher Roberts	2007	Collapsed and died after a violent arrest
PC	Gary Andrew Toms	2009	Run over when attempting to stop escaping suspects
DC	Adele Cashman	2012	Collapsed in pursuit of two robbery suspects
PC	Andrew Duncan	2013	Run over when attempting to stop speeding vehicle
PC	Keith Palmer, GM	2017	Stabbed while protecting the Houses of Parliament during the 2017 Westminster attack

Key to rank abbreviations: PC = Police Constable · WPC = Woman Police Constable · WRC = War Reserve Constable · DC = Detective Constable · Sgt = Sergeant · DS = Detective Sergeant · Insp = Inspector · CEO = Civilian Explosives Officer.

See also

• Cybercrime
• Phone Hacking Scandal
• 999 (emergency telephone number)
• Aerial roof markings
• Crimint
• London Emergency Services Liaison Panel
• Police National E-Crime Unit
• Hendon Police College
• New Scotland Yard
• Scotland Yard
• Project Griffin
• Regal, Olga, and Upstart, three MPS horses decorated for bravery during the Blitz
• Royal National Lifeboat Institution
• Police Forces of the United Kingdom
• Super recognisers
• Metropolitan police role in phone hacking scandal
• The Met: Policing London
• Bent Coppers, detailing police corruption within the Metropolitan Police Service

Other London emergency services:

• London Ambulance Service
• London Air Ambulance
• London Fire Brigade
• City of London Police

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metropolitan Police Service.

• Metropolitan Police website
• "Metropolitan Police Service collected news and commentary". The Guardian. 
  
• London Metropolitan Police adapting to changing patterns of crime