Isotopes of thallium
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Standard atomic weight (Ar) |
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Thallium (81Tl) has 37 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 212. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring radioisotopes.
Thallium-202 (half-life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron[2] while thallium-204 (half-life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.[3]
In the fully ionized state, the isotope 205Tl becomes beta-radioactive, decaying to 205Pb,[4] but 203Tl remains stable.
List of isotopes
nuclide symbol |
historic name |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[5][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | ||||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176.00059(21)# | 5.2(+30−14) ms | (3–,4–,5–) | |||||
177Tl | 81 | 96 | 176.996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | |||
α (rare) | 173Au | |||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) µs | p | 176Hg | (11/2−) | |||||
α | 173Au | |||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177.99490(12)# | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | ||||
p (rare) | 177Hg | |||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178.99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | |||
p (rare) | 178Hg | |||||||||
179mTl | 860(30)# keV | 1.60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2−) | |||||
IT (rare) | 179Tl | |||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179.98991(13)# | 1.5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | ||||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | |||||||||
EC, fission (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[6] | |||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180.986257(10) | 3.2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+# | |||
β+ | 181Hg | |||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1.7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2−# | |||||
β+ | 181Hg | |||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181.98567(8) | 2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2−# | |||
α (4%) | 178Au | |||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | |||||
β+ (rare) | 182Hg | |||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140)# keV | 10− | ||||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182.982193(10) | 6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+# | |||
α (2%) | 179Au | |||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | 9/2−# | |||||
α (.01%) | 179Au | |||||||||
183m2Tl | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) µs | (13/2+) | |||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | |||
184m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | 7+# | |||||
α (2.1%) | 180Au | |||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140)# keV | >20 ns | (10−) | |||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184.97879(6) | 19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+# | |||
β+ | 185Hg | |||||||||
185mTl | 452.8(20) keV | 1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | 9/2−# | |||||
α (.01%) | 181Au | |||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | |||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185.97833(20) | 40# s | β+ | 186Hg | (2−) | |||
α (.006%) | 182Au | |||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | |||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | (10−) | |||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186.975906(9) | ~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | |||
α (rare) | 183Au | |||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2−) | |||||
IT | 187Tl | |||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | |||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | |||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | |||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9−) | |||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | |||
189mTl | 257.6(13) keV | 1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2−) | |||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | |||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | |||
190m1Tl | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | |||||
190m2Tl | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) µs | (8−) | |||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70)# keV | >1 µs | 9− | |||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | |||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | |||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | |||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | |||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8−) | |||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | |||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2− | |||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | |||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193.97120(15) | 33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2− | |||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | |||||||||
194mTl | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | |||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | |||
195mTl | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | |||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | |||
196mTl | 394.2(5) keV | 1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | |||||
IT (4.5%) | 196Tl | |||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | |||
197mTl | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | |||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | |||
198m1Tl | 543.5(4) keV | 1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | |||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | |||||||||
198m2Tl | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | |||||||
198m3Tl | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | (10−)# | |||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | |||
199mTl | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | |||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | |||
200m1Tl | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | |||||
200m2Tl | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) µs | 5+ | |||||||
201Tl[n 3] | 81 | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | |||
201mTl | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | |||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | |||
202mTl | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) µs | 7+ | |||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | Observationally stable[n 4] | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494–0.29528 | |||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) µs | (25/2+) | |||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203.9738635(13) | 3.78(2) y | β− (97.1%) | 204Pb | 2− | |||
EC (2.9%) | 204Hg | |||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) µs | (7)+ | |||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) µs | (12−) | |||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) µs | (20+) | |||||||
205Tl[n 5] | 81 | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | Observationally stable[n 6] | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472–0.70506 | |||
205m1Tl | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) µs | 25/2+ | |||||||
205m2Tl | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2–) | |||||||
206Tl | Radium E | 81 | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | Trace[n 7] | |
206mTl | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | |||||
207Tl | Actinium C | 81 | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 8] | |
207mTl | 1348.1(3) keV | 1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | 11/2– | |||||
β− (.1%) | 207Pb | |||||||||
208Tl | Thorium C | 81 | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5(+) | Trace[n 9] | |
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | (1/2+) | |||
210Tl | Radium C″ | 81 | 129 | 209.990074(12) | 1.30(3) min | β− (99.991%) | 210Pb | (5+)# | Trace[n 7] | |
β−, n (.009%) | 209Pb | |||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210.99348(22)# | 1# min [>300 ns] |
1/2+# | |||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211.99823(32)# | 30# s [>300 ns] |
5+# |
- ↑ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
- ↑ Main isotope used in scintigraphy
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 199Au
- ↑ Final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain (the Neptunium series)
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 201Au
- 1 2 Intermediate decay product of 238U
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 235U
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ↑ Thallium Research from Department of Energy
- ↑ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency
- ↑ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205727/http://www.ca.infn.it/~oldeman/resneu/p1522_1.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (help)).
- ↑ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mercury-serves-up-a-nuclear-su
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in:
|access-date=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
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