The Decameron

The Decameron

Illustration from a ca. 1492 edition of Il Decameron published in Venice
Author Giovanni Boccaccio
Original title Decamerone
Translator
Country Italy
Language Italian (Florentine)
Genre Frame story, novellas
Publisher Filippo and Bernardo Giunti
Published in English
1886
OCLC 58887280
853.1
LC Class PQ4267

The Decameron (Italian: Decameron [deˈkaːmeron; dekameˈrɔn; dekameˈron] or Decamerone [dekameˈroːne]), subtitled Prince Galehaut (Old Italian: Prencipe Galeotto [ˈprentʃipe ɡaleˈɔtto; ˈprɛntʃipe]), is a collection of novellas by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375). The book is structured as a frame story containing 100 tales told by a group of seven young women and three young men sheltering in a secluded villa just outside Florence to escape the Black Death, which was afflicting the city. Boccaccio probably conceived the Decameron after the epidemic of 1348, and completed it by 1353. The various tales of love in The Decameron range from the erotic to the tragic. Tales of wit, practical jokes, and life lessons contribute to the mosaic. In addition to its literary value and widespread influence (for example on Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales), it provides a document of life at the time. Written in the vernacular of the Florentine language, it is considered a masterpiece of classical early Italian prose.[1]

Title

The book's primary title exemplifies Boccaccio's fondness for Greek philology: Decameron combines two Greek words, δέκα, déka ("ten") and ἡμέρα, hēméra ("day"), to form a term that means "ten-day [event]".[2] Ten days is the period in which the characters of the frame story tell their tales.

Boccaccio's subtitle, Prencipe Galeotto (Prince Galehaut), refers to Galehaut, a fictional king portrayed in the Lancelot-Grail who was sometimes called by the title haut prince ("high prince"). Galehaut was a close friend of Lancelot and an enemy of King Arthur. When Galehaut learned that Lancelot loved Arthur's wife, Guinevere, he set aside his own ardor for Lancelot in order to arrange a meeting between his friend and Guinevere. At this meeting the Queen first kisses Lancelot, and so begins their love affair.

In Canto V of Inferno, Dante compares these fictional lovers with the real-life paramours Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta, whose relationship he fictionalises. In Inferno, Francesca and Paolo read of Lancelot and Guinevere, and the story impassions them to lovemaking.

Dante's description of Galehaut's munificence and savoir-faire amidst this intrigue impressed Boccaccio. By invoking the name Prencipe Galeotto in the alternative title to Decameron, Boccaccio alludes to a sentiment he expresses in the text: his compassion for women deprived of free speech and social liberty, confined to their homes and, at times, lovesick. He contrasts this life with that of the menfolk, who enjoy respite in sport, such as hunting, fishing, riding, and falconry.[3]

Frame story

Miniature by Taddeo Crivelli in a manuscript of c. 1467 from Ferrara (Bodleian Library, Oxford)[4]

In Italy during the time of the Black Death, a group of seven young women and three young men flee from plague-ridden Florence to a deserted villa in the countryside of Fiesole for two weeks. To pass the evenings, every member of the party tells a story each night, except for one day per week for chores, and the holy days during which they do no work at all, resulting in ten nights of storytelling over the course of two weeks. Thus, by the end of the fortnight they have told 100 stories.

Each of the ten characters is charged as King or Queen of the company for one of the ten days in turn. This charge extends to choosing the theme of the stories for that day, and all but two days have topics assigned: examples of the power of fortune; examples of the power of human will; love tales that end tragically; love tales that end happily; clever replies that save the speaker; tricks that women play on men; tricks that people play on each other in general; examples of virtue. Only Dioneo, who usually tells the tenth tale each day, has the right to tell a tale on any topic he wishes, due to his wit.[5][6] Many authors have argued that Dioneo expresses the views of Boccaccio himself.[7] Each day also includes a short introduction and conclusion to continue the frame of the tales by describing other daily activities besides story-telling. These frame tale interludes frequently include transcriptions of Italian folk songs.[8] The interactions among tales in a day, or across days, as Boccaccio spins variations and reversals of previous material, forms a whole and not just a collection of stories. The basic plots of the stories including mocking the lust and greed of the clergy; tensions in Italian society between the new wealthy commercial class and noble families; the perils and adventures of traveling merchants.

Analysis

A Tale from the Decameron (1916) by John William Waterhouse.

Throughout the Decameron the mercantile ethic prevails and predominates. The commercial and urban values of quick wit, sophistication, and intelligence are treasured, while the vices of stupidity and dullness are cured, or punished. While these traits and values may seem obvious to the modern reader, they were an emerging feature in Europe with the rise of urban centers and a monetized economic system beyond the traditional rural feudal and monastery systems which placed greater value on piety and loyalty.

Beyond the unity provided by the frame narrative, the Decameron provides a unity in philosophical outlook. Throughout runs the common medieval theme of Lady Fortune, and how quickly one can rise and fall through the external influences of the "Wheel of Fortune". Boccaccio had been educated in the tradition of Dante's Divine Comedy, which used various levels of allegory to show the connections between the literal events of the story and the Christian message. However, the Decameron uses Dante's model not to educate the reader but to satirize this method of learning. The Roman Catholic Church, priests, and religious belief become the satirical source of comedy throughout. This was part of a wider historical trend in the aftermath of the Black Death which saw widespread discontent with the church.

Many details of the Decameron are infused with a medieval sense of numerological and mystical significance. For example, it is widely believed that the seven young women are meant to represent the Four Cardinal Virtues (Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude) and the Three Theological Virtues (Faith, Hope, and Charity). It is further supposed that the three men represent the classical Greek tripartite division of the soul (Reason, Spirit, and Appetite, see Book IV of Republic). Boccaccio himself notes that the names he gives for these ten characters are in fact pseudonyms chosen as "appropriate to the qualities of each". The Italian names of the seven women, in the same (most likely significant) order as given in the text, are: Pampinea, Fiammetta, Filomena, Emilia, Lauretta, Neifile, and Elissa. The men, in order, are: Panfilo, Filostrato, and Dioneo.

Boccaccio focused on the naturalness of sex by combining and interlacing sexual experiences with nature.

Literary sources

The Banquet in the Pine Forest (1482/3) is the third painting in Sandro Botticelli's series The Story of Nastagio degli Onesti, which illustrates events from the Eighth Story of the Fifth Day.

Boccaccio borrowed the plots of almost all his stories (just as later writers borrowed from him). Although he consulted only French, Italian and Latin sources, some of the tales have their origin in such far-off lands as India, Persia, Spain, and other places. Some were already centuries old. For example, part of the tale of Andreuccio of Perugia (II, 5) originated in 2nd-century Ephesus (in the Ephesian Tale). The frame narrative structure (though not the characters or plot) originates from the Panchatantra, which was written in Sanskrit before AD 500 and came to Boccaccio through a chain of translations that includes Old Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin. Even the description of the central current event of the narrative, the Black Plague (which Boccaccio surely witnessed), is not original, but based on the Historia gentis Langobardorum of Paul the Deacon, who lived in the 8th century.

Some scholars have suggested that some of the tales for which there is no prior source may still not have been invented by Boccaccio, but may have been circulating in the local oral tradition, with Boccaccio simply the first person known to have recorded them. Boccaccio himself says that he heard some of the tales orally. In VII, 1, for example, he claims to have heard the tale from an old woman who heard it as a child.

The fact that Boccaccio borrowed the storylines that make up most of the Decameron does not mean he mechanically reproduced them. Most of the stories take place in the 14th century and have been sufficiently updated to the author's time that a reader may not know that they had been written centuries earlier or in a foreign culture. Also, Boccaccio often combined two or more unrelated tales into one (such as in II, 2 and VII, 7).

Moreover, many of the characters actually existed, such as Giotto di Bondone, Guido Cavalcanti, Saladin and King William II of Sicily. Scholars have even been able to verify the existence of less famous characters, such as the tricksters Bruno and Buffalmacco and their victim Calandrino. Still other fictional characters are based on real people, such as the Madonna Fiordaliso from tale II, 5, who is derived from a Madonna Flora who lived in the red light district of Naples. Boccaccio often intentionally muddled historical (II, 3) and geographical (V, 2) facts for his narrative purposes. Within the tales of the Decameron, the principal characters are usually developed through their dialogue and actions, so that by the end of the story they seem real and their actions logical given their context.

Another of Boccaccio's frequent techniques was to make already existing tales more complex. A clear example of this is in tale IX, 6, which was also used by Chaucer in his "The Reeve's Tale", which more closely follows the original French source than does Boccaccio's version. In the Italian version, the host's wife (in addition to the two young male visitors) occupy all three beds and she also creates an explanation of the happenings of the evening. Both elements are Boccaccio's invention and make for a more complex version than either Chaucer's version or the French source (a fabliau by Jean de Boves).

Translations into English

The Decameron's individual tales were translated into English early on (such as poet William Walter's 1525 Here begynneth y[e] hystory of Tytus & Gesyppus translated out of Latyn into Englysshe by Wyllyam Walter, somtyme seruaunte to Syr Henry Marney, a translation of tale X.viii), or served as source material for English authors such as Chaucer to rework. The table below lists all attempts at a complete English translation of the book. The information on pre-1971 translations is compiled from the G.H. McWilliam's introduction to his own 1971 translation.

Year Translator Completeness/Omissions Comments
1620 Anonymous, attributed to John Florio Omits the Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Replaces tale III.x with an innocuous tale taken from François de Belleforest’s “Histoires tragiques”, concluding that it “was commended by all the company, ... because it was free from all folly and obscoeneness.” Tale IX.x is also modified, while tale V.x loses its homosexual innuendo. “Magnificent specimen of Jacobean prose, [but] its high-handed treatment of the original text produces a number of shortcomings” says G.H. McWilliam, translator of the 1971 Penguin edition (see below). Based not on Boccaccio’s Italian original, but on Antoine Le Maçon’s 1545 French translation and Leonardo Salviati's 1582 Italian edition which replaced ‘offensive’ words, sentences or sections with asterisks or altered text (in a different font).
1702 Anonymous, attributed to John Savage Omits Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Replaces tale III.x with the tale contained within the Introduction to the Fourth Day. Tale IX.x is bowdlerised, but possibly because the translator was working from faulty sources, rather than deliberately. ---
1741 Anonymous, posthumously identified as Charles Balguy Omits Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Explicitly omits tales III.x and IX.x, and removed the homosexual innuendo in tale V.x: “Boccace is so licentious in many places, that it requires some management to preserve his wit and humour, and render him tolerably decent. This I have attempted with the loss of two novels, which I judged incapable of such treatment; and am apprehensive, it may still be thought by some people, that I have rather omitted to little, than too much.” Reissued several times with small or large modifications, sometimes without acknowledgement of the original translator. The 1804 reissue makes further expurgations. The 1822 reissue adds half-hearted renditions of III.x and IX.x, retaining the more objectionable passages in the original Italian, with a footnote to III.x that it is “impossible to render... into tolerable English”, and giving Mirabeau’s French translation instead. The 1872 reissue is similar, but makes translation errors in parts of IX.x. The 1895 reissue (introduced by Alfred Wallis), in 4 volumes, cites Mr. S. W. Orson as making up for the omissions of the 1741 original, although part of III.x is given in Antoine Le Maçon’s French translation, belying the claim that it is a complete English translation, and IX.x is modified, replacing Boccaccio’s direct statements with innuendo.
1855 W. K. Kelly Omits Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Includes tales III.x and IX.x, claiming to be “COMPLETE, although a few passages are in French or Italian”, but as in 1822, leaves parts of III.x in the original Italian with a French translation in a footnote, and omits several key sentences entirely from IX.x. ---
1886 John Payne First truly complete translation in English, with copious footnotes to explain Boccaccio’s double-entendres and other references. Introduction by Sir Walter Raleigh. Published by the Villon Society by private subscription for private circulation. Stands and falls on its “splendidly scrupulous but curiously archaic... sonorous and self-conscious Pre-Raphaelite vocabulary” according to McWilliam, who gives as an example from tale III.x: “Certes, father mine, this same devil must be an ill thing and an enemy in very deed of God, for that it irketh hell itself, let be otherwhat, when he is put back therein.” 1925 Edition by Horace Liveright Inc. USA, then reprinted in Oct 1928, Dec 1928, April 1929,Sept 1929, Feb 1930. 1930. Reissued in the Modern Library, 1931. Updated editions have been published in 1982, edited by Charles S. Singleton, and in 2004, edited by Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin.
1896 Anonymous Part of tale III.x again given in French, without footnote or explanation. Tale IX.x translated anew, but Boccaccio’s phrase “l’umido radicale” is rendered “the humid radical” rather than “the moist root”. Falsely claims to be a “New Translation from the Italian” and the “First complete English Edition”, when it is only a reworking of earlier versions with the addition of what McWilliam calls “vulgarly erotic overtones” in some stories.
1903 J. M. Rigg Once more, part of tale III.x is left in the original Italian with a footnote “No apology is needed for leaving, in accordance with precedent, the subsequent detail untranslated”. McWiliam praises its elegant style in sections of formal language, but that it is spoiled by an obsolete vocabulary in more vernacular sections. Reissued frequently, including in Everyman's Library (1930) with introduction by Edward Hutton.
1930a Frances Winwar Omits the Proemio. Introduction by Burton Rascoe. First American translation, and first English-language translation by a female. “Fairly accurate and eminently readable, [but] fails to do justice to those more ornate and rhetorical passages” says McWilliam. Originally issued in expensive 2-volume set by the Limited Editions Club of New York City, and in cheaper general circulation edition only in 1938.
1930b Richard Aldington Complete. Like Winwar, first issued in expensive and lavishly illustrated edition. “Littered with schoolboy errors... plain and threadbare, so that anyone reading it might be forgiven for thinking that Boccaccio was a kind of sub-standard fourteenth-century Somerset Maugham” say McWilliam.
1972 George Henry McWilliam First complete translation into contemporary English, intended for general circulation. Penguin Classics edition. The second edition (1995) includes a 150-page detailed explanation of the historical, linguistic, and nuanced reasoning behind the new translation. Its in-depth study exemplifies the care and consideration given to the original text and meaning. The volume includes a biography of the author and a detailed history of the book's composition and setting.
1977 Peter Bondanella and Mark Musa Complete W. W. Norton & Company
2013 Wayne A. Rebhorn Complete W. W. Norton & Company. Publishers Weekly called Rebhorn's translation "strikingly modern" and praised its "accessibility".[9] In an interview with The Wall Street Journal Rebhorn stated that he started translating the work in 2006 after deciding that the translations he was using in his classroom needed improvement. Rebhorn cited errors in the 1977 translation as one of the reasons for the new translation. Peter Bondanella, one of the translators of the 1977 edition, stated that new translations build on previous ones and that the error cited would be corrected in future editions of his translation.[10]

Table of cities and characters mentioned in the English text

Story (Day/Story) Narrator Locations Main Characters or Other People Mentioned
Day 01, 1 Panfilo Prato Ser Cepparello, holy friar, Musciatto Franzesi
Day 01, 2 Neifile Rome & Paris
Day 01, 3 Filomena Alexandria Melchizedek, Saladin
Day 01, 4 Dioneo Lunigiana A Benedictine monk, A Young Girl, An Abbot, Jeannot of Chauvigny (mentioned in passing)
Day 01, 5 Fiammetta Genoa The Marquise of Montferrat, King of France, A Lady
Day 01, 6 Emilia Florence
Day 01, 7 Filostrato Scala, Cluny, Paris, Verona
Day 01, 8 Lauretta Genoa
Day 01, 9 Elissa Gascony&Cyprus
Day 01, 10 Pampinea Bologna
Day 02, 1 Neifile Treviso Arigo
Day 02, 2 Filostrato Bologna&Castelguglielmo Rinaldo of Asti (Marquis Azzo of Ferrara)
Day 02, 3 Pampinea Florence,London,Bruges,Rome,Paris,Cornwall Messer Tebaldo, Lamberto, Agolante, Alessandro
Day 02, 4 Lauretta Amalfi Coast,Ravello, Cyprus, Aegean Sea, Cephalonia, Corfu, Brindisi Landolfo Rufolo, Turkish Pirates, A good woman from Corfu
Day 02,5 Fiammetta Perugia,Naples,Palermo Anreuccio of Perugia, A young Sicilian woman, Pietro, Filippo Minutolo
Day 02,6 Emilia Naples,Ponza,Genoa,Magra River Madam Beritola Caracciolo, Guiffredi, Corrado, Messer Gasparino Doria
Day 02, 7 Panfilo Alexandria,Sardinia,Majorca,Corinth,Athens,Chios,Smyrna,Rhodes,Paphos,Aigues-Mortes,Crete,Cyprus Beminedab the Sultan of Babylon, King of the Algarve, Pericon of Visalgo, a servant, ladies, Marato, Duke of Athens, Prince of Morea, Ciuriaci the servant, Constantine, Constantine's son, Constantine's nephew Manuel, Uzbek King of the Turks, Antiochus the servant of Uzbek, Basanus King of Cappadocia, Antigonus of Famagusta the businessman, King of Cyprus, Alatiel the Sultan's daughter, King of Algarve
Day 02, 8 Elissa Paris, London
Day 02, 9 Filomena Alexandria, Paris, Genoa
Day 02, 10 Dioneo Monaco, Pisa
Day 03, 1 Filostrato Lamporecchio
Day 03, 2 Pampinea Pavia
Day 03, 3 Filomena Florence
Day 03, 4 Panfilo Florence
Day 03, 5 Elissa Pistoia
Day 03, 6 Fiammetta Naples
Day 03, 7 Emilia Florence
Day 03, 8 Lauretta Tuscany
Day 03, 9 Neifile Florence, Narbonne, Roussillon Gillette of Narbonne, Count of Roussillon, Master Gerard of Narbonne
Day 03, 10 Dioneo Gafsa
Day 04, 1 Fiammetta Salerno
Day 04, 2 Pampinea Imola, Venice
Day 04, 3 Lauretta Crete, Marseilles
Day 04, 4 Elissa Sicily, Tunisia, Granada, Ustica, Trapani
Day 04, 5 Filomena Messina, Naples
Day 04, 6 Panfilo Brescia
Day 04, 7 Emilia Florence
Day 04, 8 Neifile Paris Florence Girolamo, Salvestra
Day 04, 9 Filostrato Roussillon, Provence Messer Guillame of Roussillon, Guillaume of Capestang, Count of Provence
Day 04, 10 Dioneo Provence
Day 05, 1 Panfilo Crete, Rhodes, Cyprus
Day 05, 2 Emilia Lipari Islands, Susa (Sousse), Tunis
Day 05, 3 Elissa Rome,Anagni Pietro Boccamazza, Agnolella, Gigliozzo Saullo
Day 05, 4 Filostrato Romagna Messer Lizio of Valbona, Ricciardo Manardi, Giacomina
Day 05, 5 Neifile Fano,Faenza Guidotto of Cremona, Giacomino of Pavia, Giannole di Severino, Minghino de Mingole
Day 05, 6 Pampinea Ischia,Procida,Scalea,Cape Minerva La Cuba Gianni of Procida, King Frederick, Ruggeria of Lauria
Day 05, 7 Lauretta Sicily,Ayas Messer Amerigo Abate of Trapini, Messer Corrado, Violante, Teodoro, Phineas
Day 05, 8 Filomena Ravenna,Classe, ancient port of Ravenna
Day 05, 9 Fiammetta Florence Federigo degli Alberighi, Coppo di Borghese Domenichi
Day 05, 10 Dioneo Perugia
Day 06, 1 Filomena Florence
Day 06, 2 Pampinea Florence
Day 06, 3 Lauretta Florence
Day 06, 4 Neifile Peretola
Day 06, 5 Panfilo Mugello
Day 06, 6 Fiammetta Montughi
Day 06, 7 Filostrato Prato
Day 06, 8 Florence
Day 06, 9 Elissa Florence
Day 06, 10 Dioneo Certaldo
Day 07, 1 Emilia Certaldo
Day 07, 2 Filostrato Naples
Day 07, 3 Elissa Siena
Day 07, 4 Lauretta Arezzo
Day 07, 5 Fiammetta Rimini
Day 07, 6 Pampinea Florence
Day 07, 7 Filomena Bologna
Day 07, 8 Neifile Florence
Day 07, 9 Panfilo Argos
Day 07, 10 Dioneo Siena
Day 08, 1 Neifile Milan,Genoa
Day 08, 2 Panfilo Varlungo
Day 08, 3 Elissa Florence (Mugnone Valley)
Day 08, 4 Emilia Fiesole
Day 08, 5 Filostrato Florence
Day 08, 6 Filomena Florence
Day 08, 7 Pampinea Florence
Day 08, 8 Fiammetta Siena
Day 08, 9 Lauretta Bologna
Day 08, 10 Dioneo Palermo, Naples
Day 09, 1 Filomena Pistoia
Day 09, 2 Elissa Lombardy
Day 09, 3 Filostrato Florence
Day 09, 4 Neifile Siena, Marche, Buonconvento
Day 09, 5 Fiammetta Camerata, Florence
Day 09, 6 Panfilo Florence, Mugnone Adriano, Pinuccio
Day 09, 7 Pampinea Florence Talano of Imola
Day 09, 8 Lauretta Florence Ciacco, Biondello, Messer Corso
Day 09, 9 Emilia Ayas, Jerusalem, Goosebridge Melisuss, Solomon, Joseph
Day 09, 10 Dioneo Barletta, Apulia, Bitonto Don Guanni of Barolo, Pietro, Pietro's wife, Zita Carapresa di Guidice Leo
Day 10, 1 Neifile Florence, Spain Messer Ruggieri de' Figiovanni, Alfonso of Spain
Day 10, 2 Elissa Siena
Day 10, 3 Filostrato Cathay
Day 10, 4 Lauretta Bologna
Day 10, 5 Emilia Udine
Day 10, 6 Fiammetta Castellammare di Stabia
Day 10, 7 Pampinea Palermo
Day 10, 8 Filomena Rome, Athens
Day 10, 9 Panfilo Pavia, Alexandria, Digne
Day 10, 10 Dioneo Saluzzo

Literary influence

The stories from the Decameron influenced many later writers. Notable examples include:

A 1600 edition of the Decameron, printed by Isaac Jaggard

A number of film adaptations have been based on tales from The Decameron.

Boccaccio's drawings

Since The Decameron was very popular among contemporaries, especially merchants, many manuscripts of it survive. The Italian philologist Vittore Branca did a comprehensive survey of them and identified a few copied under Boccaccio's supervision; some have notes written in Boccaccio's hand. Two in particular have elaborate drawings, probably done by Boccaccio himself. Since these manuscripts were widely circulated, Branca thought that they influenced all subsequent illustrations. In 1962 Branca identified Codex Hamilton 90, in Berlin's Staatsbibliothek, as an autograph belonging to Boccaccio's latter years.[12]

See also

References

  1. "Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  2. The title transliterates to Greek as δεκάμερον (τό) or, classically, δεχήμερον.
  3. Boccaccio, "Proem"
  4. "MS. Holkham misc. 49: Boccaccio, Decameron, Ferrara, c. 1467; illuminated by Taddeo Crivelli for Teofilo Calcagnini". Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 2000–2003. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  5. Lee Patterson Literary practice and social change in Britain, 1380–1530 p.186
  6. Boccaccio, "Day the First"
  7. The origin of the Griselda story p.7
  8. Context, Third Paragraph
  9. "The Decameron". Publishers Weekly. Sep 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  10. Trachtenberg, Jeffrey (Sep 8, 2013). "How Many Times Can a Tale Be Told?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  11. Helen Child Sargent, ed; George Lyman Kittredge, ed English and Scottish Popular Ballads: Cambridge Edition p 583 Houghton Mifflin Company Boston 1904
  12. Armando Petrucci, Il ms. Berlinese Hamilton 90. Note codicologiche e paleografiche, in G. Boccaccio, Decameron, Edizione diplomatico-interpretativa dell'autografo Hamilton 90 a cura di Charles S. Singleton, Baltimora, 1974.
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