King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)

Earl of Plymouth's Regiment of Foot
4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot
King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)

Cap badge of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).
Active 1680–1959
Country  Kingdom of England (1680–1707)
 Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
 United Kingdom (1801–1959)
Branch  British Army
Type Infantry
Role Line infantry
Garrison/HQ Bowerham Barracks, Lancaster
Nickname(s) Barrell's Blues, The Lions
Colours Blue Facings, Gold Braided Lace
March Quick: Corn Riggs are Bonnie
Slow: And Shall Trelawny Die?
Engagements Nine Years' War
War of the Spanish Succession
Jacobite rising of 1745
Seven Years' War
French Revolutionary Wars
Peninsular War
War of 1812
Napoleonic Wars
Crimean War
Indian Rebellion of 1857
British Expedition to Abyssinia
Anglo-Zulu War
Second Boer War
World War I
World War II

The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army. It served under various titles and fought in many wars and conflicts, including both World War I and World War II, from 1680 to 1959. In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the Border Regiment to form the King's Own Royal Border Regiment.

History

Early years

Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, founder of the regiment

The regiment was raised on 13 July 1680 by Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth as the 2nd Tangier Regiment or Earl of Plymouth's Regiment of Foot.[1] It saw action at the Battle of Sedgemoor in July 1685 during the Monmouth Rebellion.[2] In April 1690, the regiment embarked for Ireland, where it took part in the Williamite War, fighting at the Battle of the Boyne in July[3] and in the sieges of Cork and Limerick in September,[4] before returning to England in 1691.[5]

The regiment embarked for the Netherlands in March 1692 for service in the Nine Years' War.[5] It saw action at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692,[5] the Battle of Landen in July 1693[6] and at the Siege of Namur in summer 1695.[7] Soon after, it was reformed as a regiment of marines and fought at the Battle of Vigo Bay in October 1702[8] and the capture of Gibraltar in August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.[9] It ceased to be a regiment of marines in 1711.[10]

The regiment fought at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746[11] and received most of the government casualties at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the Jacobite rising.[12] In 1751, after various name changes, the regiment was titled the 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot.[13] It embarked for the West Indies in autumn 1758[14] for service in the Seven Years' War and took part in the capture of Guadeloupe in January 1759,[15] the capture of Martinique in January 1762[16] and the capture of Saint Lucia in February 1762[17] before returning home in July 1764.[18]

The Battle of Culloden, at which the regiment received most of the government casualties, in April 1746

The regiment embarked for North America in April 1774 for service in the American Revolutionary War.[18] It fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775,[19] the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775[20] and the Battle of Long Island in August 1776.[21] It also saw action at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776,[22] the Battle of Germantown in October 1777[23] and the Battle of White Marsh in December 1777.[24] The regiment was then transferred to the West Indies, where it fought at the Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778 during the Anglo-French War.[25]

Napoleonic Wars

The regiment was sent to Nova Scotia in May 1787 and took part in the capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in May 1793.[26] After returning to England, it embarked for the Netherlands in September 1799 and fought at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.[27]

The regiment was sent to Portugal in August 1808[28] for service in the Napoleonic Wars and fought under General Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809, before being evacuated to England later that month.[29] It returned to the Peninsula in October 1810[30] where it fought at the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812,[31] the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812[32] and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813[33] as well as the Siege of San Sebastián in September 1813.[34] It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of the Nivelle in November 1813 and at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813.[35] It embarked for North America in June 1814[36] for service in the War of 1812 and saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg in August 1814, the Burning of Washington later in August 1814[37] and the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814[38] as well as the capture of Fort Bowyer in February 1815.[39] It briefly returned to England in May 1815, before embarking for Flanders a few weeks later to fight at the Battle of Waterloo in June.[40]

The Victorian era

During the Crimean War, the regiment fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and took part in the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854. It also saw action in Abyssinia in 1868, and in South Africa in 1879.[13]

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Bowerham Barracks in Lancaster from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment.[41] Under the reforms the regiment became the King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) on 1 July 1881.[42] The 2nd Battalion embarked for South Africa in December 1899, to serve in the Second Boer War, and saw action at the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900. A 3rd, Militia Battalion, was embodied in January 1900, and embarked for South Africa the following month.[43]

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve;[44] the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.[45][46]

First World War

Memorial to Private James Miller VC who died during the First World War

The regiment raised 14 Territorial and New Army battalions during the First World War.[47][48]

Regular Army battalions

The 1st Battalion landed at Boulogne in August 1914 as part of the 12th Brigade in the 4th Division of the British Expeditionary Force. It was nearly destroyed as a fighting unit at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, when it suffered some 400 casualties in a single two minute burst of machine gun fire.[49] It served on the Western Front for the rest of the war.[47] The 2nd Battalion returned from India in December 1914 and landed at Le Havre in January 1915 as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. It took heavy casualties at the Battle of Frezenberg in May 1915[50] before moving to Egypt in October 1915 and then to Salonika.[47]

Special Reserve (formerly Militia) battalion

The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen as replacements to the regular battalions that were serving overseas.[47]

Territorial battalions

The 1/4th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division; it was temporarily attached to 154th (3rd Highland) Brigade in 51st (Highland) Division and landed in France in May 1915; it returned to 164 Brigade in January 1916. The 1/5th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division; it landed in France in February 1915 and was temporarily attached to 28th Division and 1st Division; it returned to 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade in the 55th Division in January 1916.[47]

The 2/4th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1/4th Battalion; it became the 4th (Reserve) Battalion and absorbed 5th (Reserve) Battalion 1916; it was stationed in Dublin from June 1918. The 2/5th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1/5th Battalion; it was attached to the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division February 1915, then to 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division; it landed in France February 1917. The 3/4th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion; it amalgamated with 2/4th Battalion in January 1916. The 3/5th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen to the 1/5th and 2/5th battalions; it 5th (Reserve) Battalion. The 12th Battalion was formed on 1 January 1917 from 41st Provisional Battalion (TF) in 218th Brigade of 73rd Division, a Home Defence formation; it was disbanded March 1918.[47]

Kitchener's Army battalions

The 6th (Service) Battalion was formed in August 1914; it was attached to 38th Brigade in 13th (Western) Division; it landed at Gallipoli July 1915 and later served in Mesopotamia. The 7th (Service) Battalion was formed in September 1914; it was attached to 56th Brigade in 19th (Western) Division; it landed in France in July 1915 and was disbanded February 1918 due to an Army-wide reorganisation. The 8th (Service) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it was attached to 76th Brigade in 25th Division; it landed in France in September 1915 and served on the Western Front for the war: it helped to slow the German Advance at the Battle of St. Quentin on 21 March 1918.[50]

The 9th (Service) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it was attached to 65th Brigade in 22nd Division and served in Salonika. The 10th (Reserve) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas; it converted into 43rd Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916. The 11th (Service) Battalion was formed in August 1915 as a Bantam battalion; it was attached to 120th Brigade in 40th Division; it landed in France in June 1916 and was disbanded in February 1918. The 12th (Reserve) Battalion was formed in January 1916; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas; it converted into 76th Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916.[47]

Inter-War

In 1921, the regiment was re-designated the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).[51]

Second World War

The following battalions served during the Second World War:

Regular Army battalions

Infantrymen of the 1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) start to dig trenches in an orchard near Vedrano, Italy, 21 April 1945.

The 1st Battalion, King's Own was stationed in Malta on the outbreak of war, moving to Karachi in British India at the end of 1939. It later served with the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade. It subsequently served in Iraq and Syria with 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, with which it served until October 1943, of 10th Indian Infantry Division. In August 1942, the battalion embarked from Egypt for Cyprus, but the transport was torpedoed and the troops had to return and re-embark later. In May 1943, the battalion returned to Syria, and then it joined 234th Infantry Brigade in the Aegean Islands in October 1943. Here, the bulk of the battalion was captured by the Germans on 16 November, after the Battle of Leros, with only 57 officers and men managing to escape the island. The 1st Battalion was reformed in 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, on 30 January 1944, by amalgamating with the 8th Battalion, King's Own. The reformed battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Neville Anderson, later served in the Italian Campaign with 25th Indian Brigade for the rest of the war.[52]

The 2nd Battalion formed part of the British garrison of Jerusalem when war broke out.[53] It joined 14th Infantry Brigade in Palestine in March 1940 and moved with it to Egypt in July.[54] The battalion served with 16th Infantry Brigade of 6th Infantry Division (later redesignated 70th Infantry Division) in the defence of Tobruk and later formed part of the garrison of Ceylon.[55] In September 1943, the battalion was stationed with 70th Division at Bangalore in India when it was selected for attachment to the second Long Range Penetration or Chindits brigade (111th Indian Infantry Brigade) for the Burma Campaign. It formed 41 and 46 Columns in the Second Chindit Campaign, crossing into Burma in March 1944 and being flown out to India in July 1944.[56] From November 1944 to February 1945, the battalion was assigned to 14th Airlanding Brigade in 44th Indian Airborne Division.[57]

Territorial Army battalions

Troops of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) laying a minefield, Egypt, 30 October 1940

The 4th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted to artillery in November 1938, forming the 56th (King's Own) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery. On the outbreak of war, the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment mobilised in the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, with which it served in the Battle of France in May 1940 and was evacuated at Dunkirk. In 1942, it was sent to join 70th Infantry Division in India, where it was converted into a Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment in 1943. In this guise, it served in the Burma Campaign, mainly with 5th Indian Infantry Division. It reconverted to the anti-tank role in late 1944 and in June 1945 it returned to India as a Royal Artillery training unit.[58][59]

In June 1939, the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment spun off a duplicate unit, the 66th Anti-Tank Regiment, which served in Home Forces throughout the war, mainly with the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.[60][61] In September 1941, the 56th and 66th Anti-Tank Regiments each provided a battery to help form a new regiment for overseas service, 83rd Anti-Tank Regiment. This regiment served in Iraq, Palestine and Egypt.[62]

Before the war, the 5th Battalion, King's Own transferred from 164th (North Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division to 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division. The battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hayman Hayman-Joyce, mobilised with the rest of the 42nd Division and served with the British Expeditionary Force in the battles of France and Belgium in 1940. When the division was converted to armour, becoming the 42nd Armoured Division, in October 1941, 5th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and became the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.[63][64] The regiment continued to wear the King's Own cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, as did all infantry units converted in this way.[65] However, the regiment was disbanded in December 1943 and a few of its officers and men were sent to 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, which had been converted from the 10th Battalion, King's Own.[46]

Hostilities-only battalions

The 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Battalions were all formed in 1940 as pioneer battalions and raised specifically for hostilities-only.[46] All four units served with the British Expeditionary Force as GHQ (General Headquarters) troops during the 1940 campaign in both France and Belgium.[66]

After being evacuated at Dunkirk, the 6th Battalion later served in a succession of Home Forces formations: 218th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), 48th Division, 54th Division, 76th Division.[67] The battalion never again served overseas and was disbanded in July 1944.[46]

The 7th Battalion served with the 71st Independent Infantry Brigade before being sent to form part of the Gibraltar garrison, with the 2nd Gibraltar Brigade, in June 1942.[68] In March 1943, the battalion was sent to India where it joined 150th Indian Training Brigade but it did not see action against the Japanese.[56] The battalion was disbanded after the war in 1947.[46]

The 8th Battalion joined the Malta garrison in August 1941 and served through the Siege.[69] It was assigned to the 232nd Infantry Brigade and briefly joined the 233rd Infantry Brigade. In November 1943, the battalion was moved to Palestine and then Italy with the 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 10th Indian Infantry Division. In Italy, on 30 January 1944, the 8th Battalion was disbanded and its personnel merged with the few surviving remnants of the 1st Battalion, King's Own, which had been virtually lost during the fighting at Leros.[70]

The 9th Battalion served in the 47th (Reserve) Infantry Division in the United Kingdom until December 1941.[46][71] The battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and was converted into the 90th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, serving with the 45th Division from February 1942 until November 1943 when it was disbanded.[72]

The 50th (Holding) Battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 28 May 1940. On 9 October 1940, it was renumbered as the 10th Battalion.[46][73] 10th Battalion was assigned to 225th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), formed for service in the United Kingdom. When the brigade was converted into a tank brigade in December 1941, the battalion became the 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.[64][74] When 107th RAC was disbanded in December 1943, a cadre transferred to 151st RAC, which adopted the number of 107th to perpetuate the 5th Battalion, King's Own, a 1st Line Territorial Army battalion. The new 107th Regiment went on to serve in the North-west Europe from 1944-1945.[75]

Post-war

After the war, all the units created during the war were disbanded; also, following Indian independence, there was no longer a need to maintain such a large overseas garrison and thus the 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1948. The regiment received the freedom of Lancaster in 1953, before being amalgamated with the Border Regiment into the King's Own Royal Border Regiment on 31 October 1959. In 1953 and 1954, the 1st Battalion of the regiment was stationed in South Korea following the Korean War.[76]

Battle honours

Colours of Barrell's Regiment, carried at Culloden

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:[46]

Victoria Crosses

The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:

King's Own Royal Regiment Museum

The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum is part of the Lancaster City Museum in Lancaster, Lancashire. The museum, which opened in 1929, exhibits regimental uniforms, medals, regalia, silver, paintings, medals, weapons and other memorabilia reflecting the regiment's history.[77]

Colonels-in-Chief

The colonels-in-chief were as follows:

Colonels

The colonels of the regiment were as follows:

The Queen Consort's Regiment of Foot - (1688)
The King's Own Regiment of Foot - (1715)
4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot - (1751)
4th (The King's Own Royal) Regiment of Foot - (1767)
The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) - (1881)
The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) - (1921)

References

  1. ↑ Cannon, p. 1
  2. ↑ Cannon, p. 9
  3. ↑ Cannon, p. 15
  4. ↑ Cannon, p. 18
  5. 1 2 3 Cannon, p. 19
  6. ↑ Cannon, p. 21
  7. ↑ Cannon, p. 23
  8. ↑ Cannon, p. 28
  9. ↑ Cannon, p. 33
  10. ↑ Cannon, p. 38
  11. ↑ Cannon, p. 45
  12. ↑ Cannon, p. 46
  13. 1 2 "King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)". National Army Museum. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  14. ↑ Cannon, p. 53
  15. ↑ Cannon, p. 54
  16. ↑ Cannon, p. 58
  17. ↑ Cannon, p. 59
  18. 1 2 Cannon, p. 60
  19. ↑ Cannon, p. 62
  20. ↑ Cannon, p. 64
  21. ↑ Cannon, p. 65
  22. ↑ Cannon, p. 67
  23. ↑ Cannon, p. 70
  24. ↑ Cannon, p. 71
  25. ↑ Cannon, p. 73
  26. ↑ Cannon, p. 75
  27. ↑ Cannon, p. 78
  28. ↑ Cannon, p. 92
  29. ↑ Cannon, p. 93
  30. ↑ Cannon, p. 96
  31. ↑ Cannon, p. 99
  32. ↑ Cannon, p. 105
  33. ↑ Cannon, p. 108
  34. ↑ Cannon, p. 109
  35. ↑ Cannon, p. 113
  36. ↑ Cannon, p. 116
  37. ↑ Cannon, p. 118
  38. ↑ Cannon, p. 121
  39. ↑ Cannon, p. 128
  40. ↑ Cannon, p. 129
  41. ↑ "Training Depots 1873–1881". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016. The depot was the 11th Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881, and the 4th Regimental District depot thereafter
  42. ↑ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. pp. 3300–3301.
  43. ↑ "The War - Embarcation of Troops". The Times (36064). London. 13 February 1900. p. 11.
  44. ↑ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Hansard. 31 March 1908. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  45. ↑ These were the 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve), with the 4th Battalion at Victoria Road in Ulverston and the 5th Battalion at Phoenix Street in Lancaster (both Territorial Force)
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 2006-01-04.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baker, Chris. "The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  48. ↑ "King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell". Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  49. ↑ "Lancaster and The King's Own go to War". King's Own Royal Regiment Museum Lancaster. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  50. 1 2 Beckett, p. 61
  51. ↑ "King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)". British Armed Forces. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  52. ↑ Joslen, pp. 396, 535–6.
  53. ↑ Joslen, pp. 470, 473.
  54. ↑ Joslen, pp. 253, 257, 475.
  55. ↑ Joslen, pp. 257–8.
  56. 1 2 Joslen, p. 536.
  57. ↑ Joslen, p. 416.
  58. ↑ Barton, Derek. "56 (Kings Own) Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)". The Royal Artillery 1939-45. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  59. ↑ Joslen, pp. 49, 514, 527.
  60. ↑ Barton, Derek. "66 Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)". The Royal Artillery 1939-45. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  61. ↑ Joslen, p. 90.
  62. ↑ 83 A/T at RA 39–45. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  63. ↑ Joslen, pp. 165, 311.
  64. 1 2 "Royal Armoured Corps at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-10.
  65. ↑ Forty, pp. 50–1.
  66. ↑ Joslen, p. 462.
  67. ↑ Joslen, pp. 330, 351, 381, 383.
  68. ↑ Joslen, pp. 302, 448.
  69. ↑ Joslen, pp. 392, 394–6.
  70. ↑ Joslen, pp. 535–6.
  71. ↑ Joslen, p. 272.
  72. ↑ "British Army Forces in Northern Ireland 1939-1945". The War Room. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  73. ↑ "50 (Holding) Battalion The King's Own Royal Regiment". Orders of Battle.com.
  74. ↑ Joslen, pp. 208, 388.
  75. ↑ 107 RAC War Diary February 1945, The National Archives, file WO 171/4717.
  76. ↑ Actions, Movements & Quarters: 1914–1959; and see: Korea 1953–1954 for photographs of the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan.
  77. ↑ "Introduction and History". King's Own Royal Regiment Museum. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

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