Elephants in Thailand

The elephant has been a contributor to Thai society and its icon for many centuries.[1] The elephant has had a considerable impact on Thai culture.[2] The Thai elephant (Thai: ช้างไทย, chang Thai) is the official national animal of Thailand. The elephant found in Thailand is the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), a subspecies of the Asian elephant. In the early-1900s there were an estimated 100,000 domesticated or captive elephants in Thailand.[3] In mid-2007 there were an estimated 3,456 domesticated elephants left in Thailand and roughly a thousand wild elephants.[4][5] It became an endangered species in 1986.[6]

Description

There are two species of elephant: African and Asian. Asian elephants are divided into four sub-species, Sri Lankan, Indian, Sumatran and Borneo.[7] Thai elephants are classed as Indian elephants. Thai elephants have slight differences from other sub-species of Indian elephants. They are smaller, have shorter front legs, and a thicker body than their Indian counterparts.

Elephants are herbivores, consuming ripe bananas, leaves, bamboo, tree bark, and other fruits. Eating occupies 18 hours of an elephant's day. They eat 100-200 kilograms of food per day.[5] A cow (female) will eat 5.6 percent of her body weight per day. A bull (male) will eat 4.8 percent. Thus a 3,000 kilogram cow will consume 168 kg per day, a 4,000 kg bull 192 kg per day. As elephants can digest only 40 percent of their daily intake, the result is dung amounting to 50-60 kg daily. As elephants will not eat in unclean surroundings fouled by dung, their instinct is to roam to a new area.[2]:14

Habitat

Because of their diet, the natural habitat of the Thai elephant are in tropical forests which are found in the northern and western parts of Thailand: Mae Hong Son, Chumphon, and the border near Burma (Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Erawan Falls National Park), Petchabun range, Dangrek Range, and peninsular Thailand (Ranong, and Trang).[8]

Thailand formerly was 90 percent forested. Illegal logging and agriculture has reduced forest cover dramatically. Forest cover shrank to 31.6 percent in 2015.[9]This has meant death to the Thai elephant, resulting in the plummeting numbers of the animal, placing them on the endangered species list.[10]

On Elephant Day 2017, the Department of National Parks announced that the number of wild elephants was rising 7-10 percent. Areas that had seen the most marked increase in wild elephants were the western forest in Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary and the eastern forest in Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai forest complex.[11]

History

Mahout on the back of elephant towing logs

In Thai society elephants have played a substantial role in manual labour, war, royal iconography, and the tourism industry. For thousands of years, elephants were captured and trained to be a form of transport and heavy labour. When logging in Thailand was still legal, they hauled heavy logs through forests, which in turn gave many Thai people jobs. In recorded Thai history, during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai, Thais used to hunt and trade elephants.[12]

Known for their strength and intelligence, elephants were used as war elephants since the days of Alexander the Great.[13] They were referred to as a warm-blooded armoured-tank. Each elephant has a distinctive personality. Mostly male elephants that are aggressive yet tameable were selected to be war elephants. They were trained with lightly pricked spear on their skin in order for them to move forward. The training was conducted in a loud environment of shouting and drum sounds to accustom them to the sounds of warfare.

Elephant duel between Siam and Burma

Thai royals and elephants established a relationship over thousands of years. The first recorded Thai elephant was in the stone inscription of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai. In this inscription he mentioned being nineteen and said his elephant, Bekhpon, advanced their attack on Khun Sam Chon to protect his father, while his father's soldiers fled in fear. Chao Praya Prabhongsawadee was the elephant of King Naresuan of Thailand that came out triumphant in the elephant duel (Thai: ยุทธหัตถี) between the King of Burma and King Naresuan during the war with the Burmese. For a very long time, it was a law that when a white elephant was found and a tradition that when an elephant with good build was found, it was to be presented as property to the King of Thailand. The Thai sacred and royal symbol was the white elephant (chang pueak or chang samkan). They are not albinos but are genetically different. White elephants are not white, they are a dusky pinkish grey. Phra Savet Adulyadej Pahon was a white elephant that belonged to Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

Since the logging industry became illegal, elephants trainers (mahouts) have had to find other ways to feed their elephants, most of them turning to the entertainment industry and tourism.[5] Most mahouts took their elephants to Bangkok, roaming the streets with baskets of fruits for the tourists to buy and feed the animal. Elephants now have to beg for food and perform tricks in exchange for money.[14] This lowers the status of elephants. On 17 June 2010, laws were passed for elephant protection, making these acts illegal.[15] Elephants in the entertainment industry are trained to follow over forty commands; they can kick soccer balls, participate in talent shows, and use their trunks to paint and lift objects and sometimes people.

Laws

King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) in 1921 decreed in the Wild Elephant Protection Act that all wild elephants were the property of the government, to be managed by the Department of the Interior as the King's representative. Elephants with special features—white elephants—were to be presented to the king.[2]:9

The law pertaining to domesticated elephants is the Beast of Burden Act 2482 B.E. (1939).[16] This act classifies elephants as draught animals along with horses, donkeys, and oxen. It allows domesticated elephants to be treated as private property. This act has no additional measures for animal welfare protection.[5] The Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act, B.E. 2535 (1992)[17] protects wild elephants, but excludes registered draught animals.[2]

Preservation and conflict

Logging—licit and illicit—destroyed much natural elephant habitat. This resulted in a plunge in the number of elephants in Thailand. Organizations were established to better the lives of the elephants. The National Elephant Institute is the only organization that is government-owned. It is in Lampang, a province in northern Thailand.[18] There are many more private organizations contributing to preserving this endangered species as well. These organizations generate revenue by letting people experience elephants in their natural state. They have a schedule of elephant shows which are not harmful or too tiring for the elephants.[19] But according to the NGO, World Animal Protection, "A true elephant-friendly venue would be purely observational for visitors,..."[20]:41 In other words, no elephant performances and no riding elephants. The organisation has published a list of the elephant venues with the best treatment of elephants.[20]:50

Thailand's tourism industry took baby elephants from when they are four years old. Their "cuteness factor" is exploited for tourists to enjoy and they are disposed of when they become older.[21] These baby elephants however were taken away from their mother from a very young age. They lack the nutrients to stay healthy and most of them died. Elephant torturing is still present in Thailand. They are forced to work extra hours in bad living conditions and with bad medical care.[22] Ivory trading is illegal in Thailand, however there are criminals who hunt elephants for their ivory.

Cultural significance

Historically, elephants in Thailand are considered to be very important culturally. There are many elephant’s references to art works, literature and national emblems. Since Thailand is a Buddhist country, elephants are portrayed as sacred animals from their special symbolism in the practice of Buddhism. Many art works in Thai royal palaces and temples have drawings of elephants on the paintings on the walls. In 1917, Thailand’s official flag was a white elephant in the middle of the scarlet background. White elephants in Thai society also represent wealth and power because of their past association with the Thai royals. The royal Thai navy flag also bears the symbol of white elephant. Many provinces in Thailand used to have elephants as part of their official emblems as well. [23] In the Thai animal and planetary zodiac, the elephant is the fourth animal zodiac of the Thai people.

The elephant in provincial seals

Provincial seal Thai Province Description
Current province
 Bangkok Indra rides Erawan elephant
 Chiang Rai Province White elephant, cloud, and Naga border
 Chiang Mai Province White elephant in glass palace
 Tak Province King Naresuan pouring holy water on an elephant
 Mae Hong Son Province Elephant playing in water
Nakhon Nayok Province Elephant with stalk of rice
 Suphan Buri Province Elephant duel between King Naresuan and Mingyi Swa of Burma at Nhong Sarai sub-district, 1592
 Narathiwat Province Sail bearing an elephant (Phra sri nara raja kirinee) wearing ornamentation
Former province
 Lan Chang Province Herd of elephants in a large field

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lair, Richard C. (1997). Gone Astray—The Care and Management of the Asian Elephant in Domesticity (3d ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Office of the United Nations (FAO). ISBN 974-89472-3-8. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Schliesinger, Joachim (2010). Elephants in Thailand; Volume 1: Mahouts and their Cultures Today. Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd. p. 9. ISBN 9781633232334. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  3. ↑ Tipprasert, Prasob (February 2001). "Elephants and ecotourism in Thailand". In Baker, Iljas. Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. ISBN 974-90757-1-4. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  4. ↑ Snow, Mike (2008-05-04). "Someone Isn't Enjoying the Ride". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Kontogeorgopoulos, Nick (2009). "The Role of Tourism in Elephant Welfare in Northern Thailand". Journal of Tourism. 10 (2): 6. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Choudhury, A; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A; et al. "Elephas maximus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  7. ↑ "Basic Facts About Elephants". Defenders of Wildlife. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  8. ↑ Sukumar, R. The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print.
  9. ↑ "'Joeyboy' plants seeds of change". Bangkok Post. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  10. ↑ Buckly, Dana, Vasinthon Buranasuksri, Tamchit Chawalsantati, Sean Maquire, Narumon Patanapaiboon, Natapol Techotreeratanakul, and Kimberly Woodward. Thai Elephants: An Evaluative Study of Contemporary Living Conditions for the Betterment of Asian Elephants in Thai Culture. Thesis. Chulalongkorn University, 2011. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
  11. ↑ Rujivanarom, Pratch (13 March 2017). "Number of wild elephants in Thailand on the rise". The Nation. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  12. ↑ Warren, William, and Ping Amranand. The Elephant in Thai Life and Legend. Bangkok: Monsoon Editions, 1998. Print.
  13. ↑ "Elephants at War from Ancient Times to the 20th Century." About.com Education. Web. 14 November 2015. <http://asianhistory.about.com/od/warsinasia/ss/War-Elephants-in-Asian-History.htm>.
  14. ↑ Pimmanrojnagool, Viroj; Wanghongsa, Sawai (February 2001). "A study of street wandering elephants in Bangkok and the socio-economic life of their mahouts". In Baker, Iljas. Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. ISBN 974-90757-1-4. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  15. ↑ "Provisions of Bangkok; Subject: To take control over the person who taking the elephant for finding the benefit in Bangkok". Elephant Smile Project. 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  16. ↑ Kanchanapangka, Sumolya (October 2008). "Crucial Factors for the Survival of the Thai Elephant I. Legislation Revision". Proceedings, The 15th Congress of FAVA 27-30 October FAVA -OIE Joint Symposium on Emerging Diseases (PDF). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University. p. S105-S106. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  17. ↑ "Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act, B.E. 2535 (1992)". Isaan Lawyers. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  18. ↑ Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/thaielephant.html>.
  19. ↑ "How to Interact Ethically with Elephants in Thailand" Lonely Planet. 10 November 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/travel-tips-and-articles/how-to-interact-ethically-with-elephants-in-thailand>.
  20. 1 2 Schmidt-Burbach, Jan (May 2017). Taken for a ride; The conditions for elephants used in tourism in Asia (PDF). London: World Animal Protection. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  21. ↑ "The Shocking Secrets Behind Thailand’s Elephant Tourism Industry (VIDEO)." One Green Planet. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/secrets-of-thailands-elephant-tourism-industry-video/>.
  22. ↑ Karsten, Matthew. "Why You Shouldn't Ride Elephants In Thailand". Expert Vagabond. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  23. ↑ "The Thai Elephant Symbol of Nation." The Thai Elephant Symbol of Nation. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/elephants_thai.html>.
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