Tetrigidae

Tetrigidae
Tetrix species
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
Family: Tetrigidae
Subfamilies
  • Batrachideinae
  • Cladonotinae
  • Cleostratinae
  • Discotettiginae
  • Lophotettiginae
  • Metrodorinae
  • Scelimeninae
  • Tetriginae
  • Tripetalocerinae

Tetrigidae is a family in the order Orthoptera, which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[1] pygmy grasshoppers[2] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[3]

Diagnostic characteristics

A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa.
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length, and are recognizable by a long pronotum, that extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point.[2] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration.[4] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs. [5]

General biology

In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms.[6] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet.[7] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed[5] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[6]

The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests. Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy,[6] while others live on the forest floor.[4]

Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[2]

Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Paratettix aztecus eating algae

Genera and Etymology

The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[8]

Approximately 1,600 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[9] the following genera are included:

References

  1. ↑ Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
  2. 1 2 3 Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
  3. ↑ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
  4. 1 2 Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
  5. 1 2 Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
  6. 1 2 3 Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
  7. ↑ Bastow JL, Sabo JL, Finlay JC, Power ME (2002) A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers. Oecologia 131: 261–268
  8. ↑ "Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
  9. ↑ Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 30 March 2010)
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